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The Secret Guard Vol.02
The Secret Guard Vol.02
Vol.1 No.02.Nov.2023
ዘበኛ
ቅጽ.1 ቁጥር.02.ህዳር. 2016
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various fields such as agri-
culture, research, and sur-
veillance. However, the se-
curity implications of these this technology.
autonomous flying machines
are becoming more appar- Collateral Damage Turns to
ent, especially when de- Mass Killing:
ployed in conflict zones. The term “unmanned aerial
This article aims to shed vehicles” (UAVs), common-
light on the unfair usage of ly referred to as drones,
UAVs on civilian populations has been a subject of de-
in Ethiopia, where collateral bate and concern, particu-
damage has escalated into larly in relation to collateral
indiscriminate mass killings. damage. Collateral damage
refers to unintentional or in-
The Rising Trend of UAVs: cidental damage to persons
or objects that are not the
Unmanned aerial vehicles intended target during a mil-
have revolutionized modern itary operation or strike.
warfare, offering advantages UAVs can be used for var-
such as surveillance capa- ious purposes, including re-
bilities, targeted assassina- connaissance, surveillance,
tions, and reduced risks to and targeted strikes. While
mission personnel. As a re- they offer advantages such
sult, many countries, includ- as reduced risk to human
ing Ethiopia, have incorporat- pilots and the ability to op-
ed UAVs into their national erate in dangerous or re-
defense strategies. Ethiopia mote areas, concerns arise
employs UAVs for surveil- when it comes to minimizing
lance, reconnaissance, and collateral damage.
occasional strikes against Several factors contribute to
armed opposition groups. the potential for collateral
Nonetheless, in the pro- damage in UAV operations:
cess, innocent civilians have 1. Precision of Strikes:
increasingly fallen victim to UAVs are equipped with
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identification and discrimina-
advanced targeting systems,
tion, especially in complex
and many are capable of
and dynamic environments.
highly precise strikes. How-
5. Ethical and Legal Con-
ever, errors can still occur,
cerns: The use of UAVs in
and the accuracy of strikes
military operations raises
depends on the technology,
ethical and legal questions.
the quality of intelligence,
International humanitarian
and the training of opera-
law and human rights law
tors.
require parties in conflict to
2. Rules of Engagement:
take all feasible precautions
The rules of engagement
to minimize harm to civilians
(ROE) for UAV operations
and civilian objects.
play a crucial role in deter-
Efforts are ongoing to ad-
mining when and how these
dress these concerns and
vehicles are used. Stringent
enhance the precision and
ROE can help minimize the
ethical use of UAVs. Tech-
risk of collateral damage
nological advancements,
by imposing restrictions on
improved intelligence gath-
when and where UAVs can
ering, and adherence to
engage targets.
strict rules of engagement
3. Civilian Presence: The
are crucial elements in mit-
presence of civilians in or
igating the risk of collateral
near the target area in-
damage associated with un-
creases the risk of collateral
manned aerial vehicles. Ad-
damage. It can be challeng-
ditionally, ongoing dialogue
ing to distinguish between
among nations, international
combatants and non-com-
organizations, and advocacy
batants, and mistakes or
groups seeks to establish
miscalculations can lead to
guidelines and norms for
unintended harm.
the responsible use of this
4. Technology Limitations:
technology in armed con-
Despite advancements in
flicts.
technology, UAVs may still
In Ethiopia, the line between
face limitations in target
collateral damage and de-
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liberate attacks on civil-
ians has blurred. Instances
where UAV strikes were in- crimes and crimes against
itially justified as necessary humanity. These acts are
to neutralize terrorist threats prohibited under internation-
have evolved into cases of al law, including the Geneva
mass killings, raising serious Conventions and their Addi-
concerns about the legality, tional Protocols.
ethics, and human rights 2. Accountability and Re-
implications of drone usage. sponsibility:
The Controversial Case of Individuals, military person-
the Tigray and Amhara re- nel, and political leaders
gions Conflicts: responsible for ordering or
The use of unmanned aerial carrying out such attacks
vehicles (UAVs) on civilians can be held accountable
that results in mass killings before international tribu-
is a grave violation of in- nals, national courts, or oth-
ternational humanitarian law er mechanisms designed to
and human rights. Deliber- address violations of inter-
ate and indiscriminate at- national law.
tacks on civilians are consid- 3. International Humanitari-
ered war crimes and crimes an Law (IHL):
against humanity. Such IHL places strict limitations
actions are condemned by on the use of force, empha-
the international community, sizing the principle of dis-
and those responsible may tinction between combatants
be held accountable under and civilians. Deliberate at-
international law. tacks on civilians, as well as
Key considerations in this indiscriminate attacks that
context include: do not distinguish between
1. War Crimes and Crimes military targets and civilians,
Against Humanity: are clear violations of IHL.
Intentional targeting of civil- 4. Human Rights Law:
ians with UAVs, leading to UAV attacks on civilians
mass killings, constitutes war also implicate human rights
law, which protects the right
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of drone operations.
According Unit Nation Hu-
man Right commission re-
port entitle Ethiopia: Vio- hara militia known as Fano.
lence in Amhara region, On 6 November, a drone
Continued human rights allegedly launched by Gov-
violations and abuses, in- ernment forces struck a pri-
cluding arbitrary arrests, in mary school in the Wadera
Ethiopia’s north-western Am- district, killing seven people,
hara region and other parts including three teachers.
of the country are deeply Reports also suggest Fano
concerning. They undermine militias had occupied some
any ongoing efforts by the parts of the campus.
Government of Ethiopia on Another drone attack hit a
the peace process, includ- bus station in Waber town
ing transitional justice. on 9 November, killing 13
It is imperative that all par- people who were waiting to
ties refrain from unlawful board a bus. Fano militias
attacks and take all nec- were reportedly active in the
essary measures to protect area and attacking ENDF
civilians. Security operations camps in Debre Markos and
by the Ethiopian Nation- other smaller towns in East
al Defence Forces (ENDF) and West Gojjam zones,
and its allies must be con- when the drone struck.
ducted in full compliance Such attacks amount to
with Ethiopia’s human rights arbitrary deprivation of life
obligations. under international human
The UN Human Rights Of- rights law.
fice is troubled by the dev- In an earlier incident, six
astating impact of drone people were killed and 14
strikes and other violence others injured when Govern-
on the population in the ment forces shelled residen-
Amhara region as clashes tial areas in Chuahit town,
continue between the ENDF in Central Gondar Zone on
and its allies and ethnic Am- 4 November. Many of the
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to hold parties accountable
for instances of collateral
damage.
3. Legal and Ethical Impli- learning from mistakes and
cations: improving operational proce-
The use of UAVs in military dures.
and intelligence operations 5. National Security and
raises legal and ethical Classification:
questions. Lack of transpar- National security concerns
ency can hinder efforts to often lead to the classifica-
evaluate the compliance of tion of information related
UAV operations with interna- to UAV operations. While
tional humanitarian law and some level of secrecy may
human rights standards. be necessary, there is a
4. Accountability for Mis- delicate balance between
takes: protecting sensitive informa-
Transparency is crucial for tion and ensuring public ac-
holding individuals and or- countability.
ganizations accountable in 6. Public Trust and Percep-
cases of mistakes or errors tion:
in UAV operations. Accurate Lack of transparency can
reporting and investigation erode public trust in govern-
of incidents are essential for ment actions. It is important
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for democratic societies to have mechanisms in place to
ensure oversight and accountability in the use of military
technologies, including UAVs.
7. International Relations:
The use of UAVs in a secretive manner can strain interna-
tional relations. Lack of transparency may lead to misunder-
standings, accusations, and tensions between nations.
Addressing the lack of transparency and accountability in the
usage of UAVs requires a comprehensive approach:
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democratic debate on mili-
tary and intelligence oper-
ations.
Striking the right balance international implications as-
between national security sociated with the misuse or
and the principles of trans- abuse of UAVs:
parency and accountability Diplomatic Tensions: The
is crucial for responsible misuse of UAVs, especially
and ethical use of UAVs un- if it results in civilian casu-
der any form of leadership alties or violations of inter-
or directorship. national law, can lead to
One of the biggest challeng- diplomatic tensions between
es in addressing the unfair the countries involved. The
usage of UAVs in Ethiopia affected country may lodge
is the lack of transparency formal complaints, and dip-
surrounding these opera- lomatic relations may be
tions. The government and strained. Violation of Sover-
military forces have been eignty: Unauthorized or ag-
tight-lipped about the extent gressive use of UAVs in the
of their drone programs, airspace of another country
making it difficult to hold can be perceived as a vi-
perpetrators accountable for olation of sovereignty. This
their actions. This secrecy can escalate tensions and
exacerbates the plight of lead to disputes between
the innocent civilians caught nations.
in the crossfire.
International Law and Hu-
International Implications: man Rights Concerns: Viola-
The abuse of unmanned tions of international human-
aerial vehicles (UAVs) can itarian law and human rights
have significant international law through the misuse of
implications, affecting dip- UAVs can attract condem-
lomatic relations, regional nation from the international
stability, and the global per- community. This can result
ception of the responsible in calls for investigations,
parties. Here are some key sanctions, or other meas-
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Global Security Concerns: The proliferation and potential mis-
use of UAV technology raise broader global security con-
cerns. There may be calls for international cooperation to
establish norms and guidelines for the responsible use of
UAVs to prevent unintended consequences.
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Conclusion:
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Fact Corner
“In the picture, the young man standing behind Bini (a man
with blue tie) is named John. He was a brave and moral-
ly commendable commando, ultimately becoming the Prime
Minister’s escort. During the June 16 bomb blast, he was
one of the escorts who swiftly took the Prime Minister by the
hand and shielded him from the platform. This moment was
captured in a picture (available on YouTube).
Recently, I came across news circulating on social media, re-
porting the tragic deaths of heroic comrades, including John,
who worked with us. Upon learning this, I felt a profound
sense of sorrow. I do not intend to apportion blame for these
deaths, but it grieves me deeply to witness the senseless
massacre of innocent people in their ancestral villages and
the targeted killings of citizens based on their identities, even
in urban areas.
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To this day, many young people in Oromia, Amhara, and
various regions across the country continue to face hardship
and untimely demise. These youths are merely pawns for
calculating politicians, their lives treated as expendable com-
modities. As it has been said, ‘for a parent - a beloved son,
for a child - an irreplaceable father, and for a wife - the best
husband, but for the nation.”
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