The History of the English Language

- It started with the arrival of the three Germanic tribes; Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They
crossed the North Sea to invade Britain.
- Old English (450-1100 AD)
1. Prehistoric or Primitive (5th to 7th Century) - the only documentation or
evidences on this period was the limited Anglo-Saxon runes
2. Early Old English (7th to 10th Century) - some of the earliest evidences appeared
in this period; notable poets and authors like Cynewulf and Aldhelm (leading
figures in the world of Anglo-Saxon literature.
3. Late Old English (1oth to 11th Century) - The final phase of the Old English
period which was brought about by the Norman Invasion of England. ended with
consequential evolution of the English Language
- Middle English (1100-1500)
1. 1066 - The duke of Normandy (William) invaded and conquered England brought
with them a kind of french, that became the language of the royal court, and the
ruling and business classes
2. There was a linguistic class division, lower class = English and upper class =
French
3. 14th Century - English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French
word added
4. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer.
- Early Modern English
1. A sudden change in the pronunciation, The Great Vowel Shift, vowels being
pronounced shorter and shorter
2. The invention of printing happened in this period thus resulting to English books
being produced, printing also brought standardization to English
3. Spelling and grammar became fixed and the dialect of london became the
standard
4. 1604 - The first english dictionary was published
- Late Modern English
1. Difference with Early modern was the vocabulary
2. principal factors; Industrial Revolution and Technology producing new english
words; Secondly the British empire.

Communicative Styles

1. Intimate
- total absence of social interactions
- used by two people who know each other well or share a very close relationship
 - May use endearments such as babe, love, hone, and etc.
- Ex. Babe please help me find my favorite shoes
2. Casual
- Uses languages used between friends, peers, colleagues, or family
- Ambiance with this style is very light and relaxed
- participants may use group languages only the members of the group can
understand (slangs)
- Ex. Hey ! What’s up? You seem so very busy
3. Consultative
- listener participates by giving feedback
- often used for business or other professional situations, such as conversations
between a doctor and a patient
- often used while consulting a teacher, doctor, elderly, guidance, etc.
4. Formal
- No participation from the listener
- ex. Speeches, school lessons, Graduation Ceremony
- Straightforward speech

5. Frozen
- Also called as the oratorical style
- most formal style
- reserved for very formal occasions such as weddings, religious services, etc

Conditionals

1. Zero Conditionals
- you can replace “if” with “when”, because both express general truths
- if/when + simple present (if clause) + simple present (result)
- used to make sentence about the real world
- refers to general truths
- the time is now or always and the situation is real or possible
- In zero conditionals, the cause does not necessarily need to happen in order for
the result to happen
2. Firsts Conditionals
- uses the modal words will, may, might, and could
- used to express a real or very probable situation in the future
- refers to the things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met
- if + simple present tense, simple future tense
- Simple future tense + if + simple present tense
- If + simple present tense,.. will not/won’t + verb
 - Uses: Plans, Promise, Warning, Threat, Persuasion
3. Second Conditionals
- used to express the consequence of an unrealistic action or situation in the present
or future
- things in the future that are propably not going to be true
- something in the present which is impossible, because it’s not true
- If + past simple , would/wouldn’t verb
- would/wouldn't + verb if + past simple
4. Third Conditionals
- used to express the past consequence of an unrealistic action or situation in the
past
- to express regrets - describing the things we are sorry happened or didn’t happen
- If + past perfect, would/wouldn’t have + past participle
- Would have + past participle + past perfect