WindPowerSystems

Fall2010

HistoryofWindPowerDevelopment
WindPower'sBeginnings (1000B.C. 1300A.D.) SailBoat PersianPanemone

500900A.D. Verticalaxiswindstructureforseed grindingorwaterpump

WindmillsintheWesternWorld (1300 1875A.D.)

ThefirstwindmillstoappearinwesternEurope wereofthehorizontalaxisconfiguration. Thereasonforthesuddenevolutionfromthe verticalaxisPersiandesignapproachisunknown

Mediterraneanwindmill(Hills:1996) Itusestheconceptofsailboat

TheDutchman

AsteelbladedwaterpumpingwindmillintheAmerican Midwest(late1800's). Between1850and1970,oversixmillionmostlysmall(1 horsepowerorless)mechanicaloutputwindmachineswere installedintheU.S.alone.Theprimaryusewaswater pumpingandthemainapplicationswerestockwateringand farmhomewaterneeds.Verylargewindmills,withrotorsup to18metersindiameter,wereusedtopumpwaterforthe steamrailroadtrainsthatprovidedtheprimarysourceof commercialtransportationinareaswheretherewereno navigablerivers.

Waterpumpusingwindenergy

From:DevelopingWindPower ProjectsbyToreWizelius (2007)

Disaster
PalmerPutnam's1.25megawattwindturbine wasoneoftheengineeringmarvelsofthelate 1930's,butthejumpinscalewastoogreatfor availablematerials. Thishorizontalaxisdesignfeaturedatwobladed, 175footdiameterrotororienteddownwindof thetower.The16tonstainlesssteelrotorused fullspanbladepitchcontroltomaintainoperation at28RPM.In1945,afteronlyseveralhundred hoursofintermittentoperation,oneoftheblades brokeoffnearthehub,apparentlyasaresultof metalfatigue.

Typicala3bladeturbine system Lowspeed;1530RPM Noticethepoleheight;50m Rotordiameter=oneblade lengthx2 Sweptarea= (D/2)2

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 ThebiggesteggbeaterDarrieus,thenearly 100mheight60mdiameter4MWratedgigantic eggbeaterEOLE,asshownintheleftpicture, locatedatCapChat,Quebec,Canada.Thegiant wasoperatedatlowerspeednowtoensure longevitythusoutputreducedto2.5MW. AnotherEole pictureishere. The42mheight34mdiameter625kWSandia Laboratoryprototype wasbuiltspeciallyfor researchatBushland,Texas.Itcanbeidentified easilyfromthefatcolumnwithUSDA,DOE, andaneaglelogoonit.

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From:Mukund Patel WindandSolarPower System(2006)

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NationalRenewableEnergy Laboratory(NREL)

Mt.Newall,Antarctica(NREL)

4NEGMicon225kW,Ascension IslandinmidAtlanticOcean(NREL)

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HornsRev Denmark'sLargestWindFarm HornsRevissituatedofthe coastof,Blvandhuk,themostwesternpointofDenmark. ThelargestwindfarminDenmarkistheoffshorewindfarmofHornsRev, whichwascompletedin2002.ItissituatedintheNorthSea,1420kmoff thecoastofJutland.Withits80Vestas 2MWturbines,thewindfarmhasa totalcapacityof160MW.Thatmakesitthelargestoffshorewindfarmin theworldtoday(2003).Thefarmsuppliestheequivalentof150,000 (Danish)households.ThelargerproductioncomparedtoNysted isdueto betterwindconditions. Learnmoreatwww.hornsrev.dk (PhotographClausBjle Mller,2003DWIA)

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InBrunsbuttel,Germany(2006),two5megawatts offshorewindturbineswereonline.Theblade diameterof126meterssweepinganareaof 12,000m2. Maximumpoweriswhenthewindspeedis30 mph.Therotorsstarttoturnfor7mphwindspeed. Fewmegawattsduringfreshbreeze. Ifthewindistoostrong,thepitchof individualbladewillberotatedto preventthewholestructurebeing damaged(Furling) WhatIsWindTurbineFurling Furling canbeachievedeithermanually(bythe turbineownerhimselfphysicallycrankingthe turbineoutandawayfromthewind),or automatically(withhydraulicsandspringsfor example)withthegoalofturningtheturbine bladeedgesintothewindwhenthewindis dangerouslystrongandgusty.
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WindSpeedandEnergy
Mukund R.Patel(WindandSolar)
SpeedandPowerRelations

Joules m =massflows

Thevolumetricflowrateis Themassflowrateis AV

AV kg/sec
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Thetotalmechanicalpowerontheupstream windinwatts:

Noticeon Sometimethesiteselectionisbasedon thepowerdensityorspecificwind power(watts/m2)or W/m2

V3 variation

Theupstreamwindwillberetarded/slowdownbythe bladesandhenceextractingtheenergy.However,notall thewindenergywillberemoved;thedownstreamair stillmovesatalowerspeed.

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Canbearrangedintheform

Powerfromthebladesisexpressedintermsofupstreamwind (watts)
Where

Comparingthe aboveequationto
V=upstreamwindvelocityattheentranceoftherotorblades V0 =downstreamwindvelocityattheexitofrotorblades

=therotorefficiency =Neverreach1.0 = Maxvalueis0.593

Notice: Cp isthefractionoftheupstreamwind powerthatisextractedbytherotorbladesandfed tothegenerators(usefulpower).

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28.97g/mol=Molecularweight(MW) ofgas Warmerairhaslessdensityandhence produceslesspower.

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http://docs.engineeringtoolbox.com/documents/600/air_density_specific_we ight_chart.pdf

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Theratiocanbeusedto determinetherotorstress,as inExample6.6P322. P0 isthereferenceheightat10m

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FromFig3.3,thetheoretical maximumvalueofCp is0.59 happenedwhenV0/Vof about0.033or(1/3).

Whathappenatextreme v0/vratio? Cp canbeexpressedintermsof therotortipspeedratio(TSR), whichisdefinedasthelinear speedoftherotorstiptothe upstreamwindspeed.

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InpracticaldesignsCpranges: 0.40.47formodernhighspeedtwobladeturbines 0.40.42forModernthreebladeturbines FromFig3.4,wecanseethatuptonowthemaxvalueis0.47or about0.5(50%efficiency).HenceaPracticalmaxpoweroutputis Watts/m2 ofsweptarea

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Rotorsweptareaforthehorizontalaxis turbineis:

whereDistherotor diameter. Sweptareaforverticalaxisturbine,like Darrieus design,isverycomplicatedto calculate.Theapproximationwithblade shapeasaparabolagives:

Areaofparabola=2/3XbaseXheight

For33mdiameterand33mhalf oftherotor,sweptarea=726m2
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AirDensity
Varieswithpressureandtemperature (GasLaw)

Theairdensityatsealevelat1atm (14.7 psi)and60Fis1.225kg/m3. ThefollowingtwoapproximatedEqs are validupto6000m(~20,000ft): OR where,Hm isthesiteelevationinmeters. ThetemperatureisrelatedtoelevationinCas: ToconvertCtoF=multiplyCby9/5,thenadd32 Forthereverse,subtract32toF,thenmultiply5/9 20C=68F

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LargesyncgeneratorrequiresDCcurrentfeedingthefieldwindings. DCsupplyusuallyobtainsfromacpowergridthroughrectifierand capacitor. TheinternalfieldingwindingsareexcitedbytheexternalDCcurrent throughthesliprings(attachedontherotorshaft)andbrushes. SmallgeneratorcanusetheresidualDCmagneticfieldleftover insidethemachine.

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Thespeedforwindapplicationdoesnotturnasafixedspeed (asynchronousgenerator). RotatingMagneticfield

Resultantmagneticfield rotatesClockwise(CW)

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Inthistext,thesenseofpositiveflowofcurrentis shownbelow:

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SquirrelCageRotor

Magneticfield rotatesCWandat thestartingthecage aswellasthecross wiresarestandstill. Twomainequations: F=i (lXB) e=(VXB).L Toapplythe equations,the magneticfieldis stationaryandthe wiresmoveacross thefield.Todothis, weviewfromthe movingwireandthe fieldappears standstill.
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InductionmachineasaMotor Therotorspeedisabitslowerthan synchronousspeed,duetoeither friction,coolingblades,orloadatthe shaft.

Ex.6.8P333

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InductionMachineasaGenerator Therotor/shaftspeedisabitfasterthanthesynchronousmagneticfield. TheslipconceptisstillappliedbutonlythesignbecomesNEGATIVE. (Rotorspeedismovingfasterthansynchronousspeed) For60Hz,2polemachine,synchspeedis120f/p=3600rpm. Theslipofgridconnectedgeneratoris<1%,hencetherotorspeed

Abitfasterthansynch speed

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Selfexcitedgenerator: Useresonanceconcept Makeuseoftheresidual magneticfield

AdvantageusingInductionGeneratorforwindturbine application

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http://livelypictures.blogspot.com/2008/05/inductionmotor.html

Moreoninductionmachines
http://www.electricmotors.machinedesign.com/guiEdits/Co ntent/bdeee11/bdeee11_7.aspx http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/9.html
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Modern3blade system,Cp workswell whenthetipspeed ratioisbetween3 to5.5,with4being thebest.

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PowerdeliveredbyModern3Bladesystem

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Rememberwindpower variesasv3

DiscreteProbability

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Windstatisticinoneyear=8760hrs Thissitehaswindat6m/sfor946hrs

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Previousslide

Hoursinayear

Average
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Continuouscase

8760hr/yristhenormalized factor

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Whenk=2,thep.d.f hasa specialnamewhichweall recognizeas,Rayleighpdf

Forthebestguessofthe windpdf,usingk=2for initialdesign.

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Shapefactor(k)=2 Rayleighpdf Vistheaveragewindspeed

=0.886Xscaleparameter

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OnP342,thecorrectpowerdensityisabout1.9times more.Thisisduetothefactthattheauthorusedthe windhistogramthatfitsRayleighpdf.

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Sincewedontknowtheblade sweptarea,thenwehaveto expressthewindpowerinterms ofW/m2

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Page52ofthefollowingreport.ThecurvefittingusingWeibull pdf andrealmeasureddata.

http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/reports/report_043.pdf

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FormulacommonlyusedinEurope

RoughnessClass1

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Diameter=48m Usuallywedeterminethe energyperyear

Sweptarea= r2 = D2/4

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OptimumSpacingofTowersforWindfarm

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Twostrategies:increaserotordiameterorincreasethegeneratorsize

Increaserotorsize:theoutputpowerreachesmaxatlower windspeed(SeeFig.6.33a) IncreaseGensize:Thiswillincreasetheoutputpoweratthe sitewherethereishighwindmostofthetime.

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k=2andC=6
Theavg.windspeed=5.32 m/s
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Whatistheprobabilitythatthewindblows between

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Histogramoftheexceldata

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BasedonRayleighstatistic

WecanestimatetheCapacityFactor (CF)usingalinearequation, Slope(m)=(0.40.13)/(85) =0.09~0.087 Intersection=

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Energyproductionperyear
Onlyapproximation

Usingthisapproximation,theannualpoweris 2,899,560kWh/yr Ascomparedto2,851,109kWh/yr(page365give moreaccuratepower)

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