The Contemporary World: Global Population and Mobility

 Demography is the statistical study of human population in response of several factors such as
birth, death, migration, etc.
 Demographic trends are important, since various demographic groups are impacted over time
form the fluid economic, cultural and political changes in their community.
 Large companies often conduct demographic research to determine and best capture the target
audience. It is the valuable to know the current customer and where the potential customer may
come from.
 The Demographic Transition model/theory is a generalized description that refers to the
changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic
regime to another.

According to Frank W. Notestein, There are Four Theory in Global Demography

 Pre-transition (Stage 1) – characterized by a balance between birth and death rates.

 This situation was true of all human populations up until the late 18th century when
the balance ended up in Western Europe.
 Death rates were very high at all times in this stage due to lack of knowledge of
disease prevention and cure and occasional food shortages (famine).
 While birth rates are suspected to be caused by non-existent family planning and
contraception.

 Early transition (Stage 2) – characterized by the death rate begins to fall. As birth rates
remain high, creating a large gap between both rate causing the population to grow rapidly.
The phenomena is usually referred as “population explosion”
 Decline in death rate is initially due to significant improvements in public health
and food productions as agricultural practices were improved in the Agricultural
Revolution of the 18th century.

 Late transition (Stage 3) – characterized by the population moves towards stability as Birth
rates start to decline. The rate of population’s growth was decelerates.
 Changes in birth rate is a result of developments in contraceptive; increased
literacy and employment, which lowers childbearing and motherhood as measures
of the status of women; urbanization, since urban living raises the cost of having
children to a family.

 Post-transition (Stage 4) – characterized by a stable population caused by low birth and

death rates. Population growth is negligible, or even enters a decline.
 The changes are due to lower rates of diseases and high production of food. The changes in
birth rate is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more
independence and work opportunities.
Illustration of Birth and Death Rates
Global Migration

1. Movement of people from one continent to another and from one country to another has
occurred throughout history. These movements are now part of a global process that is
reshaping societies and cultures.

Mobility

2. Refers to the movement of people from place to place, or job to job, or social class to social
class.

Migration

3. Is the act or process of moving from one place to another with the intention of staying at the
destination permanently or for a long period of time.

Emigration

4. is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere.

Immigration

5. is the movement of people into a destination which they are not natives or does not possess
citizenship in order to settle or reside.

Classification of Migration in Population

1. Migration Internal – is the population movements within a country

a. Rural-Urban Migrations
b. Counter-Urbanisations
2. Migration International – is the population movements across the national boundaries.
a. Resettlement Migration
b. Contract Migrations
c. Refugees/Forced Migrations

Economic Reason Political Reason

 Lack of employment opportunities; the
lure of a well-paid job in a wealthy
country; Lack of educational institutions
across developing countries are powerful
drivers of international migration.
Social Reason
 Socially factors are things that affect
someone’s lifestyle. These could include
wealth, religion, buying habits,
educational level, family size and
structure and population density
 The unattractiveness of agricultural
activities, disaster, lack of basic amenities
(roads, electricity, portable water, and
inadequate health care facilities) and
industrial ventures in countries have also
encouraged migration.
Cultural Reason
 Culture range from ideologies, religion,
language and dialect, to art and literacy.
 Push-Pull Factor
factors that drive people away from a place (Push) and draw people to a new location (Pull).

Their Factors Their Factors

 Employment opportunities,  Famine
 Better standard of living  War & Civil unrest
 Better access to Services  Rural poverty
 Educational opportunities  Climate disasters
Entertainment  Lack of Quality Services

 Europe, Northern America, Western Asia, and Australia/Oceania will be net receivers of
international migrants, while ten countries will be senders. Fourteen countries will see a ne
inflow of more than one million migrants.
 Some of the largest migratory movements are driven by violence, insecurity and armed conflict
(such as Syria, Venezuela, and Myanmar) or by the demand for migrant workers (Bangladesh,
Nepal and the Philippines)