EPIDEMIOLOGY AND

PUBLIC HEALTH
Rosario B. Montallana
CONAS faculty
Objectives
01 Understand the meaning of epidemiology

02 Differentiate between infectious, communicable,

and contagious diseases, and cite an example of
each.

03 Differentiate between the incidence of a disease

and the prevalence of a disease.

04 nonendemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases.

Distinguish between sporadic, endemic,

05 identify three examples of living reservoirs and

three examples of nonliving reservoirs.

06 List five modes of infectious disease transmission,

examples of potential biologic warfare.
 Introduction

Epidemiologists have various educational

backgrounds. Some are physicians, with
specialization in epidemiology or public
health. A pathologist studies the structural
and functional manifestations of disease
and is involved in diagnosing diseases in
individuals, whereas an epidemiologist
studies the factors that determine the
frequency, distribution, and determinants of
diseases in human population.
Epidemiology is the study of factors that
determine the frequency, distribution, and
determinants of diseases in human
populations, and ways to perevent, control,
or eradicate diseases in populations.
 Definition of
Epidemiology

• Is the study of factors that determine the frequency,

distribution, and determinants of diseases in human
populations, and ways to prevent control, or eradicate diseases
in populations.
Epidemiologists
• Are scientists who study the factors that determine the
frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in
human populations resulting from overcrowding, lack of
immunization, nutritional status, inadequate sanitation
procedures, and other factors; locations (reservoirs)
where pathogens are lurking; and the various ways in
which infectious diseases are transmitted.
• They study virtually all types of diseases, including
heart, hereditary, communicable, and zoonotic diseases
and cancer.
Epidemiologic
Terminology 01
01 Communicable and contagious diseases
02
02 Zoonotic Disease
03
03 Prevalence

04
04
05
Mortality Rate

05 Sporadic Disease
Epidemiologic
Terminology 06
06 Endemic Disease
07
07 Epidemic Disease
08
08 Pandemic Disease
 Communicable and
Contagious Diseases

Communicable
Infectious Disease Infective Dose Objective
Lethal Dose
04
Diseases (ID50) (LD50)
If the infectious disease
is transmissible from one
If the disease infects If the disease iresults in
Is a disease that is human to another.
50% of a population. the 50% of a population.
caused by a pathogen.
Contagious Disease if it is easily
transmitted from one human
to another.
Zoonotic Disease Incidence Rate Morbidity Rate Prevalence
• Period Prevalence of a
The incidence of a Is usually expressed of new particular disease is the
Infectious diseases that particular is defined as cases of a particular number of cases of the disease
humans acquire from the number of new cases disease that occurred Objective 04 population
existing in a given
animal sources. of that disease in a during a specified time during a specific time period.
defined population period and per a specifically • Point prevalence of a particular
during a specific time defined population (usually disease is the number of cases
period. per 100, 000 population) of the disease existing in a
given population at a particular
moment in time.
 Mortality Rate Sporadic Disease Endemic Disease Epidemic and
Pandemic
Refers to death. Is a disease that occurs Is a disease that is always • Epidemic disease (outbreak) is
Also known as death rate only rarely and without present within the defined as greater than usual
is the ratio of the regularity (sporadically) population of a particular number of cases04
of a disease in a
Objective
number of people who within the population of geographic area. The particular region, usually occurring
died of a particular a particular geographic number of cases of the within a relatively short period of
disease during a area. disease may fluctuate over time.
specified time period time, but the disease never • Pandemic disease is a disease that
pers specified population dies. occurs in a epidemic proportions in
(usually per 1,000, 10,000 many countries simultaneously---
or 100, 000 population). sometimes worldwide.
 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PATHOGENS, HOSTS
AND ENVIRONMENTS
1. Factors pertaining to
the pathogen:
• Virulence of the pathogen
• Portal of entry
• Number of organisms that enter the
body
2. Factors pertaining to
the host:
Objective •02Person’s health status
Objective 03
• Person’s nutritional status
• Susceptibility of the host
3. Factors pertaining to
the environment:
• Physical factors such as geographic
location, Objective 04
climate, heat, cold, humidity,
and season of the year
• Availability of the appropriate reservoirs
• Sanitary and housing conditions,
adequate waste disposal, and adequate
health care.
• Availability of potable water
Chain of Infection

Presence of pathogen

Source of pathogen

Portal of Exit

Mode of transmission

Portal of Entry

Susceptible host
Strategies for Breaking the Chain of Infection
Some of the broad goals are to:
01
02
Eliminate or contain the reservoirs of
01 pathogens or curtail the persistence of a
pathogen at the source

03
Prevent contact with infectious substances
02 from exit pathways

03 Eliminate means of transmission

04
04
05
Block exposure to entry pathways

Reduce or eliminate the susceptibility of potential

05 hosts
Specific Methods of Breaking the Chain of
Infection
01
01
02
Practice effective hand hygiene
procedures

03
Maintaining good nutrition and adequate
02 rest and reduce stress

03 Obtaining immunizations against

04
common pathogens
04
05
Practicing insect and rodent control

Practicing proper and patient isolation procedures

05
06 Ensuring proper decontamination of
surfaces and medical instruments 06
07
Disposing sharps and infectious wastes
07 properly

08
Using gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, and
other personal equipment, whenever
appropriate to do so
08
09 Using needle safety devices during blood
collection 09
Reservoirs of Infection

LIVING
RESERVOIRS

Animals NON-LIVING RESERVOIRS

Human
Passive Carrier
Incubatory Carrier
Convalescent Carrier Air Soil Dust Food Milk Water Fomites
Active Carrier
Mode of Transmission

Mode of Transmission

Direct Indirect
Skin to skin
Mucous membrane to mucous Via airborne droplets of respiratory
membrane contact by kissing or secretions, produced by sneezing or coughing
sexual intercourse Via food and water-contaminated fecal
material
Via Arthropod vectors
Via fomites
Via transfusion of contaminated blood or
blood products
 PUBLIC HEALTH
AGENCIES

World Health Centers for Disease Department of Health

Organization Control and Prevention Regional Health Offices
Provincial Health Offices
 Bioterrorism and Biologic
Warfare Agents

Anthrax Botulism Smallpox Plague

Biologic Warfare
The use of microbes in times of war. These microbes are called Biologic Warfare or Bioterrorism
agents
WATER SUPPLIES AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
• Chemical pollution of water occurs when
industrial installations dump waste
products into local waters without proper
pretreatment when pesticides are used
indiscriminately, and when chemicals are
Main sources of expelled in the air and carried to earth by
rain.
community water

• The main source of Biological pollution is

waste products of humans ---fecal material
Ground water and garbage---that swarm with pathogens.
Rivers Natural lakes
from wells
Prevention/Treatment of Water
contamination
Water Water is considered potable if it contains 1
Treatment coliform or less per 100ml of water

Sewage • Primary Sewage Treatment

Treatment • Secondary Sewage Treatment
• Tertiary Sewage Treatment
THANK YOU
 Conclusion 01

Conclusions
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Conclusion 03
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 OUR TEAM
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Juliana Silva Alexander Aronowitz Olivia Wilson

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