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WEEK # 05

3.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

d n
d d d 6) x  n xn 1 ( POWER RULE )
1)  f (x)  g (x)  f (x)  g (x)[sum rule] dx
dx dx dx where n is a scalar
d d d
2 )  f (x)  g (x)  f (x)  g (x) [difference rule] d x
dx dx dx 7) e  ex
dx
d
3) (constant)  zero d 2x
dx 8) e  2.e2x
dx
d d
4 ) c. f (x)  c. f (x) where c is a scalar
dx dx
d
5) ( x ) 1
dx

NEW DERIVATIVE FROM OLD

 Page 2

d d
PROVE THAT c . f ( x )   c .  f ( x )  OR c. f '( x )
dx dx

PRO OF:
LET g ( x )  c. f (x)
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g ' (x) = lim
h0 h
c. f ( x  h )  c . f ( x )
= lim
Now h0 h
 f ( x  h)  f ( x) 
= c.  lim 
 h0 h
 c . f '( x )
HENCE PRO VED

SUM R U LE
d d d
1)  f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g (x)
dx dx dx

T H E D IFFE R E N C E R U LE

d d d
2 )  f ( x)  g ( x)  f (x)  g ( x)
dx dx dx
 Page 3

PROOF OF SUM RULE OF DERIVATIVE’S

PROVE THAT
d d d
 f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g (x)
dx dx dx

PROO F :

Let F ( x )  f ( x)  g ( x)
Then F ( x  h )  f ( x  h )  g ( x  h )
Now
d d
 f ( x)  g ( x)   F ( x)
dx dx
 F ' ( x)
F ( x  h)  F ( x)
 lim
h 0 h
 f ( x  h )  g ( x  h )   f ( x )  g ( x )
 lim 
h 0 h
 f ( x  h )  f ( x )   g ( x  h )  g ( x )
 lim 
h 0 h
  f ( x  h )  f ( x )   g ( x  h )  g ( x) 
 lim    lim  
h0
 h  h 0
 h 
 f ' ( x)  g ' ( x)
HENCE
d
 f ( x )  g ( x )   f ' ( x )  g ' ( x ) [ PROV ED ]
dx
 Page 4

PROOF OF DIFFERENCE RULE OF DERIVATIVE’S

PROVE TH AT
d d d
 f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
dx dx dx

PROO F :

Let F ( x )  f ( x)  g ( x)
Then F ( x  h )  f ( x  h )  g ( x  h )
Now
d d
 f ( x)  g ( x)  F ( x)
dx dx
 F ' ( x)
F ( x  h)  F ( x)
 lim
h  0 h
 f ( x  h )  g ( x  h )   f ( x )  g ( x )
 lim
h  0 h
 f ( x  h )  f ( x )   g ( x  h )  g ( x )
 lim 
h  0 h
  f ( x  h )  f ( x )   g ( x  h )  g ( x) 
 lim    lim  
h 0
 h  h 0
 h 
 f ' ( x)  g ' ( x)
HENCE
d
 f ( x )  g ( x )   f ' ( x )  g ' ( x ) [ PROV ED ]
dx
 Page 5

Prove power rule of derivative using first derivative method

PROVE THAT

d
dx
 xn  a n
 n a n 1
when x  a

FIRST PROO F

f ( x )  f (a )
f ' ( a )  lim
x a xa
( xn  a n )  0
 lim
x a xa
( x  a )( x n  1  x n  2 a  x n  3 a 2 ........  x 2 .a n  3  x.a n  2  a n 1
)
 lim
x a xa
 lim ( x  x a  x a ........  x 2 .a n  3  x.a n  2  a n  1 )
n 1 n2 n3 2
x a

 ( a n  1  a n  2 a  a n  3 a 2  ........  a 2 .a n  3  a.a n  2  a n 1
)
 ( a n  1  a n  1  a n  1  ........  a n  1  a n  1  a n 1
)
 n.a n  1

ALSO FIND f’(2) ?

 Page 6

SECOND PROOF
PROVE THAT

d
dx
 xn  a n
 n a n 1
w h en x  a

SEC O N D PROOF

f (x  h )  f (x)
f ' ( x )  lim
h  0 h
( x  h)  x n
n
 lim
h  0 h
 n n 1 n ( n  1) n  2 2 
 x  n x .h  x h  ........  n x .h n  1  h n
  x
n

2
 lim
h  0 h
 n 1 n ( n  1) n  2 2 
 n x .h  x h  ....... .  n x .h n  1  h n 
2 
 li m
h  0 h
 n ( n  1) n  2 
h  n x n 1  x h  ........  n x .h n  2  h n  1 
 lim  2 
h  0 h
 n 1 n ( n  1) n  2 n2 n 1 
 n x  x h  ........  n x . h  h 
2
 lim 
h  0 1
 n x 
n 1
  0  ........  0  0
 n x n 1
PUT x  a

n 1
f '( a )  na
 Page 7

EXAMPLES WITH POWER RULE :

FO RM U LA U SED
d
1) ( x n )  n x n 1
dx
d
2) ( constant )  0
dx
EXAMPLE 1) EXAMPLE 2)
d d
( x2 )  2 x ( x 7  9 5)  7 x 6  0
dx dx

EXAMPLE 3) EXAMPLE 4)
d 1 d 5
( a  9 x )  0  x 8/ 9 (t   )  5 t 4  0
dx 9 dt

EXAMPLE 5) EXAMPLE 6)
d 3 d d d
( 7 )  (3).  7 y 7 1   21 y 8 (5  x 7 )  (5)  (x 7 )
dy y dx dx dx
 0  7 x6
 7 x6

dy
F in d at (1 , 1 ) i f y  x x .
dx

S o lu tio n : G iv e n y  x x
 x 3 / 2

D iffe r e n tia te w . r .t 'x ' w e get :

`
dy 3
 x 3 / 2 1
dx 2
3
 x1/2
2
 dy  3 3
 d x   (1 ) 1/ 2

( 1 ,1 ) 2 2
 Page 8

dy
Find if y  x8 12x5  4x4 10 x3  71 x  6x1/ 2  8 .
dx

Solution: Given y  x8 12x5  4x4 10 x3  71 x  6x1/ 2  8

Differentiate wr
. .t ' x ' we get :
dy d 8
  x 12x5  4x4 10 x3  71 x  6x1/ 2  8 
dx dx
d d d d d d d
 [ x8 ] 12 [ x 5 ]  4 [ x4 ] 10 [ x3 ]  71  x  6 [ x1/ 2 ]  8 [ ]
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
1
 [8x7 ]  12 [5x 4 ]  4 [4x3 ]  10 [3x2 ]  71 1   6 [ x1/ 2 ]  8 [0]
2
1/ 2
 8x  60 x  16 x  30 x
7 4 3 2
 71  3x  0

2
dy  1 
F in d if y  x  .
dx  x 

2
 1 
S o lu tio n : G iv e n y  x 
 x 

D iffe r e n tia te w . r .t 'x ' we get :

2
dy d  1 
 x 
dx d x  x 
d  2 1 
  x  2
 2
dx  x 
d d  1  d

dx
 x 2  
dx  x 2 
 
dx
( 2)

 2 x   2 x  2 1
  0
 2x  2 x 3
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QUESTION : Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at the given po int :

y  x 4  2 x 2  x at (1, 2).
SOLUTION :
Given y  x 4  2 x 2  x
dy d
  x4  2 x 2  x 
dx dx
  4 x3  4 x  1 
 dy 
 dx   m   4(1) 3
 4 (1)  1  7
(1, 2)

m 7
Equation of tangent line is : y  y1  m ( x  x1 )
y  2  7 ( x  1)
OR
7x  y  5
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QUESTION : Find the equation of the tangent line & normal line to the curve at the given point :

y  x2  x 4 at (1, 0).
SOLUTION :
Given y  x2  x 4
dy d
  x2  x 4 
dx dx
  2x  4 x3 
 dy 
 dx   m   2(1)  4(1)    2
3

(1,0)

m  2
Equation of tangent line is : y  y1  m ( x  x1)
y  0   2 ( x  1)
OR
2x  y  2
1
Equation of normal line is : y  y1   ( x  x1)
m
1
y  0   ( x  1)
2
OR
x 2 y  1
 Page 11

Q U E ST IO N : F ind F irst & Second D erivative of

2
1) f ( x )  10 x 10  5 x 5  x
3
2) G ( r )  r  3
r

SO L U T I O N (2) :
SO L U T I O N (1) : dG d 
  r  3 r 
dy d  2  dr dr
 10 x 10
 5 x 5
 x
dx dx  3  
d
dr
  r 
dr
 
d 3
r
d d 2 d
 10 ( x 10 )  5 ( x5 )  ( x)
dx dx 3 dx 1   12  1   23 
 r   r 
2 2  3 
 10 (10 x )  5 (5 x )  (1 )
9 4

3 d 2G d  1   12  1   32  
2    r    r 
 100 x 9  25 x 4  dr 2 dr  2   3  
3
d2y d  2 1 d   12  1 d   23 
 100 x 9
 25 x 4
   r  r 
dx 2
dx  3 2 dr   3 dr  
d d d 2 1  1  12 1  1  2  23 1 
 100
dx
 x   25 d x  x   d x  3 
9 4
  r
2 2
  r 
 3 3 
 900 x 8  100 x 3  0 1  32 2  53
 r  r
4 9
 Page 12

R E C A P O F V E L O C IT Y & A C C E L A R A T IO N

L et s  f (t )
d ds
1) V E L O C IT Y (v )  ( d is p la c e m e n t ) 
dt dt
U n it s : m / s e c , c m / s e c e tc .
d d 2s
2 ) A C C E L A R A T IO N (a )  ( v e lo c ity ) 
dt d t2
U n its : m / s e c 2 , c m / s e c 2 etc.
d d a d 3s
3) JE R K ( j)  ( a c c e la r a tio n )  
dt d t d t3
U n its : m / s e c 3 , c m / s e c 3 e tc .
QUESTION
IF s  t4 2t3  t2 t , where s in metres
& t in seconds
1) Find Velocity & Accelaration as functions of 't '.
2) Find Velocity & Accelaration after 1sec.

SOLUTION :

s  t4 2t3  t2 t After t  1sec

 ds 
ds
v   4t 6t  2t 1
3 2  v 
t 1    4(1) 6(1)  2(1) 1  1 m/sec
3 2

dt  dt t1

 at 1    12(1)2 12(1)  2 2 m/sec2

dv dv
a   12t2 12t  2
dt  dt t1
 Page 13

1) The product rule:

d d d
 f ( x). g ( x)  f ( x). g ( x)  g ( x). f ( x)
dx dx dx
OR
d d d
U . V   U . V  V . U Where U &V are functions of x
dx dx dx

ALSO
d d d d
 f ( x). g ( x). h ( x)  f ( x).g ( x) h( x)  f ( x). h( x). g ( x)  g ( x).h( x). f ( x)
dx dx dx dx
OR
d d d d
U .V .W   U .V W  U .W . V  V .W . U
dx dx dx dx

2) The Quotient Rule

d d
g ( x) f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
d  f ( x)  dx dx

dx  g ( x )   g ( x)
2

OR
d d
V. U U . V
d U  dx dx
dx  V  
V 
2

OR
d d
Denominator . Numerator  Numerator . Denominator
d  Numer ator  dx dx

dx  Denominator   Denominator 
2
 Page 14

NOTE

d x d 2x
dx
 e   ex &
dx
 e  2e2x

EXAMPLES OF PRODUCT RULE

d d x x d
1)
dx
  dx  dx  x
x.ex
 x e  e
4)
d
  d
t .(abt)  t  abt  (abt)
d
 
t
dt dt dt
x. ex  ex .(1)
 1 
ex  x  1  t . 0 b  (abt) . 
2 t 
d d d
2)
dx
 x.e2x  x  e2x   e2x  x
dx dx 5)
d
  d
x.ex  x.  ex   ex
d
 
x
dx dx dx
x. 2e2x  e2x .(1) 1
 x. ex  ex
e2x  2x  1 2 x

3)
d
dt
 t d t
t .e  t  e   e
dt
t d

dt
 
d  ex  d x 2 2 d x d
t 6)  2    e .x  x .  e   ex  x2 
dx  x  dx dx dx
 1  x2. ex   ex  2x3 
 t . et   et . 
2 t 
 Page 15

THE QUOTIENT RULE

d d
g ( x) f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
d  f ( x)  dx dx
 g ( x)  
 g ( x)
2
dx  

OR
d d
V. U U . V
d U  dx dx

dx  V  V 
2

OR
d d
Denominator . Numerator  Numerator . Denominator
d  Numer ator  dx dx
 Denominator  
 Denominator 
2
dx

EXAMPLES OF QUOTIENT RULE

E X A M P L E
x
dy e
F in d if y 
dx x
S O L U T IO N :
x
e
G iv e n y 
x
D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g w . r .t x :
d d
x . e x  e x. x
dy d x d x

dx x 2
x . e x  e x . (1 ) e x .x  1 
 
x2 x2
 Page 16

dy x dy x2
TRY Find if y  x and Find if y  x
dx e dx e
EXAMPLE:

2t
IF f (t )  Find f '(t ).
4t 2

SOLUTION:

2t
Given f (t )  .
4  t2
d d
(4  t 2 ) (2 t )  (2 t ) (4  t 2 )
f '( t )  dt dt
(4  t )
2 2

(4  t 2 )(2)  (2 t )(0  2 t )

(4  t 2 ) 2
(8  2 t 2 )  (4 t 2 ) 8  2t2
 
(4  t 2 ) 2 (4  t 2 ) 2

TRY
Find f '(t ) for the followin g :
2 t  3t 3 1  2 t  3t 3
1) f (t )  2) f (t ) 
4  t2 4  t2
4 t  3t 3 2 e t  2 t  3t 3
3) f (t )  4) f (t ) 
9  4t  t 2 t (4  t 2 )
2 t  3t 3 1  5 t  3t 3
5) f (t )  6) f (t ) 
4  t2 4  t2
2 t  3t 3  e t 8  2 t  3t 3
7) f (t )  8) f (t ) 
(4  t 2 ) t 4t  t 2
 Page 17

TABLE OF DIFFRRENTIATION FORMULA’ S

d d n
1) (C)  0 2) ( x )  n xn1(Power rule)
dx dx
(Where C is a cons tan t)

3) ( f  g )'  f '  g ' 4) ( f  g )'  f '  g '

d x d
5) (e )  e x 5) (C f )  C f '
dx dx

d d  f  g. f '  f .g '
7) ( f .g)  f '.g  f . g ' 8)  
dx dx  g  g2
(PRODUCT RULE) (QUOTIENT RULE)

dy
NOTE :  y'
dx
 Page 18

FIND FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVES OF THE FOLLOWING

t2  
1) f ( x)  x e4 x
2) g (t ) 
1  2t
5
t2
3) h ( x)  x . e
2 x
4) f (t )  2
t  2t 
5
t  3  2t x. 3 x
5) h (t )  6) p( x) 
et  5 2  4 x

DIFFERENTIATE BY TWO METHODS IF y = (x+1) (x+2)

y  ( x  1) ( x  2)
Using Product Rule :
dy d d
 ( x  1) ( x  2)  ( x  2) ( x  1)
First Method dx dx dx
 ( x  1) . (1  0)  ( x  2) . (1  0)
 ( x  1)  ( x  2)
 2x  3

y  ( x  1) ( x  2)
 x2  3 x  2
dy d 2
 ( x  3 x  2)
Second Method dx d x
 2x  3  0
 2x  3
 Page 19

TRY (DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING BY TWO METHODS)

1) y  (u  u ) (u  u )
2) y  (1  e z ) (z  e z )
3) y  ( v 3  2v) (v 4  v 2 )
1 3
4) M (  ) ( y  5 y 3
)
y 2 y 4
5) f ( x)  ( x  x 2 ) ( 1  2 x 2 )

x 4  5 x3  x
DIFFERENTIATE BY TWO METHODS IF y
x2

FIRST METHOD
SECOND METHOD  by quotient rule 
x 4  5 x3  x
y
x2 x 4  5 x3  x
y
x4 x3 x x2
 2 5 2  2
x x x

3 Differentiating we get :
 x  5x  x
2 2
2 d d 2
Differentiating we get : dy x . ( x  5 x  x )  ( x  5 x  x ). ( x )
4 3 4 3

 dx dx
3 2 2
dy 3  1 dx (x )
 2x  5  x 2
dx 2 1
5 x 2 .(4 x 3  15 x 2  x 1/ 2 )  ( x 4  5 x 3  x ).(2 x)
3   2
 2x  5  x 2
2 ( x4 )
 Page 20

TRY FEW MORE :

Find Equation of tangent and normal lines for the following :
x 2 1
1) y  2 , at (1, 0).
x  x 1
ex
2) y  , at (1, e).
x
2x
3) y  2 , at (1,1).
x 1
 Page 21

Question :
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
ex 1
y at (1 , e ).
1 x 2 2
Solution :
ex
Given y
1 x 2
Differentiating w.r.t x
d d
(1  x 2 ) (e x )  e x (1  x 2 )
dy dx dx

dx (1  x )
2 2

(1  x 2 ).(e x )  e x .( 0  2 x) e x ( x 2  2 x  1)
 
(1  x 2 ) 2 (1  x 2 ) 2
 dy  e1 (12  2 (1)  1)
m    0
 dx (1, 1 e ) (1  (1) 2 ) 2
2

Hence slope m  0
Equation of tangent line : y  y1  m ( x  x1 )
1
y  e  0( x  1)
2
1
y  e is the equation of tangent line.
2
 Page 22

Question :
Find an equation of the Tangent line and Normal line to the curve
y  2 xe x at (0 , 0 ).
Solution:
Given y  2 x ex
Differentiating w.r.t x
dy d
 2 ( xex )
dx dx
 2  x.(ex )'  ( x)'.e x 
 2  x.(ex )  (1).e x 
 dy 
m     2 0.(e0 )  (1).e0 
 dx (0,0)
Hence slope m  2
Equation of tangent line : y  y1  m ( x  x1 )
y  0  2( x  0)
y  2 x is the equation of tangent line.
1
Equation of normal line : y  y1   ( x  x1 )
m
1
y  0   ( x  0)
2
1
y   x OR x  2 y  0 is the equation of normal line.
2
 Page 23

TRY FEW MORE

( x 2  1)
1) If f ( x)  2 , find f '( x) and f ''( x).
( x  1)
2) If f ( x)  ( x 2 1) e x , find f '( x ) and f ''( x ).
x2
3) If f ( x)  , find f ''(1).
1 x
4) If f ( x)  e x g ( x), where g (0)  2 and g '(0)  5, find f '(0).
5) If f (2)  10 and f '( x)  x 2 f ( x) for all x , find f ''(2).
6) Suppose that f (2)   3, g (2)  4, f '(2)   2 and g '(2)  7.
Find h '(2)
a ) h( x )  5 f ( x )  4 g ( x ) b) h( x)  f ( x). g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
c ) h( x )  d ) h( x ) 
g ( x) 1  f ( x)
7) Suppose that f (5) 1, f '(5)  6, g (5)   3 and g '(5)  2.
Find the following values.
(a ) ( f .g ) '(5) (b) ( f / g ) '(5) (c ) ( g / f )
8) If f ( x)  x . e x find f '( x ) and also f ( n ) ( x ) ?
Use this to evaluate f '(25) ?
9) Differentiate the function f (t )  t (a  b t ).
10) If f ( x)  x g ( x), where g (4)  2 , g '(4)  3, find f '(4).
 Page 24

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