Computers in Our Daily Life
This is normally done through the number
How Computers Work?
The basic parts of a computer are the central
processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard or
other input device, and a screen or other output
device.
How does a computer add or subtract, and how can it
memory remember the answers it computes?
Humans understand the human language, the
computer can understand the machine language.
When a person types on the computer's keyboard, the
human brain identifies the letters, numbers, and
characters combines to create words and sentences.
But the computer does not recognize letters as letters
of the alphabet; it sees the letters as a series of 0's
and 1's called the binary language.
Computer Number Systems
Humans use the decimal number system-to
count, measure, and compute. The decimal number
has ten digits. (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
Computers can only understand two digits-a 0 and
a 1. This type of number system is called the binary
number system. (bi means two digits)
There are other types of number systems, such as the
octal number system and the hexadecimal number
system. (octa means eight digits and, hexa means six
digits)
How Computers Interpret Data
programmers.
system conversion. Depending on the standard used,
computer systems convert characters from the keyboard
display them on the monitor
Refer to the following steps:
1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically found
underneath each key. Upon typing a letter, the pressure
pad sends information to the CPU for processing.
2. The information is then transmitted in the form if O's
and 1's using the ASCII code.
3. The CPU determines what character has been typed
and sends the information to the computer monitor, again
in O's and 1's.
4. The monitor displays the information in its equivalent
character, this time readable and understandable by
humans.
Majority of computer systems use the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
for converting characters into O's and 1's.
*The ASCII code is a 7-bit code
used to represent letters, numbers, and basic special
characters
The upper case 'A' is represented as 0100 0001 in binary,
101 in octal, or 41 in hexadecimal system
Computer programmers create programs so that
computers can do specific tasks.
 People who can write programs are
 Another term for a program is codes.
 Writing programs is called programming or
coding.
How Computers Communicate With Each
Other?
System Bus
 A computer system, on its own, communicates
through what is called a system bus.
 It is a pathway composed of cables and
connectors used to carry data from a computer's
peripheral devices-monitor, keyboard, mouse,
etc.-to the CPU and the main memory.
There are three types of busses: the data bus,
address bus, and control bus.
1. Data Bus
 A Data Bus can transfer data to and from the
memory of a computer, or into or out of the
CPU.
 Examples of pieces of information that traverse
between the data bus include files transferred
from a flash drive to the computer's hard drive
and a document set to the printer for printing.
2. Address Bus
 The address bus is used by the CPU to specify
a physical address for instructions, files, and
other devices within the computer system.

 For example, in a given computer unit, there are
typically 6 to 8 USB ports. The address bus is
responsible for checking which of the USB
ports has a printer connected to it, along with
the mouse, keyboard, speakers, and sometimes
even external drives.
3. Control Bus
A Control Bus is used by CPUs to communicate
with other devices within the computer system.
 As the address bus carries the location of the
data being sent and the data bus carries the
actual data being processed, the controls bus
carries the commands for instructions from the
CPU.
 It also sends status signals commands or
instructions from the devices, identifying if it is
ready or not. The typical read/write commands
are identified through the control bus.
How Computers Connect to Other Computers?
Computer Network Systems
 Computers are able to communicate with one
another over networks.
 A computer network is an interconnection of
two or more computers. This interconnection
gives these computers the capability to share
information and resources.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
 A type of connection which is often limited to an
individual person and his or her personal devices
 These devices must be within the range of 10
meters with each other
Local Area Network (LAN)
 A connection in which a group of computers and
other devices, such as network printers, share a
common communications line within a certain area
such as a building or a small campus
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 May be less restrictive than LAN as rules and
policies may differ within its coverage
 May be made up of several LANS and PANS
 May also be made up of several WANS which is
why it is considered synonymous to the internet
Methods of Communication
 There are many different types of connection media
that are used in contemporary society to connect
computer networks to one another.
 Connections may be wired communication and
wireless communication.
Wired Communication
 Different types of cables are used to connect to a
given network.
 There are coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
Ethernet cables and the traditional telephone
lines.
 Computer system have different connections
which usually depend on the motherboard's
form factor.
WIRED COMMUNICATION
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
A connection or interface that
allows the computer to communicate with system
peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.,
as well as other devices like digital cameras and
portable fans.
 FireWire
A type of connector that can transmit
data to and from devices which have typical high
data rates, such as external hard drives.The transfer
speed of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB.
 Ethernet Cable
Transmits signals between a computer
and network devices such as a router, switch, or
other computers.
 High-definition Multimedia Interface
(HDMI)
A connector for transmitting audio/video
data which are compatible to computers,
projectors, and digital televisions.

 Video Graphics Array (VGA)
The 15-pin VGA connector has been
provided on many video cards, computer monitors,
laptop computers, and projectors. It is now slowly
being phased out in favor of the faster and more
compact HDMI connector.
 Serial
An RS-232 serial connection was once a
standard feature of a personal computer used for
connections to modem, printer, mouse, and other
peripheral devices. Now, has been replaced by
USB connections.
 Parallel
Similar to the serial connection, parallel
connections were used before to connect other
computer peripherals such as printers. Has also
been replaced by USB connections.
Ex.DB25
CENTRONICS 36
 PS/2
The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to
connect the mouse and keyboard to a computer. It
is color-coded to identify which peripheral will be
connected to which port. Purple is for keyboard
and green for the mouse.
 Lack of mobility: Devices are physically
 Audio Jacks connected to the network, limiting movement.
 Installation can be more complex due to the
The 3.5 mm jacks used for microphones (as need for physical cables.
input), and speakers (as output).These connections are
now being replaced by USB and HDMI connections.
Common audio connections
Yellow/orange: Wireless Communication
Digital audio OUT
Wireless communications include
Light blue: microwave transmission, satellite communication,
Analog audio IN cellular transmission, and radio transmission such
as Wi-Fi connectivity.
Pink:
Analog microphone IN The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), a professional technical
Green association with members all across the globe,
Analog audio OUT identified standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for
Surround sound FRONT OUT Bluetooth in the wireless standards.
Black: Wi-Fi
Sourround sound REAR OUT
> Uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit
information across a network
ADVANTAGES OF WIRED CONNECTIONS
> Wi-Fi's signals are transmitted in frequencies of
 Typically faster and more reliable than wireless between 2.5GHz and 5GHz, which are higher than
connections. radio and TV signals to avoid interference
 Less susceptible to interference from other
electronic devices. Bluetooth
 Wired connections can provide a consistent and
stable data transfer rate. > Uses radio waves to connect to other devices
DISADVANTAGES OF WIRED CONNECTIONS > The connection via Bluetooth is called pairing
> Once paired, devices are able to send and receive
information provided they are within a given
range which is typically 10 meters

ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS
CONNECTIONS

Greater mobility: Devices can connect without being

physically tethered, allowing for more flexibility in
device placement.

Easier installation: No need for physical cables,

making setup more convenient.

Suitable for devices that require flexibility and

portability.
DISADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS
CONNECTIONS

Generally slower than wired connections, especially

in environments with high. interference.

Susceptible to interference from other wireless

devices and physical obstacles.

Signal strength and quality can vary based on

distance and environmental factors.