See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/328654898

Structural and Material Characterization of a Haussmann Building

Article in Urbanism. Architecture. Constructions · October 2018

CITATIONS READS

8 3,871

4 authors:

Rui Silva Cardoso Jorge Pinto

Groupe STEBAT, Albertville, France Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
31 PUBLICATIONS 115 CITATIONS 185 PUBLICATIONS 1,461 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Anabela Paiva João Carlos Gonçalves Lanzinha

Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
98 PUBLICATIONS 1,384 CITATIONS 173 PUBLICATIONS 503 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Rui Silva Cardoso on 01 November 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Structural and Material Characterization of a Haussmann
Construcţii Building • R. Cardoso, A. Paiva, J. Pinto, J. Lanzinha

STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

A HAUSSMANN BUILDING

Rui CARDOSO
PhD Eng, C-Made, Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, Beira
Interior University, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal,
email: jcardoso@ubi.pt

Anabela PAIVA
Associate Professor, PhD, Engineering Department, Trás-os Montes e Alto
Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal,
email: apaiva@utad.pt

Jorge PINTO
Assistant Professor, PhD, Engineering Department, Trás-os Montes e Alto
Douro University,5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal,
email: tiago@utad.pt

João LANZINHA
Assistant Professor, PhD, C-Made, Civil Engineering and Architecture
Department, Beira Interior University, Covilhã, Portugal,
email: jcgl@ubi.pt

Abstract. Haussmann buildings are representative of Paris urban

architecture. However, those buildings being centenarians, present several
pathologies which is preventing their adequate use. Moreover, an upgrade
regarding users security, acoustic, thermal and fire requirements is, among
others, urgently needed to meet the new standards. Additionally, there is
actually, in Paris, an increasing demand for hotel rooms. For those previous
reasons, Haussmann buildings are nowadays submitted to heavy
operations relative to use changes, conservation, rehabilitation and
strengthening. In this paper, a structural and material characterization of a
Haussmann building complex located at La Madeleine in Paris is
presented. This characterization is the result of a survey realized during the
construction stage occurred between 2015 and 2017, relative to use change,
rehabilitation and strengthening. The present study allows identifying the
existing structural system, the materials and the geometry of the principal
structural elements. The knowledge from this study would be very useful
for the development of sustainable rehabilitation and strengthening
techniques and at the same time helping to preserve this important heritage
or similar ones existing in other countries.

Key words: Haussmann buildings, rehabilitation, structural

characterization, sustainable construction.

347
 • Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 9 • Nr. 4 • 2018

1. Introduction complex implantation and Fig. 2 shows a

A huge quantity of use changes and front view of the existing Haussmann
rehabilitation works are being done façade before the intervention.
actually in Paris Haussmann buildings. In
fact, those buildings are aging rapidly,
since built or rebuilt around the 19th
century (Jordan, 2004; Keegan et al., 2017),
presenting nowadays a very poor state of
conservation and several pathologies
adversely affect their main structure.
Besides, the regulations regarding
structural and fire safety, thermal and
sound insulation (Ter Minassian, 2011),
among others, have changed since those
buildings were built, therefore an
Fig. 1. Aerial view.
upgrade is necessary to meet the new
standards. Furthermore, the
environmental issue related to energy
consumption for cooling and heating
make them obsolete. Beyond that,
Haussmann buildings are representative
of the Paris architecture (Jordan, 2015;
Jomber, 1764), the construction
techniques associated were used until the
introduction of concrete and steel in the
20th century. It is therefore of vital
importance to preserve and protect this
heritage and demolition can´t be a Fig. 2. Front view.
solution. Additionally, there is a huge
demand for hotel rooms in the city of This article is original since the material
Paris due to a growing tourism activity. and structural characterization is realized
All the reasons presented previously from a structural engineering point of
justify the urgent need to realize view and is based in investigations
rehabilitation, strengthening and realized in site during the rehabilitation
underpinning works. and strengthening stage.

This article is devoted to characterizing This article is supported by several

the main structure and the construction
materials of a Haussmann building
complex (Lepoutre, 2010), located at La
Madeleine near the Saint Marie
Madeleine Church, subject to heavy a
transformation, rehabilitation,
strengthening and underpinning works
between 2015 and 2017, with the main
objective to turn it in 54 rooms’ hotel. The
Fig. 1 shows an aerial view of the
photographies and an assessment of the
geometric characteristics of the structural
elements was realized and a foundation
inestigation was performed. Besides, the
first author was also the rehabilitation,
strengthening and underpinning project
designer during the construction stage.
We believe this article will allow to better
understand the materials and the
structural behavior of Haussmann

348

Construcţii
buildings allowing to better identify the
best sustainable rehabilitation,
strengthening and underpinning
techniques (Tuppurainen, 1990; Versaci,
2016), that should be applied to other
Haussmann buildings or similar
buildings around the world. This article
is structured as follow: first the
Haussmann complex is defined,
secondly, the main structure, the ceiling,
the floors, the walls, the basement floor
and the foundations are characterized
and simultaneously data related to the
materials and to the geometry are given.
Finally, conclusions relative to the
characterization results and sustainable
building issues are presented.
2. The Haussmann building complex
The building complex is constituted by
two Haussmann buildings, built between
1830 and 1841. Malesherbes building on
the left and Madeleine building on the
right, Fig. 1. Malesherbes building as a
gross floor area of 365 m2 and 7 stories
and Madeleine building as a gross floor
area 416 m2 and 6 stories. Fig. 3 shows
Malesherbes and Madeleine buildings
facades viewed from Malesherbes
Boulevard, this is a typical Haussmann
facade.
Fig. 3. Malesherbes and Madeleine building
façade.
The ground floor of the two buildings is
for commercial use and the basement is
349
Structural and Material Characterization of a Haussmann
Building • R. Cardoso, A. Paiva, J. Pinto, J. Lanzinha
used as storage and to the technical
equipment, the others floors are used for
offices and housing. The main
Haussmann facades are made of dressed
stone (Corradi et al, 2003), excluding the
two upper floors which are made with a
timber frame solution. The facades
located in the backside are made with a
timber frame or steel frame solution. Fig.
4 presents an elevation of the building
complex.
Fig. 4. Building complex elevation.
Fig. 4 shows also that structural elements
are aligned along vertical lines, a
demonstration of the simplicity
associated with the resistant structures of
that period.
3. Description of the existing structure
It is a composite structure conceived
essentially with local materials (Tavares
et al., 2014). The materials used for the
facades are dressed stone (Binda et al.,
2000); timber for the floors (Branco et al.,
2011), for some beams, for the interior
timber frame walls and for the stairs;
limestone rubble for the timber frame
infill; ceramic bricks for some interior
walls, a plaster revetment for the walls
 • Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 9 • Nr. 4 • 2018

and ceiling cover. Nevertheless, some Fig. 6. At the ground floor level, the
floors are realized with metallic IAO timber frame wall is interrupted and
profiles, being in some cases supported supported by masonry columns.
by a metallic beam structure, a plaster
infill is present between the IAO profiles. During the investigations the width and
Cast-iron is present in some ground floor the thickness of the posts and also the
columns of Madeleine building. The thickness of the plaster revetment relative
ground floor is supported by the to timber frame walls was evaluated.
limestone masonry vaults and the
limestone masonry walls of the basement
floor as illustrated in Fig. 4 (Schmid and
Testa, 1969).

3.1. The facades

The facades existing prior to the
advent of Haussmann buildings were
made of timber frame structure with
limestone rubble (Rowland, 1999). The
Haussmann facades of this building
complex, Fig. 4, are made with a 55 cm
width dressed stones (Quelhas et al., Fig. 5. Clay bricks infill.
2014) supported by the limestone walls
located beneath them, on the basement Eight timber frame walls located at the
floor. The last story of Madeleine facade, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th floor of Malesherbes
under the ceiling, in made of a timber building and two timber frame walls
frame structure, as the two uppers stories located at the 4th and 5th floor of
of Malesherbes building. For both Madeleine building were analyzed.
facades, the last storey is made of a
curved timber frame structure. The
backside facades are, from the bottom to
the top made of a timber frame structure
full with limestone rubble or a metallic
frame structure full with bricks.

3.2. The interior walls

Along the Haussmann building complex,
there is an interior timber frame wall
going parallel to the main facades and Fig. 6. Limestone rubble infill.
approximately located at the middle
distance between the front and the Table 1. Timber framing elements dimensions.
backside facade. This interior timber Building (A) (B) (C) (D)
frame wall supports the floors. The other Malesherbes 9-18 10-13 13-29 3-6/3-7
solution present in this building complex Madeleine 8-10 10-11 14 6/5
to the interior walls consists of a clay
brick masonry. The timber frame The results, presented in Table 1, indicate
structure is made of oak tree with an infill that the posts have a width (A) that varies
of clay bricks, Fig. 5 or limestone rubble, 9 to 18 cm with a mean value equal to

350

Construcţii
13.3 cm, a thickness (B) that varies from
10 cm and 13 mm and a mean value equal
to 11.4 mm, the spacing (C) between the
posts varies from 13 cm to 29 cm width a
mean value equal to 19.5 cm. The plaster
thickness (D) existing in each face of the
walls varies between 3 and 7 cm with a
mean value equal to 4 cm.
It is interesting to compare this typology
of interior walls with tabique walls
typology present in the Alto Douro Wine
Region, in Portugal (Cardoso, 2013;
Cardoso et al., 2011; Cardoso et al., 2015a)
or similares ones in Turkey. In fact, the
timber structure is similar but the infill is
completely different, Haussmann interior
walls are filled with limestone rubble or
clay bricks while tabique walls are filled
by an earth-based material (Cardoso and
Pinto, 2015b). There is no dough, the
solution adopted is dependent on the
existing local raw material (Hegyi et al.,
2016).
Furthermore, in Madeleine building,
seven perforated brick walls were
analyzed, located at the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th
floor. In Table 2, the brick wall thickness
(A) and the plaster revetment thickness
(B) existing in each face are indicated.
Table 2. Brick walls dimensions.
Building (A) (B)
Madeleine 15-22 2-4/2-5
The average value thickness of the walls
is equal to 17.3 cm while the average
plaster thickness value is equal to 3.1 cm.
3.3. The floors
The site observations realized during the
rehabilitation works allowed identifying
two types of floors. Timber floor joists
(Branco et al., 2014), Fig. 7, and floors
realized with metallic IAO profiles, the
existing metallic profiles prior to the
351
Structural and Material Characterization of a Haussmann
Building • R. Cardoso, A. Paiva, J. Pinto, J. Lanzinha
actual IPE/IPN profiles. Malesherbes
building has only timber floors while
Madeleine building has timber floor joists
until the second floor. The uppers floors
of Madeleine building are made with
metallic IAO profiles, this distribution
clearly indicates a technical evolution
from timber floors to metallic floors.
Fig. 7. Timber floor view.
It is possible to verify that the timber
floor joists (Biscaia et al., 2017) do not
have more the required resistance and
stiffness to safely carry the loads (Adem
et al., 2006). Several beams present high
deformations or have extensive cracks. A
weakening due to attacks by wood-eating
insects and fungi is also evident (Murta et
al., 2011). Furthermore, the floorboards
are clearly deformed by the normal
decay.
The timber beams are made of massif
oak. The floors are made with resistant
timber beams, below the beams and
attached to it there is the floor ceiling
made with laths and plaster and under
the beams, laths and a mortar layer
support the floorboard revetment, as
shown in Fig. 8.
The analysis of several timber floor joists
allows for identifying different typologies
along the same floor and along the
stories. We identified more than sixteen
types of floors, varying the dimensions of
 • Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 9 • Nr. 4 • 2018
the timber beams and their spacing. The
results indicate that the spacing (L)
between beams varies 16 to 30 cm, the
width (B) of the beams varies between 7
cm and 12 cm and can exceptionally
reach 24 cm and finally, the beam height
(H) varies from 15 cm to 26 cm.
L hotel use.
H
B The Table 3 is relative to the cross-section
Fig. 8. Timber floor detail.
Starting on the 3 rd floor of Madeleine
building, the floors are realized with
metallic beams constituted of IAO cross-
sections, Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Metallic floor view.
Between those beams, plaster elements
(augets) are set and plaster joist
(lambourdes) support the floorboards, Fig.
10.
Fig. 10. Metallic floor detail.
352
Regarding the metallic IAO profiles, the
site observations indicated high
deflections and plaster cover
deterioration. Furthermore, the design
calculations also indicate that those floors
do not have the necessary resistance to
withstand the new heavier loads rising
from the actual regulations, according to
EN 1991-1-1, and due to the projected
The dimensions of IAO profiles located
on 3rd, 4rd and 5rd floor were analysed.
dimensions results. The flanges width (A)
of the IAO profiles is equal to 6 cm, the
height (B) to 16 cm and the spacing (C)
between beams varies from 58 to 63 cm.
Table 3. IAO cross-section dimensions.
Floor (A) (B) (C)
3rd 6 16 63
4th 6 16 60
5th 6 16 58
Beyond that tensile tests ordered to
Veritas office regarding IAO cross-section
beams indicated a tensile yield strength
varying from 258 MPa and 283 MPa and
a Young modulus varying from 179 to
187 GPa. These results indicate that the
metallic profiles still present good
mechanical characteristics, in fact, the
actual minimum tensile yield strength for
metallic profiles is 360 Mpa and the
Young modulus is 200 GPa, according to
EN 1993-1-1:2. The plaster infill The
protection given by the existing plaster
infill around the metallic profiles
certainly justifies those values (Cardoso et
al., 2016).
3.4. The basement
This building complex has one basement
floor, Fig. 11. This floor is realized with
limestone masonry vaults supported by
 Structural and Material Characterization of a Haussmann
Construcţii Building • R. Cardoso, A. Paiva, J. Pinto, J. Lanzinha

interior and exterior limestone rubble

masonry walls with a thickness equal to
80 cm. Fig. 11, shows the vaults existing
in the basement. This was, at that time,
the main structural system since concrete
hasn´t been yet discovered and because
timber elements could not be used due to
basement high humidity levels.

Fig. 13. Foundation wall 2.

The depth of those foundations walls

varies between 15 cm and 1 meter.
Besides, some walls have limestone
masonry or concrete strip footings to
support them, in those cases, the footings
Fig. 11. The basement vaults. have a height varying between 3 cm and
40 cm, Fig. 14.
3.5. The foundations
In order to identify the foundations, a
survey was realized in three foundation
points of investigations. The foundations
were manually dug with a shovel, to a
depth between 0,40 and 1,20 meters, Fig.
12.

Fig. 14. Strip footing.

In those cases, the width extending

beyond the walls internal surface varies
between 4 and 13 cm.

4. Sustainability versus rehabilitation

Fig. 12. Foundation wall 1.
The results clearly indicated that the
foundations of the building complexes
are usually obtained by extending the
limestone rubble masonry walls below
the ground, Fig. 13.
and strengthening techniques design
There is growing consensus among
organizations that appropriate actions are
needed to make building construction
more sustainable (Tweed and Sutherland,
2007). Besides, the sustainable building
approach (Akadiri et al., 2012) has a high

353
 • Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 9 • Nr. 4 • 2018
potential to make a valuable contribution
to sustainable development, therefore
buildings should be designed to reduce
the overall impact of the built
environment (Legian et al., 2018), on
human health and the natural
environment. The use of raw and local
materials in existing structures (Cardoso
et al., 2017), as Haussmann buildings,
clearly indicate a sustainable choice of
materials (Lopes et al., 2017), since local
materials are in general lower in
embodied energy and toxicity than man-
made materials requiring less processing
and being less damaging to the
environment (Moatassem et al., 2018),
wood, for instance, is theoretically
renewable material. When those
materials are incorporated into building
products, the products become more
sustainable (Pinto et al., 2011).
Furthermore, often, local materials are
better suited to climatic conditions.
When, for any reason, rehabilitation and
strengthening works are undertaken (Li,
2014), the design techniques should
optimize the use of locally-available
materials (Saradj et al., 2017), and
maintain, by reusing, the biggest part of
existing raw material structures (Pinto et
al., 2012). For the Haussmann building
complex here characterized, the
investigations undertaken during the
construction stage have shown that
strengthening the floors by connecting to
the main structure a concrete slab was the
adopted solution (Cardoso, 2018).
Besides, some structural elements were
maintained, as the dressed stone main
facade and a few timber frame walls.
5. Conclusions
The investigations realized during the
construction in a Haussmann building
complex, have shown that the materials
are: limestone rubble, wood, plaster, steel
and cast-iron with a predominant use of
354
raw and local materials. Five solutions
were found for the walls, which are: a
timber frame with infill, a metallic frame
with infill, brick masonry, dressed stone
or limestone rubble masonry. The floors
are made from timber joists or metallic
IAO profiles. The foundations are
essentially obtained by extending the
basement walls under the ground and
sometimes a strip footing can be
observed. Several limestone rubble
masonry vaults are placed in the
basement floor, these vaults support the
ground floor level. The resistant structure
is very simple, with the structural
elements aligned along vertical lines. The
investigations allowed also to verify that
this building complex is very damaged
by the normal material decay.
Deformations and cracks are visible in the
floors, in the timber stairs, on the walls
and there is water infiltration in the
basement. The actual regulations
regarding structural and fire safety,
thermal and soundproof insulation,
persons with disabilities are no longer
respected. The rehabilitation works
realized will eliminate those pathologies
and enhanced, by strengthening
techniques, among others, their
mechanical characteristics regarding
current standards.
The organizations worldwide are being
faced with sustainable concerns, therefore
strengthening and rehabilitation
techniques design should reuse the most
quantity of existing materials in order to
minimize waste material, pollution and
maximize energy saving, preserving this
building heritage in a sustainable way.
This approach should be the scope of
further studies. If the right choices related
to rehabilitation and strengthening
techniques are proposed, the final
product will achieve a high sustainability
degree, associating rehabilitation and

Construcţii
strengthening works with sustainable
construction, a different scenario that the
one which is nowadays associated with
the concrete and metal-based building
industry.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the site
technical support from Julien Dequeker,
site engineer and Paulo Oliveira site
manager, both from Vinci Construction,
France.
Funding
This research was supported by
Portuguese national funds by FCT –
Foundation for Science and Technology,
I.P., within the UID / ECI / 04082/2013
project.
REFERENCES
Adem D., İskender T. Ö., Ramazan L., Ramazan
A. (2006), Traditional wooden buildings and
their damages during earthquakes in Turkey,
Engineering Failure Analysis 13: 981–996.
Akadiri P. O., Chinyio E. A., Olomalaiye P. O.
(2012), Design of sustainable buildings: A
conceptual framework for implementing
sustainability in the building sector,
Buildings 2(1): 126-152.
Binda L., Saisi A., Tiraboschi C. (2000),
Investigation procedures for the diagnosis of
historic masonries, Construction and
Building Materials 14(4): 199–233.
Biscaia H.C., Chastre C., Cruz D., Franco N.
(2017), Flexural strengthening of old timber
floors with laminated carbon fiber-reinforced
polymers, Journal of Composites for
Construction 21(1): 04016073.
Branco J. M., Piazza M., Cruz P. J. S. (2011),
Experimental evaluation of different
strengthening techniques of traditional timber
connections, Engineering Structures 33(8):
2259–2270.
Branco J. M., Tomasi R. (2014), Analysis and
Strengthening of Timber Floors and Roofs, In:
Costa A., Guedes J., Varum H. (Eds.)
Structural Rehabilitation of Old Buildings.
Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol 2.
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 235-258.
Cardoso R., Paiva A., Pinto J., Murta A., Varum
H., Nunes L., Ramos L. (2011), Building
355
Structural and Material Characterization of a Haussmann
Building • R. Cardoso, A. Paiva, J. Pinto, J. Lanzinha
details of a tabique dwelling in Trás-os-
Montes e Alto Douro region. In: 12th
International Conference on Durability of
Building Materials and Components, Porto,
Portugal, pp. 729–736.
Cardoso R. (2013), Tabique construction
characterization in Lamego and Alto Douro
[in Portuguese], Doctoral Dissertation,
Beira Interior University, Portugal.
Cardoso R., Pinto J., Paiva A., Lanzinha J. C.
(2015a), Tabique walls typologies and building
details in The Alto Douro Wine Region,
WSEAS Transactions on Environment and
Development 11(1): 95-107.
Cardoso R., Pinto J., (2015b), Tabique walls
composite earth based material
characterization in the Alto Douro Wine
Region, Portugal, Constructii Journal of
Civil Engineering Research 16(2): 3-11.
Cardoso R., Paiva A., Pinto J., Lanzinha J. C.
(2016), Characterization of tabique wall nails
of the Alto Douro Wine Region, Open
Engineering 6(1): 446-454.
Cardoso R., Pinto J., Paiva A., Lanzinha J. C.
(2017), Earth-based material field tests
characterization in The Alto Douro Region,
Open Engineering 7(1): 435-443.
Cardoso R. (2018), Haussmann Structural Floors
Repairs and Strengthening Techniques, KTU-
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and
Civil Engineering (in press).
Corradi M., Borri A., Vignoli A. (2003),
Experimental study on the determination of
strength of masonry walls, Construction and
Building Materials 17(5): 325–337.
Hegyi A., Dico C., Călătan G. (2016), Construction
sustainability with adobe bricks type elements,
Urbanism Architecture Constructions
7(2): 147-156.
Jomber C. (1764), Moderne Architecture or the good
construction art for all types of persons [in
French], Tome premier de la construction,
Librairie du Génie et de l´Artillerie, rue
Dauphine Notre-Dame, Paris, France.
Jordan D. P. (2004), Haussmann and
Haussmannisation: The legacy for Paris,
French Historical Studies 27(1): 87-112.
Jordan D. P. (2015), Paris Haussmann and after,
Jounal of Urban History 41(3): 541-549.
Keegan E., Meffre R., Marchand Y. (2017),
Haussmann stories Paris chartier-corbasson
architectes, Architect 106(7): 147-151.
Legian R., Ciutina A., Ungureanu V. (2018),
Sustainable Design of a Light Steel
Structure, Acta Technica Napocensis:
Civil Engineering & Architecture 61(1):
79-90.
 • Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 9 • Nr. 4 • 2018
Lepoutre D. (2010), History of a haussmann-design
apartment building in Paris: Inhabitant
categories and intra-building relations in a
bourgeois milieu [in French], Revue
Francaise de Sociologie 51(2): 321-358.
Li Z. J. (2014), Strengthening Design of an Existing
Old Masonry Building, Applied Mechanics
and Materials 578-579: 1332-1337.
Lopes A. C., Farinha J., Amado M. (2017)
Sustainability through Art, Energy Procedia
119: 752-766.
Moatassem A., Boateng A., Khaled E. (2018),
Maximizing sustainability of existing
buildings within limited upgrade budgets,
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
45(9): 705-716.
Murta A., Varum H., Pinto J., Ramos L., Cunha V.,
Cardoso R., Nunes L. (2011), Aging effect on
the integrity of traditional Portuguese timber
roof structures, in: 12th International
Conference on Durability of Building Materials
and Components, Porto, Portugal, pp. 1073–
1080.
Pinto J., Cruz D., Paiva A., Pereira S., Tavares P.,
Fernandes L., Varum H. (2012),
Characterization of corn cob as a possible raw
building material, Construction and
Building Materials 34: 28–33.
Pinto J., Paiva A., Varum H., Costa A., Cruz D.,
Pereira S., Fernandes L., Tavares P.,
Agarwal J. (2011), Corn`s cob as a potential
ecological thermal insulation material,
Energy and Buildings 43(8):1985–1990.
Quelhas B., Cantini L., Guedes J.M., da Porto F.,
Almeida C. (2014), Characterization and
Reinforcement of Stone Masonry Walls, in:
Costa A., Guedes J., Varum H. (Eds.)
Structural Rehabilitation of Old Buildings.
Received: 19 September 2018 • Revised: 19 October 2018 • Accepted: 20 October 2018
Article distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
356
View publication stats
Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol
2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 131-
156.
Rowland I. (1999), Vitruvius Ten Books on
Architecture, commentary and illustration
by Howe Thomas Noble, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Saradj F. M., Pilakoutas K., Hajirasouliha I.
(2017), Prioritization of interventions for
strengthening architectural heritage,
Urbanism Architecture Constructions
8(3): 283-298.
Schmid T., Testa C. (1969), Systems Building: an
international survey of methods Architecture,
Pall Mall Press, London, pp. 25–31.
Tavares A., D’Ayala D., Costa A., Varum H.
(2014), Construction Systems, In: Costa A.,
Guedes J., Varum H. (Eds.) Structural
Rehabilitation of Old Buildings. Building
Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol 2.
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1-36.
Ter Minassian H. (2011), The thermal rehabilitation
of the old buildings of Paris: How to conciliate
protection of urban heritage and energetic
performance [in French], CyberGeo 16: 536.
Tuppurainen, Yrjoe K. (1990), Rehabilitation
analysis. Quality criteria for the assessment of
the condition of buildings to be renovated,
Batiment international, Building Research
& Practice 18(4): 250-256.
Tweed C., Sutherland M. (2007), Built cultural
heritage and sustainable urban development,
Landscape and Urban planning 83(1): 62-
69.
Versaci A. (2016), The evolution of urban heritage
concept in France, between conservation and
rehabilitation programs, Procedia Social and
Behavioral Sciences 225(1): 3- 14.