SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Statistical Analyses of Model Factors in

Reliability‐Based Limit State Design of
Drilled Shafts under Axial Loading
Chong Tang, Kok‐Kwang Phoon, and Yit‐Jin Chen

DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943‐5606.0002087

© ASCE 2019

www.ascelibrary.org
Appendix S1. Drilled Shaft Load Test Database

Table S1. Field load test data on drilled shafts in clay from WBPLT
Load Type Pile ID D (m) B (m) Test sit location Soil Description su (kPa) Rum (kN) Ruc (kN)
Uplift UU1-1 2.8 0.61 Melbourne, Australia Basaltic clay (CH) 101 330 255
UU1-3 4.6 0.61 101 591 419
UU1-4 5.5 0.61 101 907 500
UU1-5 2.7 0.76 101 384 306
UU1-6 3.7 0.76 101 494 419
UU1-7 4.6 0.76 101 773 521
UU2-1 2.4 1.5 Southern Ontario, Canada Heavily desiccated clay 172 587 705
UU2-2 3.7 1.5 173 1134 1091
UU3-1 2.4 0.91 Orient, S.D. Silty clay 68 338 278
UU3-2 2.4 0.91 68 356 278
UU5 4.5 0.91 Houston, Tex. Very stiff to hard silty clay 290 1668 1121
UU6 3.2 0.64 Wichita, Kan. Silty clay 93 303 295
UU7-1 1.8 0.51 Dallas, Tex. Clay with gravel over 32 85 92
UU7-2 1.8 0.61 weathered shale 32 85 110
UU8 12.2 1.52 Hamilton, Ont., Canada Firm to stiff silty clay 52 2491 2166
UU9-1 8 0.35 Devers-Palo Verde, Calif. Silty and sandy clay 56 409 334
UU9-2 7 0.52 57 516 437
UU10-1 4.4 0.62 Nantong, Jiangsu, China Silty clay over silt 26 227 223
UU10-2 4.2 0.6 32 214 253
UU11 12 0.53 Ontario, Canada Stiff clay to sandy clay 96 676 927
UU12-1 6.9 1.5 Ottawa, Ont., Canada Leda marine clay 21 600 683
UU12-2 6.8 1.45 21 960 651
UU13-2 2.4 0.61 Mound City, S.D. Sandy clay with gravel 68 338 187
UU14-1 3.1 0.65 Delta, Calif. Silty clay 182 445 408
UU14-2 4.6 0.66 182 703 615
UU15 56 1 Dana, Taipei, Taiwan Silty clay with silt and sand 120 6494 9053
UU16 52 1.5 Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan Silty clay with silt and sand 100 13433 11581
UU17 48 1.5 Dana, Taipei, Taiwan Silty clay with silt and sand 100 12098 10690
UU18 62 1.2 Dana, Taipei, Taiwan Silty clay with silt and sand 120 4448 12028
UU19 26.5 1.2 Sinyi, Taipei, Taiwan Silty clay with silt and sand 100 3781 4721
 Uplift UU20-1 10 0.5 Kawasaki, Japan Kanto loam (clay) 94 614 723
UU20-2 10 0.5 94 667 723
Compression UC1-1 5.5 0.61 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Highly plastic clay and 114 346 829
UC1-2 8.2 0.61 silty clay 130 902 1184
UC4-1 25.8 1 Bangkok, Thailand Soft to stiff silty clay 101 4571 4562
UC4-2 26.7 1 102 5000 4720
UC4-3 25.5 1.2 100 6000 5561
UC5-1 12.2 0.51 South Padre Island, Texas Alternating clay & sand 49 775 804.5
UC5-2 21.3 0.61 69 2301 1845
UC6 23 0.76 Houston, Texas Stiff clay 153 6167 3831
UC8 12 0.89 Halawa, Hawaii Residual soils & basalt 204 9345 3461
UC9 9.1 0.36 Southall, United Kingdom Brown soft clay 143 618 710
UC10-1 9.3 0.63 Middlesex, United Kingdom Fissured London clay 96 837 1124
UC10-2 9.4 0.77 96 1628 1458
UC10-3 12.2 0.77 104 2541 1855
UC10-4 14.9 0.8 117 2421 2433
UC10-5 15.2 0.94 117 3748 3012
UC11 9.5 0.94 Moorfields, United Kingdom Fissured clay 221 2407 3419
UC12 7 0.61 London, United Kingdom Fissured clay 115 1067 979
UC13 24 0.52 Bangkok, Thailand Soft to stiff clay 133 1993 2379
UC14 11 0.8 San Antonio, Texas Fissured clay 227 3300 3071
UC15-1 5.2 0.46 Allegheny County, Pa Clayey silt w. rock 69 1174 409
UC15-2 5.2 0.76 fragments 69 2313 787
UC15-3 4.3 0.76 69 560 700
UC16 40 1 Constance, Germany Lake clay 113 9380 7081
UC18 18.3 1.28 Chicago, Illinois Stiff silty clay 177 2304 6718
UC19-1 7.4 0.76 Phoenix, Arizona High plasticity clay 130 5702 1477
UC19-2 6.5 0.76 99 5083 1134
UC19-3 9.7 0.76 154 4728 1986
UC19-4 4.9 0.91 77 1627 1045
UC19-5 4.8 0.91 77 1373 1033
UC19-6 4.7 0.91 127 5338 1455
UC20 8.7 0.76 San Antonio, Texas Brown clay shale 246 8513 2623
UC21-1 11.9 0.76 Chicago, Illinois Hard silt/clay 192 1851 2676
Compression UC21-2 11.6 0.76 Chicago, Illinois Hard silt/clay 192 2743 2628
UC21-3 11.9 0.76 192 2928 2676
UC22 12.8 0.76 Bryan, Texas Brown stiff clay 210 3790 3008
UC23 30.5 0.91 San Antonio, Texas Clay 109 8332 4924
UC24-1 6.5 0.84 Texas Strongly cemented clay 136 4775 1619
UC24-2 5 0.81 Texas Clay 121 2669 1219
UC24-3 9.5 0.64 201 5806 1890
UC24-4 9.7 0.79 201 4759 2535
UC25-1 49.5 1 Thailand, Bangkok Very stiff clay 147 9130 9923
UC25-2 48.9 1.2 184 9225 13837
UC25-3 57.1 1.2 Thailand, Bangkok Soft to medium clay 128 12010 12742
UC25-4 46.5 1 189 11921 10970
UC25-5 43 1 76 10497 6241
UC25-6 41 1 94 7384 6589
UC25-7 43.6 1.2 Thailand, Bangkok Very stiff clay 88 11209 8250
UC25-8 43.6 1.2 146 7206 10842
UC25-9 43.5 1 146 6405 8811
UC26 15.2 0.46 Gulf Coast, Texas Sandy clay 96 1600 1163
UC27 32 1.8 Tainan, Taiwan Grey clay w. silt 76 11015 9381
UC28 3.1 0.91 Newville, Virginia Yellowish-brown silty clay 78 1142 834.5
UC31-1 7 0.76 Houston, Texas Stiff fissured Beaumont clay 119 1131 1342
UC31-2 13.7 0.76 136 2669 2348
UC31-3 7 0.76 119 1067 1342
UC32-1 53 1 Bangkok, Thailand Stiff to very stiff silty clay 178 11615 11855
UC32-2 60 1.5 178 14254 20825
UC32-3 55 1 178 7907 12254
UC32-4 55 1 178 11854 12254
UC32-5 55.3 1.5 178 15537 19415
UC33 9.5 1.3 Stuttgart, Germany Stiff clay 41 3239 1843
UC36 57 1.5 Bangkok, Thailand Very dense silty clay 108 10818 14863
UC37-1 46.8 1.5 Tainan, Taiwan Sandy clay 146 13203 14875
UC37-2 38.2 1.5 125 12454 11441
 Table S2. Field load test data for drilled shafts in sand from WBPLT
Load type Pile ID D (m) B (m) Test site location Soil Description ϕ (°) Rum (kN) Ruc (kN)
Uplift DU1 3.1 0.91 Hawk Springs, Wyo. Silt over silty sand 36 391 192
DU2 2.1 0.76 Ohio Sandy silt and silty sand 35 102 43
DU3 8.2 0.48 Crystal River, Fla. Sand over limestone 35 592 344
DU4-1 1.4 0.31 Fla. Fine sand 36 25 33
DU4-2 2.4 0.3 37 73 64
DU4-3 3.7 0.3 37 152 110
DU5 6.4 1.07 Walkerton, Ont., Canada Medium dense fine sand 36 890 1051
DU6-1 5 1.28 Westchester County, N.Y. Fine to coarse sand with some gravel 44 578 546
DU6-2 5.2 1.31 44 747 599
DU7-1 12.2 0.38 Ontario, Canada Clayey silt over fine sand 35 294 230
DU7-2 12.2 0.46 35 243 279
DU8-2 3.1 1.22 Newark, N.J. Fine to medium silty sand with 40 1095 1082
DU8-3 3.7 1.22 cobbles and boulders 36 1246 1215
DU9 2.4 0.91 Linton, N.D. Silt, sandy silt, and silty sand 33 214 213
DU10 3.1 0.91 Hawk Springs, Wyo. Silt, silty sand, and sand 34 427 319
DU12 3.7 0.91 Portland, Ore. Medium to dense sand with cemented zones 44 1068 964
DU13-1 17.7 0.61 Lake Fork Dam, Tex. Dense fine sand with clay and lignite 45 2313 896
DU13-2 26 0.61 45 1957 1831
DU14-2 3.2 0.99 San Diego, Calif. Sandy topsoil over decomposed granite 44 1624 1666
DU15-1 6.1 0.36 Elkhart, Ind. Loose to medium dense fine sand 35 578 392
DU15-2 7.6 0.36 35 552 475
DU15-3 9.1 0.36 35 516 486
DU15-4 10.7 0.36 35 534 568
DU15-5 12.2 0.36 35 658 627
DU16 3.1 0.91 Bacons Castle, Va. Silty sand with some clay 36 400 290
DU18-1 4.6 0.69 Baker, Calif. Medium to dense silty sand and gravel 43 750 498
DU18-2 3.1 0.67 43 350 304
DU19-1 10 0.35 Sao Paulo, Brazil Clayey sand 30 385 301
DU19-2 10 0.4 30 462 344
DU19-3 10 0.5 30 477 430
Compression DC1-1 17.5 0.6 Glasgow, United Kingdom Silty fine and medium sand 36 2078 2003
DC1-2 17.5 0.6 36 2344 2003
Compression DC1-3 16 0.6 Glasgow, United Kingdom Silty fine and medium sand 36 1759 1835
DC1-4 20 0.6 36 2618 2309
DC1-5 17.5 0.6 36 2483 2003
DC2 19.3 1.2 Sao Paulo, Brazil Clayey silt/fine sand 35 3950 4752
DC3 18.3 0.92 JFK Airport, New York Outwash sand and tidal marsh deposits 35 6471 4129
DC5 21.5 0.96 Naples, Italy Stratified sand/peat 40 5650 6248
DC6 11 0.9 — Silty and gravelly sand 40 9000 3292
DC7 37 1.8 Tainan, Taiwan Silty sand 40 14991 12690
DC8-1 34.7 1.5 Taibo, Chiayi, Taiwan Silty fine sand 34 10675 9367
DC8-2 34.7 1.5 34 10675 9367
DC8-3 34.7 1.5 34 11236 9367
DC9 6.4 0.53 Walkerton, Ontario Loose fine grey silt with sand and clay 36 1601 1264
DC11 30.1 1.2 Annan, Tainan, Taiwan Silty sand 33 7598 9560
DC13 68.5 2 Honshu-Shikoku, Japan Silty sand 36 35821 23398
DC14-1 4.7 0.93 Texas Strongly cemented clayey sand 35 5515 3396
DC14-2 6.2 0.79 39 8125 4061
DC15-1 9.1 0.46 Gulf Coast, Texas Silty sand 40 1409 689
DC15-2 15.2 0.46 34 1514 780
DC16 12 0.8 New Mexico Moist very hard brown silt 41 8541 7220
DC17-1 18 1.2 Galveston medical branch, Texas Fine sand 40 4250 4653
DC17-2 18 0.91 40 3529 2933
DC18 17 1.2 Singapore Clayey to silty sand 40 21667 15523
DC19-1 10.8 0.45 Arabian Gulf, Kuwait Very dense cemented sands 40 1975 3381
DC19-2 8.7 1 40 10652 7491
DC19-3 8.5 1.2 40 17667 9386
DC21 13.7 1.52 Puerto Rico Brown fine to medium trace silt 40 11443 17742
DC22-1 34 0.9 Singapore Cemented coarse quartz-feldspar 41 6906 6823
DC22-2 35 0.8 41 7830 6130
DC22-3 53 0.9 41 10467 9811
DC22-4 24.5 0.9 41 12306 8960
DC23-1 18.6 0.92 Houston, Texas Silty sand 35 4196 3856
DC23-2 14.3 0.76 35 4209 3185
DC24 20.6 0.46 Orange County, Texas Fine to medium sand 40 1545 2287
DC26 15 1.2 Siaogang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Silty fine sand 34 2600 4277
Compression DC27-1 10 0.35 Sao Paulo, Brazil Clayey sand 30 300 532
DC27-2 10 0.4 30 448 653
DC27-3 10 0.5 30 386 929
DC28 19.2 0.91 Coweta Country, Georgia Very dense sand 41 6459 3741
DC30 8.2 0.46 Crystal River, Florida Silty sand 33 548 714
DC31 22.5 1.5 Nanliao, Hsinchu, Taiwan Gray fine sand 41 9410 8543
DC33 62 1.8 Bangkok, Thailand Dense to very dense sand 40 34000 25340
DC34 57 1.5 Silty sand 41 13249 15809
 Table S3. Field load test for drilled shafts in gravel from WBPLT
Load type Pile ID D (m) B (m) Test site location Soil description ϕ (°) Rum (kN) Ruc (kN)
Uplift GU01-1 26 1.50 Taichung, Taiwan Gravelly cobbles w. sand & silt 47 25650 23465
GU01-2 9 1.50 47 17160 8123
GU01-3 9 1.50 47 19130 8123
GU01-4 21 1.50 47 13697 13663
GU01-5 6 1.50 47 8500 5415
GU01-6 6 1.50 47 9694 5415
GU01-7 6 1.69 47 17168 6101
GU02 15 1.50 Taichung, Taiwan Gravelly w. sand &silt 47 20455 13538
GU03 8 1.27 Bratislava Sandy gravel 43 1866 1671
GU04-1 4.6 0.69 Baker, California Silty sand w. fine gravel 43 566 564
GU04-2 3.1 0.67 44 260 242
GU05-1 2.1 0.74 Caliente, Nevada Silty sand w. gravel 45 700 680
GU05-2 3.1 0.74 45 1000 970
GU06-1 3.5 1.6 ChungLi, Taiwan Gravelly w. sand &silt 47 2600 2172
GU06-2 4. 2.0 47 6340 4693
GU06-3 4. 2.3 47 2391 1441
GU07-1 3.14 0.61 Mapleton, Utah Very dense gravel w. sand 46 663 642
GU07-2 3.84 0.58 46 1240 1217
GU08-1 1.52 0.61 American Fork, Utah Dense sandy gravel w. silt 45 225 215
GU08-2 3.04 0.61 45 875 855
GU08-3 4.11 0.66 44 1300 1268
GU09-1 1.52 0.53 Spanish Fork, Utah Dense sandy gravel w. silt 47 186 178
GU09-2 3.05 0.58 46 785 767
GU09-3 3.51 0.61 45 1200 1177
GU10-1 1.68 0.56 Kennecott, Utah Clayey gravel w. silt 46 270 261
GU10-2 3.20 0.56 45 827 809
GU10-3 4.57 0.58 44 1120 1093
GU10-4 6.10 0.58 43 2083 2047
GU11 6.00 0.59 American Fork, Utah Dense sandy gravel w. silt 44 1680 1643
GU12-1 1.80 0.51 Big Cottonword, Utah Fine sand w. silt & gravel 42 79 71
GU12-2 3.00 0.56 43 425 408
GU12-3 4.90 0.53 42 530 506
 Uplift GU12-4 6.20 0.53 Big Cottonword, Utah Fine sand w. silt & gravel 43 900 869
GU13-1 1.70 0.43 Mountain East, Utah Dense sand w. gravel & silt 47 225 219
GU13-2 4.50 0.64 44 860 827
GU13-3 6.10 0.51 43 1520 1492
GU14-1 1.70 0.51 Mountain West, Utah Dense medium sand w. fine gravel 43 110 102
GU14-2 3.30 0.53 43 325 309
GU15 1.70 0.61 Mapleton, Utah Very dense gravel w. sand 48 570 502
GU16-1 3.10 0.66 Provo, Utah Silt sand w. gravel 44 495 471
GU16-2 4.60 0.69 44 1110 1071
GU16-3 6.10 0.66 44 1520 1473
GU17 12.50 2.10 New Mexico Sandy gravel w. silt 43 18900 15794
GU18-1 16.5 1.20 Taoyuan, Taiwan Gravel w. silt 42 3529 5806
GU18-2 16.5 1.20 42 2790 4426
GU18-3 16.5 1.20 42 2365 3632
GU18-4 16.5 1.20 42 2965 4753
GU18-5 16.5 1.20 42 5000 8554
GU18-6 16.5 1.20 42 2965 4753
Compression GC01 10.35 0.60 Taipei, Taiwan Gravel 45 3900 3705
GC02 10 0.80 ChinMen, Taiwan Gravel 40 2800 2949
GC03 16 1.50 HsinChu, Taiwan Gravel w. silt 45 12800 10948
GC04-1 10 1.20 NanTou, Taiwan Sand & gravel 45 7100 5793
GC04-2 10 1.20 45 7450 5919
GC05-1 14.80 1.50 TaiChung, Taiwan Sandy gravel 42 32063 18434
GC05-2 12.00 1.50 42 26400 14158
GC05-3 14.70 1.50 42 39230 18344
GC06 14.94 1.52 Ponce Sandy gravel 41 12500 10496
GC07 9.10 0.76 Cupertino, California Sandy gravel 46 8000 5422
GC08-1 25.00 1.20 Fukuoka Gravelly sand 45 18900 19538
GC08-2 17.60 1.20 45 15225 12851
GC09 23.50 1.20 Osaka Sandy gravel 37 14100 15122
GC10-1 13.60 1.00 Takasaki Sandy gravel w. boulders 41 10700 8514
GC10-2 13.40 1.00 41 14200 10319
GC10-3 13.50 1.00 Takasaki sandy gravel w. boulders 41 14400 10379
GC11 12.20 0.85 Scipio, Utah Sand & gravel 43 6227 5473
Compression GC12 18.50 0.91 Albuquerque, New Mexico Loose sand over dense gravel 39 17300 11998
GC13 18.00 1.20 HsinChu, Taiwan Gravel w. silt 42 6476 7426
GC14 25.00 1.50 Taiwan Sandy gravel 45 18500 18335
GC15 15.50 1.20 HsinChu, Taiwan Gravel w. silt 45 5350 6221
GC16-1 30.00 1.00 TaiChung, Taiwan Sandy gravel 42 22000 20307
GC16-2 30.00 1.00 42 16800 17074
GC17-1 12.20 0.61 Sigurd-Salina, Utah Sand & gravel 42 10260 5317
GC17-2 12.20 0.59 41 11210 5116
GC18-1 12.20 0.85 Belknap, Utah Sand & gravel 42 6400 5580
GC18-2 12.20 0.95 40 6300 5515
GC19-1 12.20 0.80 39 8000 6690
GC19-2 12.20 1.16 40 5220 5397
GC20-1 11.70 0.91 Black Rock, Utah Sand & gravel w. silt 40 7500 6015
GC20-2 8.50 0.91 40 5300 3997
GC21-1 13.00 1.08 Dusseldorf Interbedded gravelly sand & sandy gravel 40 9000 7290
GC21-2 13.00 0.67 39 4500 4767
GC21-3 10.20 0.67 40 5800 4810
GC22 10.00 0.80 Taoyuan, Taiwan Gravel w. sand 47 8400 5959
GC23-1 5.40 0.76 Phoenix Silty & sandy clay over clayey gravel 42 9263 3773
GC23-2 4.70 0.76 42 8930 3452
GC23-3 4.90 0.76 42 11020 3544
GC23-4 5.20 0.76 42 10450 3681
GC23-5 5.50 0.76 42 9975 3818
GC23-6 5.60 0.76 42 10640 3864
 Table S4. Summary of hyperbolic parameters for drilled shafts under compression
Data sources Test site location Soil description D (m) B (m) Rum (kN) b a (mm)
FHWA DFLTD 171 Skyway Bridge, Test Site # 1, FL, USA Silty sand (SM) over clayey silt (SC) 13.9 0.61 1870 0.56 8.45
200 Port orange bridge, FL, USA Silty sand (SM) over clay (CL) 23 0.914 8605 0.78 7.01
25 0.914 8630 0.87 4.54
203 Talmadge memorial bridge, GA, USA Organic clay over silty sand (SM) 26.7 1.22 9786 0.76 5.91
207 FHWA file, Northside, USA Interbedded sand and sandy clay 30.5 0.914 8500 0.87 4.88
30.5 0.914 8452 0.73 8.9
210 FHWA file, shaft G-1, USA Sand (SP) over clay (CL) 18.3 1.17 4345 0.95 3.2
211 FHWA file, G1 site, TX, USA Silty clay (CL) over sand (SP) 18 0.914 4127 0.93 2.18
23.3 0.762 6181 0.93 2.07
187 Houston, TX, USA Clay (CL) over sand (SP) 17.9 0.919 4359 0.83 2.65
209 FHWA file, BB site, TX, USA Clay (CL) over sand (SP) 13.7 0.762 5667 0.9 3.44
216 Port orange bridge, Shaft3, FL, USA Clay with sand 24.4 1.37 3086 0.99 3.24
223 Enterprise center JAX, FL, USA Sand over clayey silt 18.9 0.762 4425 0.92 9.42
235 Roanoke, Westlake IBM, TX, USA Sand over clay 3.05 0.914 2002 0.96 1.09
236 Oklahoma, USA Clay over gray shale 8.84 0.762 4448 0.96 1.6
8.84 0.762 8007 0.71 7.03
Dallas, Shaft DT3, TX, USA Clay over gravel 7.62 0.889 3781 0.88 4.35
Fort Collins, CO, USA Clay interbedded by sand 13.7 0.457 3114 0.43 18.1
Montopolis, Shaft, TX, USA Clay interbedded sand 7.28 0.737 5498 0.86 3.63
& gravel (GP) 7.25 0.787 4893 0.86 5.15
7.28 0.737 4448 0.81 3.58
Dallas, TX, USA Sandy & gravelly clay over 14.17 0.457 4270 0.7 10.9
sand & gravel
172 Brownsville, TX, USA Silty sand (SM) 7.62 0.61 781 0.95 1.14
11.6 0.61 1358 0.93 1.4
176 France Poorly graded sand w/gravel 9.78 0.6 1832 0.71 8.19
177 Coast guard tower, USA Silt (ML) over silty sand (SM) 3.05 0.356 46 0.79 0.68
5.49 0.356 92 0.72 0.83
180 FHWA file, SC, USA Sand (SP) interbedded with clay (CL) 21.3 0.671 2951 0.91 3.64
181 FHWA file, Orange county, TX, USA Sand interbedded with thin clay 20.7 0.457 1601 0.91 1.7
182 FHWA file, FL, USA Sand (SP) 18.3 0.914 7631 0.72 11.8
183 West palm beach, FL, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 10.4 0.762 4804 0.67 7.69
FHWA DFLTD 184 FDOT shaft database, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 5.49 0.64 562 0.75 4.76
186 Live Oak county, TX, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 7.62 0.61 3969 0.62 8.54
188 Orange county, TX, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 20.6 0.457 1562 0.9 1.65
189 Howard Frankland site 1, USA Sand (SP) 11.5 0.914 2502 0.65 6.78
12.8 0.914 4448 0.9 5.17
9.91 0.914 3677 0.78 6.61
196 Tampa international airport-2, FL, USA Silty sand (SM) 9 0.762 6769 0.76 4.27
197 Memorial hospital, Tampa, FL, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 10.7 0.762 2619 0.97 2
199 Kanapaha, Alachua county, FL, USA Silty, clayey sand w/gravel 13.4 0.61 2925 0.65 4.61
204 Cement storage silos, USA Sand with limestone fragments to 6.1 0.508 12455 0.93 1.22
moderate hard limestone
215 Radio tower, Dade county, FL, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 6.25 0.127 271 0.72 2.27
217 FHWA file, pile 1, USA Sandy silt w/gravel 9.14 0.853 5739 0.96 3.29
218 Americana hotel, Tampa, FL, USA Sand over sandy clay 6.15 0.356 824 0.97 0.33
220 Cocoa beach, Brevard, FL, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 7.01 0.381 583 0.93 2.21
224 2100 Riveredge parkway, GA, USA Silt (ML) over sand 9.14 0.864 10676 0.94 2.94
226 Bay ST. Parking Garage, FL, USA Silty, clayey sand w/gravel 18.5 0.61 8586 0.86 4.59
Site 1-Williamsburg Bridge, NY, USA Silty sand w/gravel 11.6 0.203 534 0.83 1.21
10.9 0.203 979 0.87 2.55
10.7 0.203 534 0.95 1.01
10.7 0.203 534 0.94 1.74
Site 4-Williamsburg Bridge, NY, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 7.62 0.203 1140 0.87 4.8
6.4 0.203 919 0.92 3.48
Century Freeway in Los Angeles, CA, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 12.5 0.914 4893 0.92 5.13
Col-College Station, TX, USA Silty sand 0.914 1180 0.88 13
9.45 0.914 2830 0.91 1.87
10.4 0.914 3400 0.75 1.89
Isle of Palm Connector, SC, USA Poorly graded sand w/gravel 25.8 0.61 2856 0.77 3.11
Port Elizabeth, South Africa 6.1 0.66 2100 0.71 8.02
6.1 0.889 338 0.97 0.44
6.1 0.889 525 0.88 1.7
Niazi (2014) Spring Villa, Opelika NGES, AL, USA Clayey-silty sand 11 0.91 2461 0.72 3.19
11 0.91 2051 0.76 3.47
11 0.91 2051 0.73 3.49
 Niazi (2014) Spring Villa, Opelika NGES, AL, USA Clayey-silty sand 11 0.91 2256 0.69 4.17
11 0.91 2256 0.64 5.63
11 0.91 923 0.68 1.42
11 0.91 1323 0.77 2.05
11 0.91 2461 0.82 2.44
11 0.91 1640 0.79 1.7
University of Porto, Portugal (FEUP), Residual silty sand 6 0.6 750 0.57 5.58
ISC-2 experimental site
Old San Juan site, Puerto Rico Interbedded sand and clay 12.8 0.41 785 0.61 3.67
Clean sand over silty sand 52.4 1.1 8760 0.71 6.56
Southern Kyushu, Japan
over silty clay
Texas A&M University (TAMU) NGES Medium dense sand over stiff clay 9.4 0.94 3913 0.95 3.6
sand site, College Station, TX, USA
Golden Ears Bridge (GEB) site: (S. Bank), Gravelly sand over soft 32 2.5 15357 0.92 2.97
Langley, BC, Canada to firm silty clay
Silty sand to sandy silt overlying 19.2 0.91 5314 0.69 5.19
Interstate Highway I-85 Bridge, Newnan,
partially weathered gneissic granite
Coweta County, GA, USA
bedrock
FHWA DFLTD 237-Allegheny county, PA, USA Medium to stiff clayey silt 5.18 0.61 2590 0.63 10.3
6.71 0.762 2831 0.82 6.1
6.1 0.762 3336 0.85 6.39
6.1 0.61 1423 0.7 5.48
173 Harlingen, TX, USA Clay (CL) to clayey silt (SC) 9.14 0.61 1432 0.95 1.85
175 Stainless electric, USA Clayey silt (SC) 3.66 0.762 480 0.92 2.34
179 FHWA file, Site B, USA Silty clay (CL) over clay (CL) 4.97 0.808 2770 0.65 9.44
Clay 10.9 0.914 5137 0.86 6.13
Clay 9.51 0.645 5315 0.79 5.06
Clay 9.68 0.787 5028 0.84 5.16
Clayey sand (SC) 4.94 0.917 2017 0.75 5.18
Silty clay (CL) to over clay (CL) 6.2 0.787 8324 0.86 5.39
Silty clay (CL) over clayed sand (SC) 4.7 0.932 5526 0.8 6.79
Silty clay (CL) over clay (CL) 6.54 0.833 3746 0.55 16.3
185 Walkerton, ON, Canada Clayey silt (SC) 6.4 1.07 1779 0.98 3.03
193 Barnett center, Jacksonville, FL, USA Clayey silt w/ clay 17.8 0.914 5844 0.86 6.02
FHWA DFLTD 205 FHWA file, US59 site, TX, USA Clay with clayey silt 9.88 0.762 4366 0.71 11.8
7.41 0.61 3630 0.85 5.59
206 FHWA file, HB & T, USA Silty clay (SC); silty clay; clayey silt 18.3 1.02 6947 0.9 2.03
208 FHWA file, Houston, TX, USA Lean clay 7.04 0.762 1334 0.97 1.24
7.01 0.762 4003 0.8 5.95
13.7 0.762 2805 0.97 1.28
212 FHWA file, Bryan, TX, USA Clay (CL) 12.8 0.762 3781 0.95 1.13
213 FHWA file, London, UK Clay (CL) 12.2 0.786 3105 0.76 4.85
15.2 0.939 3473 0.93 2.94
12.7 0.939 5961 0.93 2.23
16.2 0.939 5640 0.94 4.41
9.3 0.635 756 0.96 3.57
9.24 0.628 1834 0.86 1.67
12.2 0.622 2261 0.86 3.8
9.39 0.774 1468 0.97 2.07
15.2 0.802 1950 0.84 2.86
9.54 0.774 2333 0.83 4.2
16 0.774 4245 0.87 4.09
222 T-BE REPORT7, USA Sandy silty clay 2.38 0.33 2420 0.78 1.97
Chicago, N.W.Point Project, IL, USA Sandy fat clay w/gravel 15.2 0.762 2669 0.89 2.38
San Antonio, Lackland A.F.B # 1, TX, USA Sandy fat clay w/gravel 10.6 0.914 1148 0.6 4.6
11 1.22 2500 0.72 7.13
San Antonio, TX, USA Clay shale interbedded w/sandstone 7.92 0.762 8007 0.85 5.45
Saskatchewan, Canada Clay over dense glacial till 8.2 0.61 1005 0.97 2.56
Fort Carson, CO, USA Sandy clay over gray claystone 3.51 0.305 356 0.79 4.7
3.51 0.305 400 0.86 2.03
84 ABEF Research on Foundation # 84 Silty, clayey sand w/gravel 6.6 0.7 836 0.85 0.51
Phoenix, Site B, AZ, USA Sandy silty clay w/gravel 6.52 0.813 3559 0.52 14.3
0.41 0.762 2669 0.58 9.21
10.9 0.742 5019 0.83 6.19
9.51 0.61 5338 0.82 4.21
9.68 0.762 5019 0.83 6.19
4.93 0.921 1980 0.76 3.78
4.88 0.762 2050 0.93 2.86
FHWA DFLTD Phoenix, Site B, AZ, USA Sandy silty clay w/gravel 4.88 0.914 1850 0.89 6.69
Bridge site 1066, MS, USA High plasticity o.c. clay 12.5 0.356 1068 0.9 1.65
Bridge site 3042, MS, USA High plasticity o.c. clay 10.6 0.356 1157 0.96 0.91
Bridge site 3043, MS, USA High plasticity o.c. clay 8.93 0.356 1174 0.95 1.19
Bridge site 3044, MS, USA High plasticity o.c. clay 10.74 0.356 1388 0.96 1.83
Bridge site 3045, MS, USA High plasticity o.c. clay 6.72 0.356 881 0.97 0.81
Bridge site 3047, MS, USA High plasticity o.c. clay 8.5 0.356 721 0.98 0.5
Chicago, Shaft 1, IL, USA Stiff to hard silty clay 9.45 0.762 1939 0.75 8.11
9.45 0.762 2669 0.85 6.2
9.45 0.762 2963 0.91 5.3
Chicago, Union Station Co., IL, USA Silty clay 18.3 1.285 5854 0.49 19.7
Phoenix, Site C, AZ, USA Sandy lean clay w/gravel 6.2 0.762 8274 0.87 4.93
4.75 0.914 6004 0.86 9.52
4.88 0.914 6006 0.85 8.11
4.94 1.27 3281 0.73 12.6
6.4 1.08 3425 0.94 2.46
5.09 0.762 3514 0.91 4.11
5.12 0.914 4300 0.92 3.59
5.18 1.5 4236 0.79 13
201,214 Johannesburg, South Africa — 12.2 0.61 2785 0.92 3.06
12.2 0.61 3185 0.92 3.12
12.2 0.61 3452 0.93 2.18
225 I-595 site #1, FL, USA — 20 0.914 8447 0.75 8.85
22.4 0.914 7958 0.87 5.94
234 Toronto (Bloor street), ON, Canada Tills 0.762 1922 0.63 7.3
Denver Int. Airport, Site # 1, CO, USA — 15.7 0.457 2100 0.72 8.28
6.19 0.457 334 0.75 5.21
Vienna, Virginia shaft, VA, USA — 10.2 0.914 4324 0.7 5.52
Allegheny County, PA, USA Silt to gray shale 7.16 0.457 2669 0.5 10.5
6.1 0.457 1246 0.83 3.37
5.18 0.457 1334 0.85 4.3
6.1 0.61 1779 0.82 4.01
5.18 0.762 2002 0.7 8.37
Brookfield, Nova Scotia, Canada Compact to dense till boulders 9.14 0.813 1779 0.78 8.1
FHWA DFLTD Denver Int. Airport, Site # 1, CO, USA Claystone interbedded 6.89 0.762 485 0.98 1.02
carbonaceous shale 7.92 0.762 890 0.83 4.58
Hong Kong, China Sandy elastic silt w/gravel 7.4 1.295 7090 0.15 20.1
Hong Kong, Test site, China Alluvium over decomposite granite 22 1.5 5000 0.37 29.4
79 11,12-ULT LD/CPT-105/605 NW — 8.44 0.406 903 0.78 2.14
CONN, CA, USA
79 1-ULT LD/CPT-SAN TIMOTEO CRK — 10.7 0.394 934 0.53 4.71
BRG, CA, USA
79 2-ULT LD/CPT-TIPPECANOE AVE — 8.1 0.406 756 0.88 1.14
UC, CA, USA
79 3,4-ULT LD/CPT-BASELINE ST OC — 5.6 0.406 420 0.8 1.53
79 3,4-ULT LD/CPT-BASELINE ST OC, — 8.4 0.406 761 0.83 1.62
CA, USA
79 5-ULT LD/CPT-SIXTEENTH STREET — 7.9 0.406 593 0.85 0.91
OC, CA, USA
79 6-ULT LD/CPT-MONROE STREET — 7.6 0.394 792 0.92 0.99
UC, CA, USA
79 7-ULT LD/CPT-GILBERT STREET — 6.5 0.394 712 0.93 2.1
UC, CA, USA
79 8-ULT LD/CPT-105/110 NW CONN — 6.6 0.406 1115 0.9 0.76
OC, CA, USA
79 9,10-ULT LD/CPT-105/605 SW CONN, — 10.4 0.406 1000 0.89 2.18
CA, USA
79 9,10-ULT LD/CPT-105/605 SW CONN, — 7 0.406 1237 0.95 1.65
CA, USA
Littlebrook, D Power Station, UK — 26.8 1.05 10000 0.67 15.9
Phoenix, Site A, AZ, USA — 4.72 1.44 8644 0.71 15.3
4.94 1.39 8701 0.75 11.9
5.21 1.89 8352 0.7 14.4
5.6 2.43 8630 0.77 4.53
5.7 2.87 8503 0.77 6.6
Niazi (2014) Canadian Geotechnical Test Site, South Soft sensitive 5.94 1.48 456 0.75 4.1
Gloucester, ON, Canada (Champlain Sea) clay 6.51 1.48 606 0.95 1.08
6.27 1.6 955 0.91 2.36
Niazi (2014) Flanders clay site, Merville, France Silt over stiff homogeneous clay 12 0.5 1254 0.91 2.07
Grimsby Research Site, Waltham, UK Very stiff gravelly clay till 11.7 0.6 1571 0.82 1.55
New Museums, Gault clay, Central Gravelly fill over stiff 21.5 0.76 4980 0.83 3.57
Cambridge, UK fissured clay
Northwestern University NGES, Evanston, Sand fill over soft-firm clay 15.2 0.55 1825 0.89 1.58
IL, USA 15.2 0.48 1532 0.81 1.85
Texas A&M University (TAMU) NGES Very stiff Pleistocene clay 9.5 0.92 2499 0.8 2.44
clay site, College Station, TX, USA
University of Massachusetts-Amherst Silty clay crust over 13.1 0.88 1025 0.79 2.1
NGES, Amherst, MA, USA soft varved clay 14.3 0.96 968 0.87 1.85
 Table S5. Summary of hyperbolic parameters for drilled shafts in gobi gravel under uplift
D B ϕ Rum Ruc a
Data sources Test site location (m) (m) (°) (kN) (kN) b (mm)
Qian et al. Gaotai County, Gansu 1.4 0.8 41.4 265 213 0.57 2.1
(2014) 3.2 1.2 41.4 1927 1669 0.71 2.87
5.8 1.6 41.4 6780 7312 0.9 4.85
Shandan County, Gansu 1.4 0.8 43.3 210 249 0.9 0.71
3.2 1.2 43.3 1565 1952 0.84 2.21
5.8 1.6 43.3 7032 8550 0.69 3.47
Jinchang City, Gansu 1.4 0.8 44.2 301 268 0.7 1.47
3.2 1.2 44.2 2012 2104 0.72 3.78
5.8 1.6 44.2 6441 9215 0.71 3.73
6 1 44.2 6040 6164 0.71 1.94
6 1 44.2 7022 6164 0.74 6.51
6 1 44.2 7088 6164 0.67 8.31
4 1 44.2 3620 2739 0.78 3.39
Jiuquan City, Gansu 3.82 1.02 40 2205 1804 0.7 2.96
5.3 1.05 40 5954 3576 0.51 6.16
Yanhu, Xinjiang 2.74 1 42.1 542 1080 0.93 0.92
5.16 0.8 42.1 2209 3065 0.79 3.54
Ershili Dian, Xinjiang 2.74 1 43.6 1040 1223 0.9 1.87
5.16 0.8 43.6 3806 3469 0.97 2.31
Qian et al. Gaotai County, Gansu 1.72 0.8 41.4 450 350 0.9 0.96
(2015) 2.65 1.2 41.4 1326 1285 0.9 1.16
3.64 1.6 41.4 2875 3294 0.88 1.77
3.73 1.2 41.4 2349 2401 0.88 2.08
5.29 1.6 41.4 6251 6641 0.91 3.01
3.93 0.8 41.4 2203 2161 0.85 3.39
6.54 1.6 41.4 7428 9704 0.85 2.68
4.53 0.8 41.4 3667 2639 0.88 3.44
6.82 1.2 41.4 7286 9036 0.84 2.85
Shandan County, Gansu 1.72 0.8 43.3 361 409 0.87 2.55
2.65 1.2 43.3 1097 1502 0.89 1.42
3.64 1.6 43.3 3659 3852 0.91 1.14
3.73 1.2 43.3 2349 2807 0.83 3.76
3.93 0.8 43.3 2768 2527 0.72 7.01
4.53 0.8 43.3 3395 3086 0.69 8.45
Jinchang City, Gansu 1.72 0.8 44.2 576 441 0.84 2.3
2.65 1.2 44.2 1668 1619 0.86 2.73
3.64 1.6 44.2 4524 4151 0.91 1.97
3.73 1.2 44.2 3246 3025 0.8 3.89
5.29 1.6 44.2 8273 8369 0.88 3.35
3.93 0.8 44.2 3211 2724 0.88 2.35
6.54 1.6 44.2 8150 12230 0.8 3.85
4.53 0.8 44.2 4260 3326 0.88 2.88
2.05 0.8 40 604 476 0.9 0.95
2.6 0.84 40 1155 795 0.66 3.47
3.55 0.8 40 1955 1426 0.72 2.2
3.2 1.05 40 1900 1448 0.89 1.28
4.75 1.05 40 4522 3374 0.45 7.41
4.08 1.25 40 3288 2893 0.85 1.59
4.8 1.3 40 4592 4143 0.72 2.64
Yanhu, Xinjiang 2.54 1 42.1 724 1101 0.83 2.17
 Qian et al. Yanhu, Xinjiang 4.96 0.8 42.1 2129 3492 0.87 5.74
(2015) Ershili Dian, Xinjiang 1.88 0.8 43.6 761 522 0.94 1.14
2.54 1 43.6 904 1247 0.89 1.25
3.51 1.2 43.6 2637 3083 0.81 2.06
3.5 1 43.6 1895 2208 0.92 1.76
4.6 1.2 43.6 3300 4779 0.87 2.19
4.72 0.8 43.6 3355 4124 0.9 2.38
5.53 1.2 43.6 6561 6508 0.92 3.27
4.96 0.8 43.6 4228 3953 0.89 3.04
Wild Animal Zoo, Xinjiang 4.7 1.2 43.6 2017 5037 0.84 1.61

Appendix S2. Spearman Rank-Correlation Analyses

Table S6. Results from spearman rank-correlation analyses for the resistance model factor
Soil type Load type N Parameter r p
Clay Uplift 32 B -0.01 0.96
D/B -0.16 0.19
su 0.07 0.59
Compression 64 B -0.17 0.06
D/B -0.28 0.01
su -0.16 0.07
Sand Uplift 30 B -0.05 0.71
D/B 0.02 0.87
ϕ -0.03 0.86
Compression 44 B 0.09 0.38
D/B -0.16 0.12
ϕ 0.19 0.09
Gravel Uplift 109 B -0.11 0.11
D/B 0.03 0.65
ϕ 0.29 0
Compression 41 B -0.38 0
D/B -0.16 0.16
ϕ -0.03 0.83

Table S7. Results from spearman rank-correlation analyses for the hyperbolic parameters
b a
Soil type Load type N Parameter r p r p
Clay Compression 110 B -0.18 0.01 0.37 0
D/B 0.18 0.01 -0.3 0
Sand Compression 76 B 0.05 0.57 0.14 0.07
D/B -0.04 0.65 0.06 0.44
Gravel Uplift 60 B -0.03 0.79 0.08 0.41
D/B 0.02 0.86 0.36 0
Note: Bold values in Tables S6 and S7 indicate a potential correlation between the model factor and
the underlying parameter.
Appendix S3. Copula Analyses

Table S8. Goodness-of-fit test for the selected copula of hyperbolic parameters
Soil type Load type N Selected copula Copula parameter, θ BIC
Clay Compression 110 Gaussian -0.69 -932.5
Clayton 0 -570.8
Frank -5.46 -915.1
Gumbel 1 -570.7
Plackett 0.11 -921.2
Sand Compression 76 Gaussian -0.75 -708.6
Clayton 0 -380.5
Frank -6.01 -667.7
Gumbel 1 -380.5
Plackett 0.077 -697.9
Gravel Uplift 60 Gaussian -0.54 -488.6
Clayton 0 -339.8
Frank -3.42 -481.5
Gumbel 1 -339.8
Plackett 0.2 -485.5
Note: Bold values indicate the best-fit copula.

References

Niazi, F. S. 2014. “Static axial pile foundation response using seismic piezocone data.” Ph.D.

thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology.

Qian, Z. Z., X. Lu, and W. Yang. 2014. “Axial uplift behavior of drilled shafts in gobi gravel.”

Geotechnical Testing Journal 37 (2): 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20130083.

Qian, Z. Z., X. Lu, X. Han, and R. Tong. 2015. “Interpretation of uplift load tests on belled

piers in gobi gravel.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (7): 992–998. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-

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