NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY

HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

School of Foreign Languages

Karlova D. V., Lyatifova S. A., Nabieva A. G., Poptsova A. E.,

Shevyakova Y. S., Utkina A. S.

Perception of color designations by representatives of different cultures on the

example of native speakers of Russian, English and German languages

Research Report
Field of Study: 45.04.02 “Linguistics”
Undergraduate Programme
“Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication”

Research Advisor
Chironova I. I.
Professor

Moscow 2022
 1

Table of contents

Introduction 2
Literature Review 2
Materials and methods 6
Results 7
Conclusion 22
Limitations 22
References 24
 2

Introduction

In the modern world, there is an enormous number of cultures, or, more

relevantly for this research, linguocultures. Each person belongs to one
particular or, in the case of bilinguals, several of them. Due to evident
distinctions in native languages of individuals with different linguistic
backgrounds, language users tend to perceive colors differently in accordance
with the color vocabulary they command.
The present study helps to determine which factors influence the emotions that
arise in the minds of speakers when they imagine different colors; similarities
and differences are discovered through an associative experiment, since cultural
discrepancies in color perception are distinctly reflected in associations.
This work aims to identify socio-cultural similarities and differences in the
perception of prime colors by representatives of Russian, English, and German
linguistic cultures.

Literature Review

This study includes an introduction, the central part (theoretical and practical)
and a conclusion. Since little research has been done in this field of study, this
work serves as a justification for the hypothesis that associative linguocolour
world pictures may slightly differ depending on the culture under examination,
but, in general, they are similar. The problem is that in previous research the
authors have paid less attention to coincidences, focusing mainly on disparities.
The gap in research lies in the lack of the analysis of emotions evoked by the
visualization of prime colors.

Associative linguo-color world picture

According to R. Bleckwenn and B. Schwarze (2004), about 80% of all incoming
information people receive visually. We explore the world 78% by sight, 13%
by hearing, 3% by tactile sensations, 3% by smell and 3% by taste. We
 3

remember 40% of what we see and only 20% of what we hear. Therefore,
assimilated information is perceived mainly by our vision and the crucial role in
it plays color perception: “A significant part of the world picture is the system
of color designations in the language. Color is the most important component of
all visual information. The totality of all colors reflects the phenomenon of color
space, expressed in the language by the color picture of the world”. The way we
see and perceive the environment formulates our individual linguo-color world
picture.
The words which describe colors establish a specific world picture for each
language. According to Hurley et al (2012), the phenomenon of color perception
is influenced by linguistic factors. The authors state that sentences advertising
color make the brain simulate the color applying mechanisms, practically
comparable to those which are concerning color perception while mentally
imagining the shade. Consequently, the individual tends to introduce personal
background and associations which influence the whole process of the
formation of the image of the color.
Color associations are formed stemming from historical, empirical and spiritual
factors of a linguistic group (Erenskaya, 2017). Researching relative patterns of
color vocabulary and linguistic world picture demonstrate differences in the
worldview of the multilingual native-speakers up to mismatches in the
perception of color. Taking into consideration the paper by Aitmagambetova,
intercultural differences (traditions, history, language semantics, geography and
external natural factors) create individual understanding and associations for
each color and its shade influencing the overall linguistic world picture.

Factors that influence perception

It is scientifically proven that in terms of physics and optics people perceive
color similarly, but perception of color by representatives of different cultures
may differ significantly, and these discrepancies are reflected in languages. One
 4

way to explain these discrepancies is to turn to the etymology of the adjectives

describing colors. According to Voevoda E. (2012), the first colors to have
appeared in human culture were white, black, and red. Later, in European
cultures, such colors as blue, yellow, and green have also drawn attention. The
etymology of these 6 basic colors is thoroughly explained, using the Russian
and the English words as an example. According to her investigation, the main
languages, from which we can trace evolution of the words denoting 6 basic
colors in English and Russian are Indo-European, Proto-Germanic, Ancient
Indian, Proto-Indo-European. Despite the fact that all of them have a similar
connotation, they might evoke different emotions depending on their symbolic
value in cultures. Thus, speaking about white color, the key role in its
perception often plays the religion: “In Christianity, the white color symbolizes
Christ, that is why on the so-called Lord’s Days (Christmas, Transfiguration of
Jesus) Orthodox clergy are dressed in white robes”. Historical events and
politics considerably influence people’s associations: “<…> both English and
Russian cultures tend to associate the adjective red with communist”. According
to this article, it can be concluded that color associations are mostly determined
by etymology, however other factors (social, demographic, historical, cultural)
also influence them by giving specific features in particular languages.
People see millions of shades of color in their everyday life, which has a great
impact on their color perception. Color categorical perception is the tool for fast
and more accurate color distinction, which paves the way for better
opportunities to investigate the interrelation of language and color perception.
Berlin and Kay (1969) claim that the perception of color is independent of the
language based on their research, in which it is concluded that color terms are
versatile. However, there are conclusions that color categorical perception is
linguistic rather than universal, which stem from the course of numerous
investigations. Series of research also prove that the process of color perception
necessitates physiological basis, but language plays a huge role in changing a
 5

person's perception of color in the process of its development. Besides, it is

emphasized that colors differentiated by linguistic categories are affected not
only by language, but also by people’s cultural practices and experiences. Thus,
it can be concluded that the perception of colors hinges on the culture through
language.

Symbolization
The effect of color on humans can be divided into two components - cultural
and physiological. The cultural component varies according to ethnic
characteristics. In contrast to the cultural aspect, the physiological component is
determined by the reaction of the nervous system to color. From the point of
view of science, the perception of colors is the same for all people, as it is based
on the general physiology of the human brain, however, the color perception of
the representatives of different cultures can vary considerably. According to
Gushchina L.V, any person possesses a color language and consciousness, and
due to cultural factors perceive colors in a certain way. Thus, the linguistic and
color picture of the world can express the culture only of a particular nation
because there are some fundamental differences which are common for a
specific culture. In this case, color can be a crucial part that paves the way for
understanding the cultural background, beliefs and values of any nation. For
instance, Gushina L. V. cites the example of a color triad "black - white - red"
with the semantic hub of "birth - life - death" that has a place in almost all
cultural communities. However, the distribution of the meanings is different and
depends on ethical features. As she points out in the research "in the western
countries, the black color is a symbol of death in opposition to the white color
which is associated with the birth of something new", however, in Asian culture
white color means death.
In the work “Lexical features of color naming in various linguocultures” it is
stated that there is a close connection between “the idea of a particular object
 6

representing a specific color (for example, fire, smoke, rose, blood, etc.) and the
idea of a particular color”. Therefore, according to culture, people have different
associations to a color naming. Besides, according to the study conducted by
Olomskaya N. N., Patyukova R. V., Luchinskaya E. N., Tsaturyan M. M. and
Bezrukavaya M. V., such characteristics as location, climate, and
psychophysiological characteristics also significantly affect the color
worldview formation of a particular nationality. In this respect, the same colors
can symbolize different phenomena, lead to opposite associations or inspire
similar feelings for various peoples. For example, referring to Moskovich V. A.,
the semantic specificity for “white” and “black” in Russian varies from their
equivalents in English. However, the association with “yellow” is negative for
both English and Russian.

Materials and methods

To detect and investigate the influence of the national culture on the

conceptualization of color designations, an associative targeted experiment with
native Russian, American English and German speakers was conducted. 40
Russian-speaking, 29 English-speaking and 21 German-speaking people
participated in the associative experiment. The age category is mainly from 18
to 25 years old, thus mostly undergraduate and graduate university students
were selected as respondents. Six prime colors were chosen as stimulus words:
red (“rot”, “красный”), green (“grün”, “зеленый”), yellow (“gelb”,
“желтый”), blue (“blau”, “синий”), white (“weiß”, “белый”), and black
(“schwarz”, “чёрный”). The experiment was conducted remotely, three surveys
(in Google Forms) consisting of two basic questions (about age and gender), six
questions with detailed answers and one scale with several answer options were
created for the three investigated groups. The surveys were distributed via
e-mail and such social networks as VK, Telegram and Tandem. Since the
experiment was aimed at identifying emotions caused by the colors listed above,
 7

the respondents were required to write down the first three adjectives describing
each of the colors that immediately came to their minds. In addition, the test
subjects were given a scale with designations and were asked to denote
emotions these colors evoke with one of the possible characteristics - negative,
neutral and positive. In order to avoid the initial programming of the basic
emotions towards the proposed colors, the scale was given at the end of the
survey (for results refer to page 23). As a result of the experiment, 717, 485 and
377 adjectives-associations have been received from L1 Russian, English and
German users respectively. Given at the same order of the relation to the three
linguistic groups 287, 177 and 112 adjectives-associations appeared to be
unique. The data obtained make it possible to draw a parallel between the
responses of three linguistic cultures’ representatives, identify the most frequent
associative reactions of each group separately and conduct comparative
analysis.

Results

RED is one of the most versatile colors, as it holds both positive and negative
connotations and is related simultaneously to love and beauty, and to rebellion
and revenge. For a long time in history, red color has occupied and still occupies
a major position in Russian culture, forming certain associations and concepts in
the minds of the linguoculture’s bearers. Symbolic associations, indicated in
many sources, correlate the emotional color of red with numerous state symbols.
For instance, the flag of the Soviet Union or one of the stripes on the Russian
Federation’s tricolor instill power, authority, and domination in the considered
color. However, the data obtained during the experiment suggest slightly
different associations. It can be noticed that among the prevalent answers of
Russians there are “vivid” (яркий), “garish” (кричащий), and “flashy”
(броский), that altogether constitute almost a half of all responses received.
Correspondingly, these adjectives were provided by 51% and 37% of English-
 8

and German-speaking participants respectively. Such results shed light on the

visibility and prominence of red color among others. Moreover, the red color is
often endowed with the symbolism of fire and blood, so the adjectives “fiery”
(огненный, feurig) and “bloody” (кровавый, blutig) were given by about a fifth
of the respondents of each tested linguistic group. Since ancient times, for
Russian speakers red has been considered a symbol of aggression, harshness
and power, therefore such descriptions as “aggressive” (агрессивный), “strong”
(сильный), “daring” (дерзкий) provided by 25%, 10% and 5% of interviewees
respectively can be noticed as repeatedly mentioned ones. Similarly, for a large
proportion of English-speaking participants it is extremely peculiar to treat red
as an “aggressive” or “angry”, “violent”, “dangerous” and “strong” or
“powerful” color. Moreover, there are 15% of German-speaking informants who
characterize the color as “strong” (kräftig, stark) and more than a half of those
who characterize it as an “aggressiv” (aggressive, wütend) and “dangerous“
(gefährlich) one. This tendency certainly has a number of explanations. In fact,
red carries several negative connotations in the West; two of the most frequent
ones are “red flag” (about a warning sign) and “caught red-handed” (caught in
the midst of an offense). Notably, the present study affirms that more than 60%
of German-speaking respondents express negative emotions towards the color
red, while among Russian and English speakers these statistics are significantly
lower. In addition, “spicy” (острый, scharf) has a non-obvious connection with
fire, which can be noticed in various advertisements as a symbol of dishes’
sharpness, additionally, red is also associated with spicy chili pepper; though the
adjective’s metaphorical meaning correlates with the aggressive and negative
connotation of red. More than 10% of both Russian- and German-speaking
respondents provided such an association, on the contrary, there were none
given by the subjects whose L1 is English. Interestingly, representatives of
Western cultures are more likely to associate red color with love and all the
surrounding emotions than Russian speakers, hence 13% and 28% of English
 9

and German-speaking participants respectively describe the color with the

adjective “lovely” (liebend, liebevoll). Furthermore, almost a half of L1 Russian
and a quarter of L1 English users consider red color to symbolize passion and
sexual desire, while there are no such associations provided by German
speakers.
 10

Though BLUE does not have such a substantial clout in Western cultures
compared to some other colors, it is considered to be the main symbol of peace,
calmness, and serenity in all of the three linguistic groups investigated. Among
responses given by representatives of Russian linguoculture adjectives “calm”
(спокойный) and “calming” (успокаивающий) prevail and constitute almost
two thirds of all replies provided. Likewise, 80% of English and more than 65%
of German speakers characterize blue with the adjectives “calm”or “calming”
(ruhig, sanft) and “peaceful” or “relaxing” (entspannt, beruhigend). Besides,
blue is the color of water and is also frequently associated with the ocean,
indeed nearly a fifth of the test subjects from the three considered groups
characterize it as “marine” (maritim, wässerig, морской). Additionally, the
connection with the ocean may be the reason for describing blue as “deep” (tief,
глубокий). This association prevails among Russian speakers as the word
mention frequency constitutes 30% compared to 10% and 14% of English and
German speakers’ responses respectively. Interestingly, the adjective “cold”
(kalt, холодный) for characterizing blue has appeared to be the most commonly
used one in the German-speaking group, 70% of respondents named it; that is
 11

almost three times the number of this adjective’s mentions by Russian and
English speakers. A possible reason for this trend may be that according to
traditional color wheels familiar to representatives of all three cultures, blue is a
cool color. Furthermore, the connection between blue color and the sky is
considered a common one for most linguocultures, however, as the results of the
study prove, only a small minority of German- and Russian-speaking
participants indicate it using the adjective “sky” (himmlisch, небесный). In
Western cultures, blue is a symbol of melancholy and sadness: for instance, “to
feel blue” means to feel depressed. This is confirmed by the data obtained
during the experiment with native English speakers: more than 40% of the test
subjects characterize blue as “sad”, “dull” and “gloomy” while Germans and
Russians conversely do not provide such connections. The results of the
experiment have revealed that perception of blue color certainly transcends
cultural boundaries, which is confirmed by the fact that a significant majority of
representatives of all the studied linguistic groups have a positive attitude
towards it.
 12

It can be stated that the YELLOW color has no great significance in Russian
culture. Basically, it is associated with the sun, joy, and warmth. Such
judgments are confirmed by the data on the diagram, almost all the most rife
answers are somehow connected with the positivity that yellow radiates: “vivid”
(яркий) (37%), “sunny” (солнечный) (35%), “warm” (теплый) (25%),
 13

“gladsome” (радостный) (20%), “summery” (летний) (15%), “gracious”

(добрый) (7%), “positive” (позитивный) (7%), “childish” (детский) (5%). The
adjective “sour” (кислый) (5%) refers to the yellow color through association
with lemon and its characteristic sour taste. Nevertheless, in Russian culture,
yellow has also a negative connotation. It has acquired the symbolism of illness
and lies, therefore, for example, yellow flowers (especially tulips) have become
a symbol of separation or breakup, and it is unacceptable for some people to
give them to loved ones. However, there were practically no negative
associations among our respondents, with the exception of “annoying”
(раздражающий) constituting 5% of all responses received. Similar responses
related to the association of yellow with light, positivity, and delight were
received from the bearers of Western cultures. The significant percentage of L1
users of English proposed such adjectives as “bright”, “vivid”, “happy”,
“joyful”, optimistic”, “energetic”, “vibrant”, “warm”, “sunny”, “friendly”, and
”sweet” to describe the color, while German-speaking respondents adduced
synonymous replies such as “joyful” , “cheerful”, “serene”, “funny”,
“optimistic” (freudig, fröhlich, heiter, lustig, optimistisch), “bright” (hell),
“warm” (warm), “glaring”, “intense” (grell, intensiv), “dazzling, luminous,
radiant” (blendend, leuchtend, strahlend), “sunny” (sonnig), “happy, laughing”
(glücklich, lachend), “summery” (sommerlich) and “speedy” (schnell). It can be
determined that, unlike representatives of the Russian linguoculture, informants
from Western linguocultures endow the yellow color only with positive
associations.
14
 15

For all the studied linguocultures, GREEN is the color of nature. In Russian
culture, green color is mainly intended to symbolize life, flowering, and youth.
Furthermore, the last adjective is also utilized figuratively as "young", thus, it is
not confusing that among the common answers there were such descriptions as
"fresh" (свежий) (30%), "natural" (природный) (17%), "organic"
(натуральный) (10%), “alive” (живой), “tenacious” (живучий) (altogether
10%). Associations of green with nature can also be noticed among Western
cultures, so among English-speaking respondents there were such replies as
“natural” and “earthy”, while the L1 users of the German language utilized such
adjectives as “natural, ecological, vegetal” (natürlich, ökologisch, pflanzlich).
Moreover, in the West, green is often associated with health, well-being, and
spring. Additionally, spring serves as a transition from the cold season to the
warm one, it is ‘the beginning of a new page in life’. Thus, it can be stated that
such adjectives as “lively”, “energetic”, “alive” given by English-speaking
informants, and adjectives as “vigorous, vivacious, buoyant” (kraftvoll,
lebendig, lebhaft) suggested by the German-speaking informants would be the
branches of these associations. The most frequent reply among the respondents
of Russian linguoculture was the adjective "calm" (спокойный) (35%) and
some synonymous answers as "cozy" (уютный), "warm" (теплый) (both 10%),
"peaceful" (мирный), "intimate" (родной) (both 5%). Besides, it can be noticed
that Russian people do not see any danger or negative connotation in green
color, on the contrary, they find exclusively calmness, peace, and kinship in it.
Analogically to the representatives of the Russian culture, English and
German-speaking people confer green color with the symbolism of placidity
and pleasure; it can be noticed from such responses of the English interviewees
as “calming”, “relaxing”, “peaceful” and the responses of the Germans as
“soothing” (beruhigend), “relaxing” (entaspannend), “joyful” (fröhlich).
However, green color also has a negative connotation and symbolizes jealousy
and guile. This is directly noticeable in such L1 English users’ responses as
 16

“envious”, “greedy”, “cunning”, while the German negative replies considered

only of the adjective “poisonous/toxic” (giftig), which may be connected to the
vividness of the color, and the manifestation of such brightness in the wild
nature, where the noticeable color of flora and fauna functions as a danger
warning. It can be inferred that despite the similarity of associations in all
linguistic cultures, for a certain percentage of informants from Western cultures
green color causes negative emotions.
 17

The concept of WHITE is incredibly meaningful for all the studied

linguocultures. White is a complete fusion of all spectral colors, which, from a
symbolic point of view, is seen as the unification of all material in one true
spiritual. Primarily, this color is usually associated with light, perfection and
purity (both in the literal sense of the word, and figuratively, synonymously
with chastity or innocence). Moreover, in Slavic culture, white color is often
divinized, it becomes a saint color, a "light spirit", which counteracts the "dark
force" enclosed in the black color. Therefore, among the frequent replies of the
Russian linguoculture’s representatives “pure” (чистый) (42%), “calm”
(спокойный) (27%), “bright” (светлый) (20%), “light” (легкий) (10%),
“tender” (нежный) (7,5%), “noble” (благородный), “serene” (безмятежный)
(both 5%) can be noticed. The same tendency can be traced among the bearers
of English and German linguocultures, thus such answers as “bright”, “quiet,
still, tranquil”, “pure, soft”, “clean”, “light”, “innocent, angelic”, “bland” and
“sterile, hygienic, pure, clean” (steril, hygienisch, pur, sauber), “chaste,
immaculate, innocent” (rein, unbefleckt, unschuldig), “bright” (hell), “gentle,
delicate” (dünn, zart), “elegant” (elegant) respectively were received from a
 18

significant majority of respondents. Another component of the white color

concept is its relation to the wedding ceremony and especially the bride,
however, there was only one such association received only from the
Russian-speaking respondents, thus it is not among the frequent answers. In
some cases, white is interpreted as the concept of the absence of color,
obscurity, infinity, and transcendence; description of color in this vein is the
most popular trend among English-speaking participants, such replies as “blank,
empty, voided”, “neutral, normal” were given. Such associations are also
noticeable among the responses of Russian and German linguocultures’
informants, these are - “void” (пустой), “neutral” (нейтральный), “mere”
(простой), “infinite” (бесконечный) and “blank, empty” (blank, leer), “neutral”
(neutral) correspondingly. The adjectives “snowy” (снежный) and “soft”
(мягкий), provided both by 5% of Russian-speaking informants, relate to
associations with snow and winter, which occupy a special place in Russian
linguoculture; comparable association was received from the German-speaking
respondents, adjective “cold” (kalt) can either directly symbolize the same
relation of the color to snow and winter, or figuratively point out the ambiguity
of the color (the use of “cold” as a synonym to “alienated”). The adjective
“new” suggested by respondents from the English-speaking linguoculture may
be a reference to the concept of white as the beginning of a new stage in life,
since this color also symbolizes renewal or deliverance of something
superfluous and negative. Among the popular answers of German-speaking
respondents, such adjectives as “explicit, obvious” (deutlich, klar) and “sincere/
open” (offen) can be noticed, since visually white seems lighter than other
colors, it is not able to conceal and hide anything in itself.
19
 20

BLACK is an antagonist of white; it symbolizes grief, sorrow, death,

misfortune, despair and darkness, which is confirmed by the data received from
all the three linguistic groups. Listed associations prevail in each of them and
are primarily expressed in such adjectives as “dark” (dunkel, тёмный) and
“mournful” (traurig, траурный), provided by a half of English- and
Russian-speaking respondents and more than two thirds of Germans. It
obviously correlates with the sharp contrast that can be observed in the attitude
of Russians and Germans to black: it causes negative emotions in 1% and 52%
of respondents respectively. Moreover, adjectives given by German and English
speakers conferring connection between the color black and depression or
sadness comprise almost the fifth of all answers, which is twice as many as such
associations among Russians. For 20%-40% of participants coming from all
linguistic groups, black evokes fear and mystery that they prove through
adjectives “mysterious” (mysteriös, загадочный) and “scary” (fürchterlich,
страшный) since in Russian as well as in Western cultures it has always
symbolized demonic creatures. Interestingly, while there were no such
associations with black as “empty” (leer) and “lonely” (einsam) received from
L1 Russian users, more than 20% of L1 German and English speakers provided
this type of responses. On the contrary, such positive associations with the color
as “classical” (классический), “stylish” (стильный), “laconic” (лаконичный)
and “elegant” (элегантный) were given by 40% of Russian sneaking
respondents. The latter adjective was also provided by more than 20% of
Germans. The reason for this is the black color’s peculiarity of being quite
frequent and at the same time elegant, attractive and minimalistic choice in
clothes and design. The prevalence of such a connotation among
Russian-speaking participants can serve as a justification for the absolute
predominance of positive and neutral attitudes towards white at almost the same
level.
21
 22

Conclusion

The present study had a focus on perception of prime colors by people coming
from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, namely, by L1 Russian,
English and German users. The conducted research has shown that the initial
associations for the description of color designations are mainly universal to all
the studied linguocultures, since they are frequently not determined by deep
concepts, imbued with cultural and national specifics, but are based on
associations of color with some object or a conventional, equitable stereotype
related to the particular color. Moreover, the received replies’ similarity may be
related to the fact that the respondents belong to the generation susceptible to
globalization, which, in turn, spreads and consolidates the national specifics of
various cultures. Yet, differences in the description of colors based on
differences in cultural stereotypes were also noticed. Testing has also revealed
the predominance of generic patterns in the three considered linguistic groups’
characterisation of emotions evoked by each of the colors under investigation.
Nonetheless, a small number of distinctions determined by national specifics of
linguistic cultures have been detected.

Limitations

The practical part of the study was conducted remotely, without face-to-face
meetings with respondents, which is why it was necessary to expect only the
respondents' consciousness to answer without hesitation, to write the primary
adjectives that emerged in their minds. Additionally, the number of respondents
is insignificant enough to conduct a detailed analysis of similarities and
differences in the linguistic cultures investigated.
23
 24

References

1. Regier, T., & Kay, P. (2009). Language, thought, and color: Whorf was
half right. Trends in cognitive sciences, 13(10), 439-446.
2. Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1991). Basic color terms: Their universality and
evolution. Univ of California Press.
3. Franklin, A., Drivonikou, G. V., Clifford, A., Kay, P., Regier, T., &
Davies, I. R. (2008). Lateralization of categorical perception of color
changes with color term acquisition. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 105(47), 18221-18225.
4. Gushchina L.V. (2017). Russian Linguistic Bulletin, №4 (12), 35-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.18454/RULB.12.11
5. Olomskaya, N. N., Patyukova, R. V., Luchinskaya, E. N., Tsaturyan, M.
M., & Bezrukavaya, M. V. (2021). Lexical features of color naming in
various linguocultures. Laplage em Revista, 7(Extra-C), 605-612.
6. Heurley L. , Milhau A., Chesnoy-Servanin G., Ferrier L., Brouillet B. &
Brouillet T. (2012). Influence of Language on Colour Perception: A
Simulationist Explanation.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240436959_Influence_of_Lang
uage_on_Colour_Perception_A_Simulationist_Explanation
7. Shutterstock (2021, October 26). The Meaning of Colors in Cultures
Around the World.
https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/color-symbolism-and-meanings-aroun
d-the-world
8. Straub J. (2021, November 17). Basic colors in German and their
association. https://blog.lingoda.com/en/basic-colours-in-german/
9. Voevoda E. (2012) Colour perception and associative fields in Russian
and English // Scientific Newsletter: Voronezh State University of
Architecture and Civil Engineering. Series: Modern Linguistic and
Methodological-and Didactic Researches. - 2012. - #1(1). - P. 91.
 25

10. Kodirova F. K. (2022). Colour and Culture in Language. European

Journal of Innovation in Nonformal Education, 2(1), 127.
11. Aitmagambetova M.B. (2015) National-cultural peculiarities of color
conceptualization
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kulturno-natsionalnye-osobennosti-konts
eptualizatsii-tsveta
12. Guz Y.V. Associative experiment on color perception by native speakers
of Russian, English, German and Chinese.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kulturno-natsionalnye-osobennosti-konts
eptualizatsii-tsveta/viewer