F

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

YEAR 9

2022
 PARALL LINEES

Corresponding Angles
are Equal
A Â 1  B̂1
C 1 2 D
3 4 Â 2  B̂ 2
 3  B̂ 3
 4  B̂ 4
E B
1 2 F Alternate Angles are
3 4
Equal
 3  B̂ 2
 4  B̂1

Co-interior Angles are

Supplementary

 3  B̂1  180
 4  B̂ 2  180
Types of Triangles

Acute
Obtuse Angled
Angled Triangle
Triangle

Isosceles
Triangle
Equilateral
Triangle

Right
Angled
Triangle
Cases of Congruency

Angle / Side / Angle Side / Side / Side

y y

Side / Angle / Side

90° / Hypoteneus / Side

x
x
 The Exterior Angle of a Triangle

y The exterior angle of a

triangle equals the sum of
its interior opposite
angles

x x+y

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY SUMMARY

Quadrilateral Trapezium Parallelogram Rectangle

Any four A quadrilateral

sided closed with one pair of All properties of
figure Opposite Sides a Paralleogram
parallel + each interior
angle is 90°

Opposite Sides are parallel.

Opposite Angles are equal.
Opposite Sides are equal.
Kite Diagonals bisect each other.
Square

Rhombus
x y
y
x Contains all the
Consecutive properties of a
All properties of a
sides are equal Reactangle &
Paralleogram +
& Diagonals Rhombus
adjacent sides are equal
intersect at &
90° Diagonals bisect each
other at 90° and
diagonals bisect the
angles x
y
y x

How to Prove a Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram?

1. Prove that the opposite sides are parallel (definition) or

2. Prove that the opposite sides are equal. or
3. Prove that the opposite angles are equal. or
4. Prove that the diagonals bisect each other. or
5. Prove that one pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel
Midpoint Theorem
The line joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side and equal to half the length of the third side.

2x

IMPORTANT EXTRACTS FROM THE EXAM GUIDELINES

Corollaries derived from the theorems and axioms are necessary in solving
riders:

• Angles in a semi-circle
• Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference
• Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre
• In equal circles, equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference
• In equal circles, equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre.
• The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle of the quadrilateral.
• If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of
the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
•Tangents drawn from a common point outside the circle are equal in
length.
•The angle between the tangent and the radius to a circle equals 90°.
 ACCEPTABLE REASONS WHEN WRITING PROOFS
THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)
LINES
The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. ∠s on a str line
If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these angles form a adj ∠s supp
straight line.
The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360°. ∠s round a pt OR ∠s in a rev
Vertically opposite angles are equal. vert opp ∠s =
If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal. alt ∠s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. corresp ∠s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary. co-int ∠s; AB || CD
If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are parallel. alt ∠s =
If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are corresp ∠s =
parallel.
If the co interior angles between two lines are supplementary, then the lines are coint ∠s supp
parallel.

TRIANGLES
The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary. ∠ sum in Δ OR sum of ∠s in Δ
OR Int ∠s Δ
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles. ext ∠ of Δ
The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are equal. ∠s opp equal sides
The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are equal. sides opp equal ∠s
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the Pythagoras OR
squares of the other two sides. Theorem of Pythagoras
If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of Converse Pythagoras
the other two sides then the triangle is right-angled. OR
Converse Theorem of
Pythagoras
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of another SSS
triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are respectively equal to two SAS OR S∠S
sides and an included angle of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles and AAS OR ∠∠S
the corresponding side in another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If in. two right angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are RHS OR 90°HS
respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other, the triangles are
congruent
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the Midpt Theorem
third side and equal to half the length of the third side
nd
The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, parallel to another line through midpt || to 2 side
side, bisects the third side.
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides line || one side of Δ
proportionally. OR
prop theorem; name || lines
If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then the line is line divides two sides of Δ in
parallel to the third side. prop
If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in proportion ||| Δs OR equiangular Δs
(and consequently the triangles are similar).
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the triangles are Sides of Δ in prop
equiangular (and consequently the triangles are similar).
If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on bases of equal length) same base; same height OR
and between the same parallel lines, then the triangles (or parallelograms) have equal bases; equal height
equal areas.

CIRCLES
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of the circle at the tan ⊥ radius
point of contact. tan ⊥ diameter
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point where the line ⊥ radius OR
radius/diameter meets the circle, then the line is a tangent to the circle. converse tan ⊥ radius OR
converse tan ⊥ diameter
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is line from centre to midpt of
perpendicular to the chord. chord
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the line from centre ⊥ to chord
chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle; perp bisector of chord
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the ∠ at centre = 2 ×∠ at
angle subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the chord as the circumference
centre)
The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference of the circle is 90°. ∠s in semi circle OR
diameter subtends right angle
OR
∠21

If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle is 90°, then chord subtends 90° OR
the chord is a diameter. converse ∠s in semi circle
Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of the chord, are ∠s in the same seg
equal
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two points on the line subtends equal ∠s OR
same side of the line segment, then the four points are concyclic. converse ∠s in the same seg

Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circle. equal chords; equal ∠s
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. equal chords; equal ∠s
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the circumference of the equal circles; equal chords;
circles. equal ∠s

Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the centre of the circles. equal circles; equal chords;
equal ∠s
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary opp ∠s of cyclic quad
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the quadrilateral opp ∠s quad sup OR
is cyclic. converse opp ∠s of cyclic quad
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle. ext ∠ of cyclic quad
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the ext ∠ = int opp ∠OR
quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse ext ∠ of cyclic quad
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in Tans from common ptOR
length Tans from same pt
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of tan chord theorem
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with the chord an converse tan chord theorem
angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, then the line is a tangent to the OR
circle. ∠ between line and chord
 OVERVIEW OF IMPORTANT THEOREMS AND COROLLARIES.
No. ILLUSTRATION THEOREM OR COROLLARIES
(Acceptable Reasons for Formal Proof is in
brackets)

1.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle
perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.

(line from centre ⊥ to chord)

2.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the
midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

(line from centre to midpt of chord)

3.
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a
circle is double the size of the angle subtended by the
same arc at the circle (on the same side of the chord
x
as the centre)
2x

(∠ at centre = 2 ×∠ at circumference )

4.
The angle subtended by the diameter at the
circumference of the circle is 90°.

(∠s in semi circle OR

diameter subtends right angle )
5.
x
Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the
same side of the chord, are equal
x

(∠s in the same seg )

6.
x
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
180°-x supplementary

(opp ∠s of cyclic quad)

7. x
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to
the interior opposite angle.

(ext ∠ of cyclic quad )

x

8. x
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the
chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to the
angle in the alternate segment.
y

(tan chord theorem )

y
x
9.
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the
radius/diameter of the circle at the point of contact.

(tan ⊥ radius OR
tan ⊥ diameter )

10.
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point
outside the circle are equal in length

(Tans from common pt OR

Tans from same pt )

No. ILLUSTRATION THEOREM OR COROLLARIES

(Acceptable Reasons for Formal Proof is in
brackets)
12.
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the
x circumference of the circle.

(equal chords; equal ∠s )

x
13. A
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides
the other two sides proportionally.

B C (line || one side of Δ

AB
=
AC OR
BD CE
prop theorem; name || lines )

D E
14. A

x
If two triangles are equiangular, then the
AB AC BC
= = corresponding sides are in proportion (and
DE DF EF
consequently the triangles are similar).
D

x
( ||| Δs OR equiangular Δs )

y z y z
B C E F

15.
A B If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base
(or on bases of equal length) and between the same
parallel lines, then the triangles (or parallelograms)
have equal areas.

(same base; same height OR

equal bases; equal height )
C D
Area of DCA = Area DCB
16. A

The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of

a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to
half the length of the third side .
B

C
(Midpt Theorem )
1
BE = CD
2
D
IMPORTANT CASES OF SIMILARITY
HOW TO GO ABOUT SOLVING A GEOMETRY RIDER

What knowledge must you have?

 Know all terminology associated with Euclidean Geometry relevant to your Curriculum.

 Be able to state ALL Theorems/ Converses of Theorems/ Axioms and Corollaries AND be able
to draw a rough diagram to describe every statement.

 Know how to write reasons in abbreviated form for the formal writing of proofs. Approved
reasons are found in the Guideline.

What approach to use?

 When you see the Diagram and see the information provided use what I call the “Doctor Cape
Town” Method. That is look for Diameter/ Radius/ Parallel Lines/ Tangents in other words
DRPT (Doctor Cape Town  ) This will help you identify all the key aspects in the diagram
and make problem solving easier!

 Use Colour Pencils (Maximum of 3 colours). This is particularly important when proving
triangles similar.

 Always remember the order of questions is critical. Invariably what is done in a preceding
question is vital to solve following questions.

 Remember correct writing of the solution is as important as solving the question itself.

 How to Prove ..........

That lines are Parallel :

Prove: Alternate angles equal or
Corresponding angles equal or
Co-interior angles supplementary.

That a line is a diameter :

Prove: That the angle subtended by the line on the circumference is a right angle.

That a line is a tangent :

That the line is perpendicular to the radius at point of contact on circle.
That two triangles are congruent:
Prove: A case of .......(Side/Side/Side) or (Side/Angle/Side)
or (Angle/Side/Angle) or (90°/Hypotenuse/Side)
That two triangles are similar
Prove: A case of .... The two triangles are equiangular or The sides are in proportion.
 Exercise 1

1. O is the centre of the circle; OM 

PQ; OP  50 mm and OM  30 mm.
1.1 Calculate PM. O
1.2 Give the length of PQ.
P
M
Q

2. O is the centre of the circle; S

SP  100 mm; OT  QP and OT  40 mm.
O
Calculate the length of QP.

P
B T
Q

3. O
O is the centre of the circle; M is the midpoint of
AC; OM  20 mm and AC  40 mm.
C Calculate the length of AB.
M
A
B
M
A
4. AB  80 mm; MO  40 mm and AM  MB.
Calculate the diameter of the circle. O
O is centre.

B
5. O is the centre; AB  60 mm; OM  40 mm and
O ON  30 mm. Calculate the radius of the circle and
the length of CD
N D

C
A B
M
6. If AB  6 units and MC  1unit, and OM
 AB, find the length of OM. O is O
centre.
A Calculate the values of x and y, with reasons.
1. B 2.
B
55°

C x
O x
O 1
2 A
1
76°
A C
3. 4. A

O O x 40° C
x 1

2 1 35° B
B C

5. A 6.
x C
D B
1 x
66° 2
1 2 1
O O
B
C 40°
A

P A
7. 8. 130°
C B
C
2 1

O O x C

D
x 50°
A
B

Exercise 2 1. Find the size of x and y :

1.1 20° 1.2 30°

40°
x y
x

1.3 1.4
x
48°
x O
18° 26°
Given the diagram with Centre O

2. Use what you have observed in 1. to find x in terms of a and/or b.

2.1 2.1

a a
b

1 x O O
x
2

3. O is the centre of the circle below. OM ⊥ AC. The radius of the circle is
equal to 5 cm and BC = 8 cm.
C

1. AP  30 mm, PB  10 mm, AQ  60 mm, QC  20 mm.

Prove that PQ//BC.
A

P Q

B C

2. PS  8, 4 cm, SR  5, 2 cm, QT  12, 6 cm, TR  7,8 cm.

A
Prove that PQ//ST
8,4
S
5,2
Q R
12,6 T 7,8

A
2 4
3. AD  2 cm, BD  3 cm, AE  4 cm. EF  EC.
Prove that DE//BC. D E
3 6
B C
F

4 The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect at P.

AP  4 cm, BP  2 cm, PC  10 cm, PD  5 cm.
A B
Complete:
AP  4 cm, BP  2 cm, PC  10 cm, PD  5 cm (given) 4 2
PC 10 5 PD ..... P
   and 
CA 14 .... DB .....
PC ..... 10
  5
CA .....
C
D
 QUESTION 1 [16]

In the diagram below, ABCD is a quadrilateral with A (-3;1), B (2;3), C (K;1) and
D (-1;-1). B (𝟐 ; 𝟑)

C (𝑲; 𝟏)
𝑨(−𝟑; 𝟏)

D (−𝟏; −𝟏)

1.1. Determine the gradient of line AB (3)

1.2. Determine the length of line AB. Leave your answer in surd form. (4)

1.3. If AB is parallel to CD, determine the value of K. (4)

1.4. Is triangle ABD a right angled triangle? Prove your answer. (5)

QUESTION 2 [5]

In triangle ABD, BA is produced/extended to F. AC is drawn with C on BD such that

𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒙. CE // DA with E on AB.

2.1 Give, with reasons, TWO more angles equal to 𝑥. (4)

2.2. What type of triangle is AEC? (1)

QUESTION 3 [10]

ADC is a right – angled at A. B lies on AC and E on AD such that AB = 3, BC = 9,

CD = 20 and BE // CD.

3.1. Prove that triangle ABE /// ACD (4)

3.2 Find BE (3)

3.3 Find AE (3)

QUESTION 4 [4]

In the diagram below, 𝐾, 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 respectively are points on sides 𝑃𝑄, 𝑃𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑅

of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅. 𝐾𝑃 = 1,5 ; 𝑃𝑀 = 2 ; 𝐾𝑀 = 2,5 ; 𝑀𝑁 = 1 ; 𝑀𝑅 = 1,25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑅 = 0, 75.

4. Prove that KPM ///

RNM. (4)
4. In the diagram below AC is a diameter of the circle with centre O. AC
and chord BD intersect at E. AB, BC and AD are also chords of the
circle. OD is joined. AE ⊥ BD.

If Ĉ  33 , calculate, with

reasons, the size of :

a. Â1 (3)
b. D̂ 2 (2)
c. Show that AE bisects
DÂB (3)