2.1.

INTRODUCTION TO JUTE FIBER

Jute is a bast fiber known for its strength and versatility. It is commonly used in the production
of sacking, burlap, twine, and as a backing material for carpets. Jute is the second most produced
and cost-effective natural fiber, following cotton. It exhibits high tensile strength, ranking just
below bamboo, Maguey, and Lechuguila fibers. Jute also possesses a high modulus of elasticity,
second only to bamboo. The fiber primarily consists of cellulose, lignin, and pectin, and is
derived from plants belonging to the Corchorus genus in the Tiliaceae family (Abeba, 2017).
Jute fibers (JTF) have gained attention as a promising material for concrete composites due to
their abundance and low cost. These fibers have a unique pentagonal or hexagonal cross-
sectional shape. Jute fibers possess desirable properties such as soundproofing, ultraviolet
protection, and antibacterial qualities, making them well-suited for outdoor applications.
Moreover, the excellent mechanical properties of jute textiles make them suitable for use as
reinforcements in bionic and laminated composites. Jute fabric-reinforced composites meet the
structural requirements of commercial materials while remaining cost-effective. This makes jute
a significant biodegradable natural fiber, offering high specific characteristics, affordability, ease
of availability, and environmental friendliness for composite materials (Ali et al, 2015).
Jute fibers possess inherently superior mechanical qualities compared to coconut and sugarcane
fibers, which is reflected in concrete samples reinforced with these fibers. According to a study,
jute fibers are approximately seven times lighter than steel fibers and have a tensile strength of
250-300 MPa, which is suitable for various applications. Researchers have also investigated the
impact of short discrete jute fibers and long continuous jute fibers on the failure and impact
characteristics of cementitious composites. The addition of jute fibers to concrete enhances the
strength, impact resistance, and cracking resistance of the mixture. Several studies suggest that
jute fibers can serve as a viable alternative to traditional fibers in concrete materials (Jawad A et
al., 2022).
2.2. Types of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) utilizes small pieces of reinforcing material, known as fibers,
which possess certain characteristic properties. These fibers can have circular or flat shapes and
are often described by their aspect ratio, which is the ratio of their length to diameter. There are
two main types of fibers used in FRC: artificial fibers and natural fibers. Let's explore each type
and their physical properties and applications.
2.2.1. Artificial Fibers
Artificial fibers, also known as synthetic fibers, are manufactured from various materials and
exhibit specific properties that enhance the performance of concrete. Common types of artificial
fibers used in FRC include:
A. STEEL FIBER (METALLIC FIBER) REINFORCED CONCRETE
Steel fiber is a widely used reinforcement in concrete, as highlighted by Madhivanan (2018).
Typically, round fibers with diameters ranging from 0.25 to 0.75 mm are employed. Although
steel fibers are prone to rusting and potential strength loss, investigations have revealed that
rusting predominantly occurs at the fiber's surface. The incorporation of steel fibers in concrete
has shown significant improvements in flexural, impact, and fatigue strength. Consequently, it
has gained extensive application in various structures, especially for road overlays, airfield
pavements, bridge decks, as well as the construction of thin shells and plates.
According to Raj (2013), carbon steels are the most commonly used materials for producing steel
fibers, but corrosion-resistant alloys are also available. For high-temperature applications,
stainless steel fibers have been utilized. In some cases, water-soluble glue is used to bundle
fibers together, facilitating handling and mixing. Steel fibers exhibit remarkable properties such
as high tensile strength (ranging from 0.5 to 2 GPa), a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa,
ductile/plastic stress-strain characteristics, and low creep.
Steel fibers find applications in various types of concrete mixes, including conventional concrete,
shotcrete, and slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete, as stated by Raj (2013). Typically, the volume
content of steel fibers ranges from 0.25% to 2.0%. However, exceeding 2% volume content may
result in poor workability and fiber distribution. In certain cases, where the paste content of the
mix is increased and the coarse aggregate size does not exceed approximately 10 mm, higher
fiber contents can be effectively utilized. Pumping steel-fiber-reinforced concrete with up to
1.5% fiber volume content has been successful using pipelines with diameters ranging from 125
to 150 mm. Shotcrete applications, employing both wet and dry processes, have utilized steel
fiber contents of up to 2% by volume. Furthermore, slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete has achieved
steel fiber contents of up to 25% by volume.
The addition of steel fibers to concrete has demonstrated substantial improvements in impact
resistance and greater ductility in compression, flexure, and torsion failure modes (Raj, 2013).
The elastic modulus in compression and modulus of rigidity in torsion are reported to be similar
to plain concrete before cracking occurs under similar conditions. Steel-fiber-reinforced
concrete, due to its enhanced ductility, holds potential for applications where impact resistance is
crucial. Moreover, fatigue resistance of the concrete is reported to increase by up to 70%.
Raj (2013) suggests that including steel fibers as supplementary reinforcement in concrete can
aid in reducing spalling caused by thermal shock and thermal gradients. However, it is important
to note that normal steel fibers lack corrosion resistance, which can be a disadvantage in exposed
concrete situations prone to spalling and surface staining.
B. GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
GFRC, or Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, is a versatile material whose mechanical properties
can be influenced by exposure to natural weather environments, as highlighted by Abeba (2017).
Prolonged exposure and cyclical weathering cycles involving moisture and temperature changes
can lead to cyclical volumetric dimension changes in GFRC. However, when reinforced with
alkali-resistant (AR) glass fibers, the cement matrix of GFRC exhibits effective preservation
against significant freeze-thaw deterioration compared to unreinforced matrix.
GFRC has found wide-ranging applications, particularly in the manufacturing of exterior
building facade panels and for surface bonding. Additionally, it has been utilized in electrical
utility products such as trench systems and distribution boxes. A growing trend in GFRC usage is
its application in building restoration, offering a lightweight and shape-versatile composite for
replacing existing walls and enhancing facades (Abeba, 2017).
Raj (2013) emphasizes that glass fiber is available in continuous or chopped lengths, with
specific length choices depending on the application. In spray applications, fiber lengths of up to
35 mm are commonly used, while premix applications typically employ 25-mm fiber lengths.
Glass fiber exhibits impressive tensile strength (2-4 GPa) and elastic modulus (70-80 GPa).
However, it does possess brittle stress-strain characteristics (2.5-4.8% elongation at break) and
low creep at room temperature. Some claims suggest the successful incorporation of up to 5%
glass fiber by volume in sand-cement mortar without resulting in balling.
While glass-fiber-reinforced concrete products have shown a loss of strength and ductility when
exposed to outdoor environments, the exact causes for this phenomenon remain unclear. It is
speculated that alkali attack or fiber embrittlement could contribute to these effects. Due to
limited data on long-term durability, GFRC has mainly been utilized in non-structural
applications, where it has a wide range of uses. It is particularly suitable for direct spray
techniques and premix processes, and has been employed as a substitute for asbestos fiber in
various products, including flat sheets, pipes, and precast items. Notably, GRC products find
extensive application in agriculture, architectural cladding and components, as well as small
containers (Raj, 2013).
C. SYNTHETIC FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Synthetic fibers, the result of extensive research and development in the petrochemical and
textile industries, offer a versatile range of man-made fibers. These fibers exist in two physical
forms: monofilament fibers and fibers produced from fibrillated tape. Currently, synthetic fibers
are utilized in two volume percentages: low-volume (0.1% to 0.3% by volume) and high-volume
(0.4% to 0.8% by volume). The majority of applications involve synthetic fibers at the 0.1% by
volume level, aiming to control cracking while maintaining concrete strength unaffected (Raj,
2013).
Various types of synthetic fibers have been experimented with in cement concrete matrices, as
highlighted by Raj (2013). These include acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene,
and polypropylene fibers. Each type possesses different physical properties. Synthetic fibers
derived from organic polymers are commercially available and widely used in synthetic fiber
reinforced concrete (SNFRC) applications.
Abeba (2017) states that synthetic fibers, resulting from the petrochemical and textile industries'
advancements, find widespread application in the construction field. SNFRC is utilized globally
in cast-in-place concrete, such as slabs-on-grade, pavements, and tunnel linings, as well as
factory manufactured products like cladding panels, sidings, shingles, and vaults. The versatility
of synthetic fiber reinforced concrete enables its use in precast products, shotcrete applications,
and cast-in-place elements.
2.2.2. Natural Fibers
Fiber reinforced composites have a long history dating back to ancient times when naturally
occurring fibers like straw and horse hair were used. However, advancements in technology have
enabled the extraction of fibers from plants such as jute and bamboo, making them economically
viable for use in cement composites (Madhivanan, 2018). One of the key advantages of natural
fibers is the low energy required for their extraction. However, their susceptibility to
disintegration in an alkaline environment poses a challenge for their use in concrete. To address
this issue, researchers have explored techniques such as using admixtures to reduce the alkalinity
of the concrete and subjecting the fibers to special treatments to enhance their durability
(Madhivanan, 2018).
In regions with limited access to conventional construction materials or where affordability is a
concern, natural fibers offer a promising alternative for concrete reinforcement. These fibers can
be obtained at low cost and with minimal energy expenditure, utilizing local manpower and
technology. Various natural fiber-reinforced concretes have been successfully employed in
practical applications. For example, sisal-fiber-reinforced concrete has been used to manufacture
roof tiles, corrugated sheets, pipes, silos, and tanks. Elephant grass-reinforced mortar has been
utilized in low-cost housing projects. Additionally, wood-cellulose-fiber-reinforced cement finds
commercial applications in the production of flat and corrugated sheets, as well as non-pressure
pipes (Raj, 2013).
2.3. MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) offers several significant advantages over conventional concrete
due to the incorporation of fibers into the mix. These advantages contribute to enhanced
performance and durability in various applications. Here are some major advantages of fiber
reinforced concrete (Madhivanan, 2018):
A. Resistance to micro cracking: The inclusion of fibers in concrete helps in controlling and
minimizing the formation of micro cracks. These tiny cracks can develop due to shrinkage,
thermal changes, or other stress factors. By reducing micro cracking, FRC exhibits improved
durability and resistance to the ingress of harmful substances, such as water and chemicals.
B. Toughness and post-failure ductility: Fibers in concrete enhance its toughness and ability
to resist cracking and brittle failure. In the event of overloading or extreme conditions, FRC
exhibits ductile behavior by forming multiple micro cracks, which helps to distribute stress
 and prevent sudden failure. This post-failure ductility is crucial in structural elements
subjected to dynamic loads or seismic events.
C. Impact resistance: Fiber reinforced concrete exhibits higher impact resistance compared to
plain concrete. The fibers act as a reinforcement network, absorbing and dispersing the
energy generated by impact loads. This property is particularly beneficial in applications
such as pavements, industrial floors, and structures exposed to impact or blast forces.
D. Resistance to fatigue: Fatigue failure occurs when a material undergoes repeated loading
and unloading cycles. FRC's improved resistance to fatigue helps to prolong the service life
of structures subjected to cyclic loading, such as bridges and pavements. The fibers in FRC
enhance its ability to withstand the stress caused by repeated loading, reducing the risk of
fatigue-related failure.
E. Improved strength in shear, tension, flexure, and compression: The addition of fibers
significantly enhances the mechanical properties of concrete in various modes of loading.
FRC exhibits improved strength and resistance to cracking under shear, tension, flexure, and
compression. This allows for the design of more efficient and structurally robust elements.
F. Reduced permeability: The presence of fibers in concrete helps to reduce its permeability,
making FRC more resistant to water penetration and the ingress of aggressive chemicals.
This property contributes to increased durability and protection against corrosion of
embedded reinforcement, leading to extended service life and reduced maintenance costs.
2.4. AREAS OF APPLICATION
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) finds wide applications in various fields due to its enhanced
properties and performance. Here are some key areas where FRC is commonly used
(Madhivanan, 2018 & Abeba, 2017):
A. Plain and reinforced concrete: Fiber reinforcement can be incorporated in both plain
concrete (without steel reinforcement) and reinforced concrete (with steel reinforcement) to
improve their mechanical properties and durability. FRC is commonly used in the
construction of structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and walls.
B. Plaster (stucco): FRC can be added to plaster or stucco mixtures to enhance their crack
resistance and impact resistance. This is particularly beneficial in exterior plaster applications
where the surface is exposed to weathering and potential impact damage.
C. Pre-cast concrete productions: FRC is extensively used in the production of pre-cast
concrete elements such as panels, blocks, pipes, and architectural components. The addition
of fibers improves the strength, ductility, and crack resistance of these pre-cast elements.
D. Trenchless constructions: In trenchless construction methods such as pipe jacking and
micro tunneling, FRC can be employed to reinforce the pipes or tunnels. The fibers help to
increase the structural integrity and resistance to external loads during installation and
service.
E. Protective lining: Fiber reinforced concrete linings are used to protect structures from
corrosion, abrasion, and impact. FRC linings are commonly applied in sewage treatment
 plants, water storage tanks, tunnels, and marine structures to provide a durable and protective
barrier.
F. Roofing products: FRC is used in the manufacturing of roofing materials such as tiles,
shingles, and sheets. The addition of fibers improves the strength and crack resistance of
these roofing products, making them more durable and capable of withstanding external
loads and weathering.
2.5. Jute Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Jute fiber reinforced concrete (JFRC) is a type of concrete that incorporates jute fibers as a
reinforcement material. The addition of jute fibers to the concrete mixture enhances its
mechanical properties, particularly in terms of tensile strength and crack resistance. Jute fibers
act as a reinforcement, helping to delay the development of tension fractures and preventing the
formation of cracks in the concrete.
2.5.1. Chemical and physical properties of JTF
Jute fiber, derived from the jute plant's bark, consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and
other minor components. It has a higher cellulose content compared to other natural fibers,
contributing to its greater tensile strength. Jute fiber is composed of cellulose-based crystalline
micro-fibrils held together by lignin and hemicellulose, forming a multi-layer composite. Its
physical characteristics include high tensile strength, bulkiness, sound and heat insulation
properties, poor thermal conductivity, and antistatic capabilities, making it suitable for
specialized applications in technical textiles (Chand & Fahim, 2020).
Jute fiber has a silky texture, an average length of 0.1 inch, and an average diameter of 12 µm.
Its length-to-breadth ratio is approximately 90, and it has a density of 1.48-1.50 g/cm3. The color
of jute fiber varies from yellow to brown to gray, depending on factors such as its stage of
development and retting. Although jute has lower elasticity compared to other fibers, its stiffness
and rigidity allow it to maintain its shape when loaded, making it suitable for uses such as
bagging material.

Sisal Sugarcane
Characteristics Jute fiber Coconut fiber
fiber bagasse fiber
Cellulose content
61–72 66–78 45–55 32–43
(%)
Lignin content (%) 12–13 8–11 19–24 41–45
Crystallinity (%) 60–65 68–70 51–53 27–33
Source (Jamshaid et al, 2022)
Table 1. Details of chemical compositions of different natural fibers.

2.5.2. Fresh concrete properties

A. Workability
The addition of Jute Fiber Textile (JFT) to concrete reduces its flowability and slump properties.
The smaller diameter and large specific surface area of JFT result in decreased flowability.
Higher volume dosage of fibers can lead to "balling," causing stiffness and reduced flowability.
JFT with a smaller aspect ratio has a greater negative impact on slump compared to JFT with a
higher aspect ratio. Additionally, fibers increase water consumption and require more energy for
concrete to flow due to increased friction with aggregates. Overall, fibers have both advantages
and disadvantages in concrete, with a trade-off between enhanced properties and reduced
flowability (Jawad A et al., 2022).

Source (Kalaivani, 2020)

Figure 2.1: Slump flow

2.5.3. Hardened concrete properties

A. Compressive strength (CS)
Adding jute fibers to concrete initially improves compressive strength but decreases it beyond
0.10% due to reduced fluidity (Raval & Kansagra, 2017). Fiber aspect ratio affects strength
negatively. The length and volume of fibers positively impact hardened concrete. Fiber
reinforcement restricts lateral expansion, enhancing compressive strength. Dosages above 2.0%
hinder compaction and weaken the concrete. Optimal fiber content (around 1.5%) improves
mechanical characteristics significantly (Tadepalli, 2013). Compressive strength increases with
fiber percentages, as fibers constrain crack extension and reduce stress concentration. Various
types of fibers have different effects on concrete strength, with wood and coconut fibers
improving it while hemp and banana fibers decrease it.
Adding plant-based natural fibers, including jute, enhances concrete's compressive and tensile
strengths, toughness, cracking behavior, impact resistance, fatigue strength, and strain capacity.
 Fiber bridging prevents deformation and strengthens the concrete. The optimal volume of fiber
enhances the bond between ingredients, while excessive fiber introduction can lead to voids and
reduced compressive strength. The aspect ratio of fibers also influences their distribution in the
concrete mix, affecting its capacity for strength (Zakaria et al, 2015).
B. Split tensile strength (SP)
The split tensile strength (SP) of concrete increases with the addition of jute fibers up to 0.10%
but decreases thereafter due to reduced fluidity. Adding 2.0% fibers by volume can enhance SP
by approximately 40% (Williamson, 1974). Fibers delay tension fractures and contribute to
higher tensile strength in fiber reinforced concrete. Alkali treatment of jute fibers improves their
contact area with epoxy resins and enhances the mechanical properties of composites. Optimum
fiber dosage ranges from 1% to 2% by volume of binder, as higher doses can lead to porous
concrete and negatively impact performance. Different studies recommend specific values
depending on fiber characteristics (Jawad A et al., 2022).

C. Flexure strength (FS)

The flexural strength (FS) of concrete is initially improved by adding jute fibers up to 0.10%, but
further fiber additions decrease FS due to reduced fluidity. The confinement effect of fiber
reinforcement positively impacts FS by reducing transverse deformation and enhancing stiffness.
Alkali treatment of jute fibers can further enhance FS by improving fiber-matrix adhesion.
However, excessive fiber content can lead to compaction difficulties, porous concrete, and
decreased FS. The addition of jute fibers generally increases FS by around 5-10%, depending on
fiber percentages and the age of concrete samples. Hybrid composites with a combination of jute
and sisal fibers can achieve improved FS (Razmi, 2017).
i. Advantages and disadvantages of using jute fiber in construction
 Advantages of using jute fiber in construction:
1. High tensile strength: Jute fibers possess good tensile strength, making them suitable for
reinforcing concrete and other construction materials.
2. Lightweight: Jute fibers are lightweight, which makes them easy to handle and transport,
reducing the overall weight of the construction components.
3. Renewable and biodegradable: Jute is a natural fiber derived from plants, making it a
renewable and environmentally friendly material. It is also biodegradable, contributing to
sustainability in the construction industry.
4. Cost-effective: Jute fibers are relatively inexpensive compared to synthetic fibers,
offering a cost-effective alternative for reinforcement in construction materials.
5. Thermal insulation: Jute fibers have excellent thermal insulation properties, providing
insulation and reducing heat transfer in buildings.
 Disadvantages of using jute fiber in construction:
 1. Susceptible to moisture: Jute fibers have a high moisture absorption rate, which can lead
to dimensional changes and reduced strength when exposed to moisture. This limits their
use in applications where moisture resistance is critical.
2. Limited chemical resistance: Jute fibers are susceptible to degradation when exposed to
certain chemicals, acids, and alkalis. This restricts their use in environments where
chemical resistance is required.
3. Low durability: Compared to synthetic fibers, jute fibers have lower durability and may
undergo degradation over time, particularly under harsh weather conditions.
4. Limited availability and quality control: The availability and quality of jute fibers may
vary, which can pose challenges in ensuring consistent and reliable performance in
construction applications.
5. Limited application range: Jute fibers are mainly suitable for non-load-bearing and non-
structural applications. They may not provide sufficient strength for high-stress structural
elements.
2.6. Asnakech Prefabricated House
The Asnakech Prefabricated House in Ethiopia is an innovative housing project led by
entrepreneur Engineer Brhanu. This initiative aims to construct houses using a unique
construction technique that combines jute (kacha) fibers and concrete. Notably, the construction
method avoids the need for grade beams, columns, and top tie beams.
The technology used in the Asnakech Prefabricated House has received approval from a group of
engineers and experts hailing from various universities and government offices. Their
endorsement signifies that the construction approach has been evaluated and deemed suitable for
building houses.
The proponents of this project believe that the utilization of jute and concrete mixtures, along
with the elimination of traditional structural components, holds the potential to address Ethiopia's
housing challenges effectively. By implementing this innovative approach, they aim to provide
affordable and efficient housing solutions. Asnakech Prefabricated House project represents an
entrepreneurial effort to tackle housing problems in Ethiopia. Through the expertise and support
of engineers, experts, and government institutions.
2.7. Summary of the Literature
 Jute fiber reinforced concrete (JFRC) is a type of fiber reinforced concrete that utilizes jute
fibers as a reinforcement material. Jute fibers are derived from plants belonging to the
Corchorus genus in the Tiliaceae family. JFRC has gained attention as a promising material
for concrete composites due to the abundance and low cost of jute fibers.
 Jute fibers possess desirable properties such as high tensile strength, soundproofing
capabilities, ultraviolet protection, and antibacterial qualities, making them well-suited for
outdoor applications. They have a unique pentagonal or hexagonal cross-sectional shape and
exhibit excellent mechanical properties, ranking just below bamboo, Maguey, and
Lechuguila fibers in terms of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.
 The addition of jute fibers to concrete enhances its strength, impact resistance, and cracking
resistance. JFRC meets the structural requirements of commercial materials while remaining
cost-effective. It is considered a significant biodegradable natural fiber that offers high
specific characteristics, affordability, ease of availability, and environmental friendliness for
composite materials.
 Compared to other natural fibers such as coconut and sugarcane fibers, jute fibers possess
inherently superior mechanical qualities. They are approximately seven times lighter than
steel fibers and have a tensile strength of 250-300 MPa, making them suitable for various
applications. Researchers have studied the impact of short discrete jute fibers and long
continuous jute fibers on the failure and impact characteristics of cementitious composites,
and the results have shown positive improvements.
 Jute fiber reinforced concrete falls under the category of natural fiber reinforced concrete
(NFRC), which utilizes fibers derived from plants. NFRC offers an alternative to artificial
fiber reinforced concrete (AFRC), which utilizes synthetic or metallic fibers. Both types have
their own advantages and applications. AFRC, such as steel fiber reinforced concrete and
glass fiber reinforced concrete, exhibit specific properties that enhance the performance of
concrete in different ways.

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