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Lecture 8
Lecture 8
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Packing Principle
Goldschmidt’s
Packing principle:
The number of
anions surrounding
a cation tends to be
as large as possible,
subject to the
condition that all
anions touch the
cation.
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Coordination number
Total number of the nearest neighboring atoms
Simple cubic 6
BCC 8
FCC 12
Simple hexagonal 8
Hexagonal close 12
packing
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12 is the maximum coordination number possible for contacting and equal sized spheres
Simple cubic 6
BCC 8
FCC 12
Simple hexagonal 8
Hexagonal close 12
packing
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Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
• Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.
• Contains 8 x 1/8 =1 atom/unit cell
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Atomic Packing Factor: BCC
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Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)
4 atoms
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Atomic Packing Factor: FCC
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Crystal APF (%)
Simple Cubic 52 %
BCC 68%
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Note:
All real materials having FCC or HCP
crystal structures do NOT have 74% APF
74% is the maximum achievable APF
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Metallic elements and their crystal structures at room temperature
The top number in the cell is the melting point (in K)
bcc: body centered cubic
fcc: face centered cubic (cubic close packed)
hcp: hexagonal close packed
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Theoretical Density Calculation
Estimating the theoretical density from its crystal
structure and lattice parameter:
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Theoretical Density Calculation
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Tetrahedral Voids in cubic structures
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Octahedral Voids in cubic structures
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More views Voids in simple structures
Tetrahedral Octahedral
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Voids in simple structures
Hexagonal Close-Packed
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Coordination Number and ionic radii
Radius ratio rC Coordination
Type
/rA number
2
<0.155 Linear
0.155-0.225 3 Triangular
0.225-0.414 4 Tetrahedral
0.414-0.732 6 Octahedral
0.732-1.000 8 Cubic
1.000 12 Cuboctahedral
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Interstitial sites in FCC
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Interstitial sites in FCC
There are 8 tetrahedral voids per cell and 4 octahedral voids per cell.
The location of the voids and number of voids per atom in the unit
cell are to be noted from the table below.
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Ionic Structures
Zinc Blend Structure
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With this we finish our discussion on packing of atoms.
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Is it true in general ?
Face-centered cubic
(one of the structures having
high symmetry )
Does that mean that higher the symmetry, higher the packing density of material
?
&
if we extrapolate this observation to other areas, then does that mean that higher
the symmetry could be a clue to higher density of information, energy, and
going beyond the packing density, the higher stability and much more ?!!!
In one of our previous discussion we saw that higher the symmetry in a pattern, higher the
chances that it is perceived as more beautiful
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