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SS Physics 23
SS Physics 23
SS Physics 23
Shrishant Sagar
Index
01) Introduction
02) Objective
03) Principle
04) Construction
05) Theory and Working
06) Efficiency
07) Energy Losses
08) Apparatus
09) Circuit Diagram
10) Procedure
11) Uses of Transformer
12) Sources of Error
13) Conclusion
14) Precautions
15) Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
PRINCIPLE
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
Two coils p1& p2 and s1& s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the
primary.
Ep = -NpDфь/dt (1)
Es = -NsDфь/dt (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
E s / Ep = - N s / Np (3)
I =E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = IpRp
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
In a step up transformer
EpIp = Es I s Or
Es / E p = Ip / I s = K
In a step up transformer
one.
ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due
to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.
Apparatus
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire.
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
current.
long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
Sources of Error
Precautions
A Big Transformer
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.
Bibliography
NCERT Textbook Class 12
NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
Google Website