Republic of the Philippines

Leyte Normal University

Tacloban City

IT-101 Information Technology Fundamentals with Software Application

Lessons Reviewer

Summarized in this reviewer are the main points I want you to remember. I filtered these into more
important ones. Read and study well.

History of Computers
• Charles Babbage – father of computers
• Ada Lovelace – the first computer programmer
• COBOL (COmmon, Business-Oriented Language) – the first computer language
• Floppy disk – a portable storage device that enabled people to share data and programs
more easily back in 1971
• Apple Lisa - the first personal computer to feature a GUI
• Gavilan SC - the first portable computer with a flip-form design and the very first to be sold
as a "laptop"
• Tim Berners-Lee – developed the World Wide Web (www)
• Sergey Brin and Larry Page – developed the Google search engine
• Wireless Fidelity – Wi-Fi

Hardware
• Hardware - any part of your computer that has a physical structure
• Internal Hardware - responsible for the proper functioning of the computer
o Motherboard - the body or mainframe of the computer
o CPU (Central Processing Unit) - referred to as the brain of the computer
o RAM (Random Access Memory) - is fast-access memory that is cleared when the
computer is power-down.
o GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) - used in a wide range of applications, including
graphics and video rendering
o Hard Drive - a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on
rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.
• External Hardware, also called Peripherals - adds or enhance functionality to the computer
Input components
o Mouse
o Keyboard
o Touchpad
o Webcam
Output components
o Monitor
o Printer
o Speaker
 Republic of the Philippines
Leyte Normal University
Tacloban City

o Headphones
o Projector

Software
• Software - any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it
• Two main types of Software:
o System Software - controls a computer’s internal functioning, chiefly through an
operating system, and also controls such peripherals as monitors, printers, and
storage devices.
▪ Operating Systems: Windows, Linux, MacOS - the system program that
enables users to communicate with computers. It helps other programs to
run and control them
▪ Device Drivers - tells the operating system how the device will work on
certain commands the user generates
▪ Utility - used to manage hardware and application software and also
performs small tasks
o Application Software - directs the computer to execute commands given by the user
and may be said to include any program that processes data for a user
▪ Web Browsers: Chrome, Safari, Mozilla
▪ Word Processing software
▪ Spreadsheet software
▪ Database software
▪ Graphics software
▪ Education software
▪ Entertainment software

The Different Types of Computers

• Computer - an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data
o Desktop computers - are designed to be placed on a desk, and they're typically
made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard,
and mouse
o Laptop computers - battery-powered computers that are more portable than
desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere
o Tablet computers - handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops.
Instead of a keyboard and mouse, these use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and
navigation
o Server - serves up information to other computers on a network.
o Specialized Computers - not as open as a general-purpose computer and more
complex than a special-purpose computer. Examples include:
▪ Smartphones
▪ Wearables
▪ Game console
 Republic of the Philippines
Leyte Normal University
Tacloban City

▪ TVs
o PC or IBM PC Compatible - the most common type of personal computer, and it
typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system
o MAC - the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface, or
GUI. Made only by the Apple company
o Mainframes - high-performance computers with large amounts of memory and
processors that process billions of simple calculations and transactions in real time
o Supercomputer - the most powerful computers designed for solving complex
scientific, engineering, and computational problems.
o Minicomputer – this computer is used for scientific and engineering computations,
business transaction processing, file handling, and database management

Operating Systems
• Operating systems - manages all of the software and hardware on the computer
• GUI (Graphical User Interface) - you interact with menus and visual images such as buttons
and other graphical objects to issue commands.
• CLI (Command Line Interface) - a user types command or presses special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions. Some people consider this interface difficult to use
because they require exact spelling, grammar, and punctuation
• Windows OS - comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular
operating system in the world. Account for more then 80% of global operating systems
• Linux OS - a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified
and distributed by anyone around the world. The advantages of this OS is that it is free, and
there are many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from. Account for less
than 2% of global operating systems
• MacOS - previously called OS X, created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh
computers, or Macs. Account for less than 10% of global operating systems

Computer Malware
• Malware - a catch-all term for any type of malicious software, regardless of how it works, its
intent, or how it's distributed
• Virus - a specific type of malware that self-replicates by inserting its code into other
programs
• Phishing - Emails can be disguised to be coming from a fraudulent company for the sole
purpose of getting you to reveal personal information
• Torrents - files shared through this are generally unsafe because you never know what to
expect until they’re downloaded
• Trojans - disguises itself as legitimate software with the purpose of tricking you into
executing malicious software on your computer
• Spyware - invades your computer and attempts to steal your personal information such as
credit card or banking information, web browsing data, and passwords to various accounts
• Adware - unwanted software that displays advertisements on your screen
 Republic of the Philippines
Leyte Normal University
Tacloban City

• Rootkits - enable unauthorized users to gain access to your computer without being
detected
• Ransomware - designed to encrypt your files and block access to them until a ransom is paid
• Worms - replicates itself by infecting other computers that are on the same network.
They’re designed to consume bandwidth and interrupt networks
• Keyloggers - keep track of your keystrokes on your keyboard and record them on a log