13 th. &14th.

Weeks :
Horizontal Curve:
AB & AC cords of the circle angle  &  at Centre O. ADB and AEC arcs of
the circle, the length (L1 & L2).

2 π R θ∘ 2 π R α∘
L1 = ∘ L2 = ∘
( ADB )
360 360
,

Fig. (13-1)
Note:-
The central angle (∆) is equal twice times for the circumference angle which is
corresponding to the same arc. See fig. (13 – 2).

Fig. (13 – 2)

^ C =2 BAC
BM
( Δ) ( Δ /2 )

Types of Horizontal Curves:

There are two main types of horizontal curves:
1- Circular curves.
2- Transition or Spiral curves.
- Circular Curves:-
a. Simple circular curve.
It has one radius and one central angle.
b. Compound circular curve.
It has two or more radius and two or more central angles and the curve in the
same side of the tangent to the right or both to the left.
c. Reverse circular curve.
It has two radius and two central angles two parts of curves one of them in the
opposite direction from the second curve. and straight line may be separate between
them.

Fig. (13 – 3)
 Fig. (13-4)
"Circular curve"

T1
T2

Fig. (13-5)
"Geometry of the circled"

V
In ∆ I T1 O:-
IT 1 Δ
=tan
R 2
Δ
∴ I T 1=R tan
2
Length of the curve T1 T2:
Curve T1 T2 = R * ∆ (in radians)
Sta. T2 = Sta. T1 + L (in sta.)
Sin(∆/2)=(T1T2/2)/(R)
Chord T1 T2 = 2 R sin ∆/2
VC = R – CO VI = IO – R
CO Δ IO Δ
=cos =sec
R 2 R 2
 CO = R cos ∆/2 IO = R sec ∆/2
 VC = R – R cos ∆/2  VI = R sec ∆/2 – R
VC = R (1 – cos∆/2) (VI) = R (sec ∆/2 -1)
(the offset) between the cord and (shortest dist.)
the curve at mid. point From I the curve

Geometry and terms of simple circular curve:

The following terms are used in this curve:
‫ = زاوية االنحراف الكلية‬Deflection angle ∆
‫ = نصف قطر المنحني‬Radius of curve R
‫ = طول المنحني أو القوس‬length of curve L
‫ = طول الوتر‬chord length C
‫ = الوتر الكلي‬Long chord L.C.
‫ = المسافة الوسطية‬Middle ordinate (the offset) M
‫ = المسافة الخارجية‬External distance E
‫ = نقطة التقوس أو التحدب‬Pint of curvature P.C.
‫ = نقطة بداية المنحني‬Beginning of curve or B.C
)‫ = (نقطة التقاطع‬Point of intersection P.I.
)‫ = (نقطة التماس‬Point of tangency P.T.
= Degree of the curve
D
or Degree of curvature
It is the Centre angle which is corresponding to(10)m from the curve or from
the chord.
Fig. (13-6)
Designation of curve:
The curve can be also designated by the degree of curvature which is defined
as the number of degrees subtended the Centre by an arc (100)m long.
The degree of curvature is (5)º
Arc length AB = RQ

π
100=R∗Q∗ ∘
180 (Q in degree)

100*180
R=
Therefor Q*π m.( for an arc=100
5729. 8 5730
R= ≃
m) ; Q Q

Circular curve formulas:

1- The relationship between R (radius) and D (Degree of curvature)
∘
a ∘
D 360
=
10 m 2 πR
3600 573
D a = ----------- ……; D a = -------------…….(1)
2 pi R R
D may be taken to correspond (20) m curve length.
So that:
1146
D=
R
2- Tangent length (T) ‫طول المماس‬
Δ T
tan =
2 R
Δ
∴ T =R tan
R ………………..(2)

3- Chord length ‫طول الوتر‬

Δ C /2
sin =
2 R
Δ
∴ C=2Rsin
2 ……………….(3)

4- Curve length.
π . R . Δ∘
L= ∘
180 ……………….....(4)a
Δ∘
L=RΔ rad . …………………..(4) or L=10 ∘
or b
D ………………….(4)c
5) The External distance (E)=VI
Δ R
cos =
2 R+ E

( )
1
E=R −1
Δ
cos
2

E=R sec ( Δ
2
−1 ) ……………………(5)
6) Middle distance (ordinate) : in ∆
Δ R−M
cos =
2 R

∴ M=R 1−cos ( Δ
)
2 ……………….…(6)
7) Sta. P.C. = Sta. P.I. – L …………….(7)
8) Sta. P.T. = Sta. P.C. + L ……………(8)
Example:-
(1) Two straights AI and IB deviate to the left by (80º 36').They are to be joined by a
circular curve such that the shortest distance between the curve and intersection
point is (25.3m). Figure below,
Calculate:
a)The radius of the curve(R).
b) The length of long chord and major offset.

Solution:
a) VI = R (sec ∆/2 – 1)
25.3 = R (sec 40º 18ˊ – 1) 25.3 = R (1.311186 – 1)
25
∴ R= =81. 30 m.
0 .311186 the radius of the curve.
b) Long chord T1 T2 = 2R sin ∆/2
= 162.60 * 0.646790
= 105.17 m.
Major offset VC = R (1 – cos ∆/2)
= 81.30 (1 – 0.762668)
= 81.30 * 0.237332
= 19.30 m.

Home Work:
1- Compute the elements and the main stations of the simple circular curve
(R = 388 m) and (Long chord = 287 m) Sta. P.T. (52 + 50).Assumed D= 4º 30

2 - Compute the elements and the main stations of the simple circular curve
(R=250m),(∆=52º36,Sta.P.I.=14+80).