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Κ =     E  !  Κ 




• u ∈ L( E ), a ≠ 0, (a, b) ∈ K 2  v = au + bId E   SpΚ (v) = {µ = aλ + b | λ ∈ SpΚ (v)} 


• u ∈ L( E ), λ1 ,..., λ p          Eλi (u )  
•            u !!" 
• (u , v) ∈ ( L( E )) 2 , u  v = v  u   Im(u )  Ker (u )      u  "  v 
• 0 ∈ SpΚ (u ) ⇔ u  #  E0 (u ) = Ker (u ) 
• ∀(u , v) ∈ ( L( E )) 2 , Ker (u ) ⊂ Ker (v  u )  Im(v  u ) ⊂ Im(v) 
•   u ∈ L ( E ), R ∈ Κ[ Χ ]  λ ∈ SpΚ (u )   R (λ ) ∈ SpΚ ( R (u )) $  R ( SpΚ (u )) ⊂ SpΚ ( R (u )) 
•       %& A1 ,..., An ∈ Κ[ Χ ]  !!   & 
n n
Ker ((∏ Ai )(u )) = ⊕ Ker ( Ai (u )) 
i =1
i =1

"! E #$  Κ 

• ! "" ' %(  )
• u ∈ L( E ) * "
⇔ E       u 
⇔ +      *  E 
⇔ ∃B ",      u 
⇔ + %(  ) u   Κ[ Χ]  ∀λ ∈ SpΚ (u )  
      λ  *  %(  ) u 
⇔ -& %(  Κ[ Χ]    u 
•  dim( E ) = n  u ∈ L ( E )  n       u * " 
* "       
• u  * " ⇔ + %(  ) u   Κ[ Χ] 
• M ∈ M n ()   ⇔ Sp ( M ) = {0} ./0 Κ =  
•  %%1 ,   %(  )$    u  E 
  u  M ∈ M n (Κ ), PM ( M ) = 0 


%  &!'  !




"  E  &!'  !




• - *  % 2 3 ∀ ( x, y ) ∈ E


2
, < x | y > ≤ x y ,*  {x, y}  

 
• - * 45 25 ∀ ( x, y ) ∈ E
2
, x+ y ≤ x + y 
p 2 p 2

•  6% * 6   %   *  ( x1 ,..., x p )  ¦x


i =1
i = ¦ xi 
i =1
2 2 2
7$ ) xi ⊥ x j ⇔ xi + x j = xi + x j 
2 2 2 2 2
• -    *  ∀( x, y ) ∈ E , x + y + x − y = 2( x + y ) 
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
• .     ∀( x, y ) ∈ E , x| y =
( x+ y − x − y ) = ( x+ y − x− y )
2 4

•  F     E  E = F ⊕ F  E   
dim( E ) = dim( F ) + dim( F ⊥ ) 
•   #   *    F     p  #   *  

F    F 

 F = Ker ( p ) 
! y = p ( x) ⇔ ( y ∈ F  x − y ∈ F ⊥ ) 
8+ x ∈ E  F   F  p ( x )  x − p ( x) = inf x − y 
y∈F
p
9 ( f1 ,..., f p ) "     F  ∀x ∈ E , p ( x) = ¦ x | fi f i 
i =1

¦
2 2
• - * : ( xi )i∈I  ( I ⊂      ) %      E   ∀x ∈ E , x | xi ≤ x 
i∈I

"! E #$  Κ 


•  $    ;    B = (u1 ,..., un ) ") )$ E -
&)"     B′ = (e1 ,..., en ) )
 ∀k ∈[1, n] , Ek = Vect (u1 ,..., uk ) = Vect (e1 ,..., ek ) 
" ∀k ∈ [1, n ] , ek | uk > 0 
• u ∈ O( E ) 
⇔ u     < 
⇔ u ∈ GL( E )  u * = u −1 
⇔ +$*  u $"    "    
•  M ∈ O ( n), Sp ( M ) ⊂ {−1, +1}  det( M ) = ±1 
*
• ∀u ∈ L ( E ), ∃!u ∈ L ( E ), ∀( x, y ) ∈ E
2
, u ( x) | y = x | u * ( y )  u * $#  u  "
    B  M B (u
*
) = t M B (u ) 
• ∀u ∈ L ( E ), Ker (u
*
) = Im(u ) ⊥  Im(u * ) = Ker (u ) ⊥ 
*
•    E  u ∈ L ( E ) %  ) u = u   u * "   
u  !!  * &&"     E       u  u '  
"*     
M ∈ M n ( )  t M = M      M     M * "
∃P ∈ O (n), ∃D = Diag (λ1 ,..., λn )  λi ∈  ) M = PDP −1 = PD t P 7) M   * "





 !
• =   ) )  
  ϕ  "  %  )  E  B = (e1 ,..., en ) " E  A = ( ai , j ) ∈ M n (  )  >
ai , j = ϕ (ei , e j )   ϕ ( x, y ) = t XAY = tYAX  > X  Y         &

%" B  Ÿ ϕ ( x, y ) = ¦
1≤i , j ≤ n
ai , j xi y j 

+ %  )  A   ϕ   φ " B 


n
!6    %  )  A &) "  %  ) ϕ      A 
n
 " )  
t
8 B  B′  !" E  P : B → B′   A′ = PAP 


( !)*' ) !




• +*    


n
  k  > n ∧ k = 1     "$ 
n
, +, ×  ( )
-% ϕ ( n) = Card {k |1 ≤ k ≤ n  k ∧ n = 1} 
•  +* *  G *   a ∈ G 
+$   a  Card (G ) =| G | 
!+$  $ *  G $   G 
•      $   a, a ∈  - Κ [ Χ ] 
•    ⇔ n   
n
   ( m, n) ∈ (  ) , m ∧ n = 1    ×  
* 2
•      
n m mn
?$ > ϕ ( mn) = ϕ ( m) × ϕ ( n) 
*
• 6 .  n ∈  
 k ∧ n = 1, n | k
ϕ (n)
− 1    k ϕ ( n ) ≡ 1[ n ] 
! p    ∀k ∈ , k p ≡ k [ p ]   p | k p − k 


 +


  # ,


E  ! ##!  ! ##$#!  un ∈ E  !


 E =    

n
1 − q n+1
•  *   ) q ∈   S n = ¦ qk =  q ≠ 1  n + 1  q = 1 
k =0 1− q
+∞
1 +∞
q n +1
¦ q k   * ⇔  ( Sn )n∈   * ⇔  q < 1   ¦ q k = k =0 1− q
 Rn = ¦ q =
k = n +1
k

1− q


•  ¦u n   *  un → 0 


n →+∞

1
•  = ¦ nα   * ⇔  α >1
+∞ +∞
•  ¦ un "   * ¦ un   *  ¦ un   * ¦ un ≤ ¦ u n 
n =0 n=0

 8
•  un ∈   un ≥ 0    n 3*   ¦ un "   * ⇔  ¦ un   *
•    * un = an+1 − an , ¦ un   * ⇔  (an ) n∈   *7
+∞

¦u
n =0
n = − a0 + lim a p 
p →+∞

r
• #   ¦ un "   * ⇔  ∃M ≥ 0, ∀r ∈ , ¦ uk ≤ M  k =0

•          +∞  un = O(vn )  


 ¦ v "   * Ÿ  ¦ u "   *
n n

! ¦ u  * Ÿ  ¦ v  *


n n

•   $ ) u  v  ¦ u "   * ⇔ ¦ v


n n n n "   *
+∞
• + !   *  *+ $   *$  *
 *7    )  !  *   
• = *=   
1
   α > 1  un = O( α
)   lim (nα un ) = 0   ¦ un "   *   *
n n →+∞

1
! = O(un )   ¦ un  *
n
• = *?$"     ) un ∈  $& n0 ∈   l ∈  + ) ∀n ≥ n0 , un ≠ 0 

un +1
lim = l ≥ 0  
n →+∞ un
 0 ≤ l < 1  ¦ un "   *? l < k < 1  un = O(k n ) 
! l > 1  lim un = +∞ ? 1 < k < l  k n = O(un ) 
n →+∞

8 l = 1    


• = *     **"   $ )
7  un ≥ 0  vn ∈ E 
 ¦u n   * vn = o(un )   ¦ vn "   * Rn −1 (v) = ¦ vk = o( Rn−1 (u )) 
k ≥n
n
" ¦u n  * vn = o(un )   Vn = ¦ vk = o(U n ) 
k =0

!4'  o ↔ O 
7  un ≥ 0    n 3*  vn ∈  
8¦ u   * u  v   R (u )  R (v)  @
n n
+∞
n n
+∞
n

" ¦ u  * u  v   U  V   +∞ 


n n n n n
+∞ +∞

•     u ∈   u = ( −1) u  ( u )


n n
n
n n → 0     ¦ un 
n∈ n →+∞

  *
+∞
 ¦u
n =0
n * u0  = u0 ≥ 0 
+∞
! ∀n ∈ , Rn = ¦u
k = n +1
k ≤ un +1 
+∞
8 ∀( p, q ) ∈ 
2
,U 2 p +1 ≤ U ≤ U 2 q  > U = ¦ uk 
k =0

 9
+∞
7  * ∀n ∈ , un = (−1) n+1 un   U = ¦ un ≤ 0  #  * u0  U 2 p +1 ≥ U 2 q 
n =0

•     < *  f :  + →     &      + 
 
k +1 k
 ∀k ≥ 1, ³ f (t )dt ≤ f (k ) ≤ ³ f (t )dt 
k k −1
+∞ n
! ¦ f (k )  ³ 0
f (t )dt  '   *   wn = − f (n) + ³
n −1
f (t )dt  n ∈ * 
n

¦ f (k ) = ³
n
  * ∃C ∈ , ∀n ∈ , f (t )dt + C + o(1) 
0
k =0


% -) '!

1
a > 0 $. a = 1   e /
2

dt+∞ 1
³
1
• α
  * ⇔ α > 1 ⇔ α ∈ L ([ a, +∞[) 
ta t
a dt 1
• ³ α   * ⇔ α < 1 ⇔ α ∈ L (]0, a ]) 
1
0 t t
+∞ 1
• I (λ ) = ³ e − λt dt   * ⇔  λ > 0 7  I (λ ) = 
0 λ
b b b b
• ?     ³ a
f (t ) dt   *  ³ f (t )dt   *
a ³a
f (t )dt ≤ ³
a
f (t ) dt 

•          f  g    & [ a, b[   + )
∀t ∈ [ a, b[ , 0 ≤ f (t ) ≤ g (t ) 
b b b b
 ³ a
g (t )dt   * ³ f (t )dt   * 0 ≤ ³ f (t )dt ≤ ³ g (t )dt 
a a a
b b
! ³ f (t )dt  * ³ g (t )dt  *
a a

•       f  g    & [ a, b[   


 * b 

f = O( g )   g  "  [ a, b[  Ÿ  f  "  [ a, b[ 
! f  g    f = O( g )  f $ "  [ a, b[   g $ " 
[ a, b[ 
•   $ )    f  g    & [ a, b[   ) f ≥ 0   [ a, b[ 
b b
f − g   g   * b −  *  ³ f (t )dt  ³ g (t )dt  ' 
b a a
1 1
f ∈ L ([a, b[) ⇔ g ∈ L ([a, b[) 
• = *=   * "  +∞   f    &  [ a, +∞[ 
1
   α > 1  f (t ) = O( α
)  +∞   f  "  [ a, +∞[  f ∈ L1 ([a, +∞[) 
t
1
! = O( f (t ))  +∞   f $ "  [ a, +∞[  f ∉ L1 ([a, +∞[) 
t
• $ *     **" 
I = [ a, +∞[ , f ∈ CM ( I , E ), g ∈ CM ( I ,  + ), g ≥ 0   I  f (t ) = o( g (t )) 

 A
+∞ +∞
 ³
a
g (t )dt   * g ∈ L1 ( I )   ³
a
f (t )dt "   * f ∈ L1 ( I )  
+∞ +∞
³ x
f (t )dt = o( ³
x
g (t )dt ) 
+∞ x x
! ³
a
g (t )dt )  *  ³ f (t )dt = o( ³ g (t )dt ) 
a a
•  * o ↔ O 
• $ *    $ ) I = [ a, +∞[ , ( f , g ) ∈ (CM ( I , )) 2 , g ≥ 0  - f (t )  g (t ) 
+∞
+∞ +∞ +∞
 ³ a
g (t )dt   * g ∈ L1 ( I )   f ∈ L1 ( I )  ³
x
f (t )dt  ³
+∞ x
g (t )dt  @ +∞ 
+∞ x x
! ³ g (t )dt  * g ∉ L1 ( I )   ³ f (t )dt  ³ g (t )dt   +∞  +∞ 
a a +∞ a

•  * "  ϕ "#  C 


1
]α , β [   ]a, b[  f ∈ CM (]a, b[ , ) 
 f ∈ L1 (]a, b[) ⇔ ϕ ′.( f  ϕ ) ∈ L1 (]α , β [) 
b β
!+ *  ³ a
f (u )du  ³ f (ϕ (t ))ϕ ′(t )dt  '   * )$  *
α


(  $


I  !!   F  ! ##!#$!! F =    



•   $  E       X ⊂ E 
/   X      X    X $ 
lim (lim f n ( x)) = lim( lim ( f n ( x)) = f (a )  a ∈ X  f n    a 
n →+∞ x → a x → a n →+∞

• $ *   *$  X = [ a, b ]     


b b
f n ∈ CM ([ a, b ] , F )  F :  f n  ³ f n (t )dt = ³ lim f n (t )dt 
u
→ f   X   lim
n →+∞ a a n →+∞
s
• f n ∈ C1 ( I , F )  F :  f n 
  $ I     → f   I 
d d
 ∃g : I → F , f n′ 
u
→ g  -  f ∈ C1 ( I , F )  lim f n ( x) = lim f n ( x)  f ′ = g 
n →+∞ dx dx n→+∞
4'   f n′ 
u
→ g   * I 
u
•  " f n : X → F  X ⊂ E  F      a ∈ X  f n  → f  0
 ∀n ∈ , lim f n ( x) & ln ∈ F   (ln ) n∈   *  l  F  f  a 
x → a , x∈ X

 * l   lim ( lim f n ( x)) = lim ( lim ( f n ( x)) 
n →+∞ x → a , x∈ X x → a , x∈X n →+∞

  *    ( f n : I → Κ )n∈ $ ) f n 


s
• → f   I 
2
 ∀n ∈   ( f n , f ) ∈ ( CM ( I , Κ ) )  ∃ϕ : I →     &  * "  I )
∀n ∈   f n ≤ ϕ   f ∈ L1 ( I )  ³ f = lim ³ f n 
I n →+∞ I

∀t ∈ I , ∀n ∈ , f n (t ) ≤ ϕ (t ) $ %     ϕ ∈ L1 ( I )   n 


• X ⊂ E  X = I     &  un : X → F 
¦u n     *  X 
u
⇔  ∀n ∈ , Rn    X  Rn  → 0   X 
§ déf n
·
⇔ ¨ U n = ¦ uk ¸       *  X 
© k =0 ¹n∈
•   un : X → F  F       *  X     *  X 

 B
•   $   un : I → F  un     I  ¦ un   *
n≥0

    * I   U = ¦ un    I 


n≥ 0

• $ *    


 I * un , U ∈ CM ( I , )  ¦ un     *  I   ³ ¦u = ¦ ³ un n 
I I
n ≥0 n ≥0
+∞
!  I  ) ) un , U ∈ CM ( I , )  U = ¦ un  un ∈ L1 ( I , )  ¦ ³ un   * 
I
n =0 n ≥0
+∞
U ∈ L1 ( I , )  ³
I
¦u = ¦ ³ u
n ≥0
n
n ≥0
I n ? ³ U ≤ ¦ ³ un 
I
n =0
I

1
•      I     un ∈ C ( I , F )  F : 

∃x0 ∈ I , ¦ un ( x0 )   * ¦ un ′     *  I    * I   ¦u n 
n≥ 0 n ≥0 n≥0

d § · §d ·
1
 C   I  ∀x ∈ I , ¨ ¦
dx © n≥0
un ( x) ¸ = ¦ ¨ un ( x) ¸ 
¹ n≥0 © dx ¹
•  " I     a ∈ I  ¦f
n≥0
n   *    I 

§ ·
∀n ∈ , lim f n ( x) & ln    ¦ ln   * lim ¨ ¦ f n ( x) ¸ = ¦ lim f n ( x) 
x→a
n≥0
x→a
© n≥ 0 ¹ n ≥0 x→ a
( )


0 1) ! # 



b
m
•   A ⊂    f : A × [a, b] → F      g : A → F    g ( x) = ³ f ( x, t )dt 
a
   A 
∂f
•   A    f : A × [a, b] → F  )
&    A × [ a, b]  
∂x
b b ∂f
  g : A → F    g ( x ) = ³ f ( x, t ) dt  C   A   ∀x ∈ A, g ′( x ) = ³
1
( x, t )dt 
a a ∂x
m
•    *   I  ) )  A ⊂    f : A × I →    
    ") ∀x ∈ A    f ( x,.)     &  I 7 
)$& ϕ  * "  I ) ∀t ∈ I , ∀x ∈ A, f ( x, t ) ≤ ϕ (t )     g : A →    
g ( x) = ³ f ( x, t )dt   
I
*
• ?   *   A   n ∈    f : A × I →     %  
∂k f
   ) ∀k ∈ {1,..., n}, &  ' %     
∂x k
g : A →     g ( x) = ³ f ( x, t )dt  C n   A  
I

∂k f
∀x ∈ A, ∀k ∈ {1,..., n}, g ( k ) ( x) = ³ ( x, t )dt 
I ∂x k
= )6  !    ) A     $ "  %  
    * A    +   ϕ k  * k  x 
• ."  I = [a, b]  J = [c, d ] !*  f : I × J → F  
  ³ (³
a
b d

c )
f ( x, y )dy dx = ³
c
d
(³ a
b
)
f ( x, y )dx dy 

 C
+∞ 1
³ e− t t x −1dt E Γ( x + 1) = xΓ( x) E Γ(n + 1) = n !E Γ( ) = π 
*
• .  ;6   x > 0  n ∈   Γ( x ) =
0 2


2  * 


• +$" (an ) n∈  & S ( x ) = ¦a x


n≥0
n
n
  r > 0 ) (an r n ) n∈  "   


 x < r , ¦ an x n "   *
n ≥0

!+    S ( x ) = ¦a x


n≥0
n
n
   *     *   

K )   Dr = {z ∈  | z < r}   )    Da = {z ∈  | z ≤ a < r} ⊂ Dr 


•   ?$"       S ( x ) = ¦a x
n≥0
n
n
   ∃N , ∀n ≥ N , an ≠ 0 

§ an +1 · 1
¨¨ ¸¸   * l   %   * S  ρ ( S ) = 
© an ¹n∈ l
•   S ( x ) = ¦ an x  T ( x ) = ¦ bn x 
n n

n≥0 n≥ 0

 an  bn   ρ ( S ) = ρ (T ) 
+∞

!$& P ∈  [ Χ ] , P ≠ 0 ) ∀n ∈ , bn = P(n)an   ρ ( S ) = ρ (T ) 


• S ( x) = ¦ an x n  x ∈ , an ∈   R = ρ ( S ) > 0  ]− R, R[ $     * S ( x)  
n≥0

  ]− R, R[     S       S ′ ' %   *) S 

! S  C  



]− R, R[ 7   S     ]− R, R[    
+∞
7 ∀k ∈ , S
(k )
(0) = k !ak  x < R, S ( k ) ( x) = ¦ a p p( p − 1)...( p − k + 1) x p − k 
p =k

86   x < R   *   S     [ 0, x ]   * ' %   *) S 
$$)  S   ]− R, R[ )$@
•      $@ (?,@7 "?,@     
     %   * (
• ∀z ∈ , cos(iz ) = ch( z )  sin(iz ) = ish( z ) 



3  -  


"  ¦u *
k ),!! )!##!  #) ! vk = uk + u− k  k ∈ * 
k∈
+∞
!  ¦u
k∈
k = u0 + ¦ (uk + u− k ) 
k =1


• f :  →     2π  C1   &     .   


?  
1
S ( f )  f   *    ∀x ∈ , S ( f )( x) = lim− f (t ) + lim+ f (t ) 
2 t→x t →x
( )
1
•   *  f :  →     2π   C   &   
  .    f   *     f 

 D
• . 6  f :  →     2π    &     <*
2 2
+∞ +∞
2 a
 *  2π   ¦ cn ( f ) =
−∞
1
2π ³0

2 n =1
(
f ( x) dx    0 + ¦ an + bn
2 2
) = π1 ³
0
2π 2
f ( x) dx 


4 -!  '!




§ f1 ( x) ·
¨ ¸
D    n  f : D →  p , ∀x = ( x1 ,..., xn ) ∈ D, f ( x) = ¨ ... ¸ 
¨ f p ( x) ¸
© ¹


•     f :  n →  p  x ∈  n +    φi   x ∈  n   
φi :  → p  f  '    ) 
t  f ( x1 ,..., xi−1 ,t , xi +& ,..., xn )

• f  C1   D     &   D 


• ? f  C1   D   ∀x ∈ D, ∀h ∈  n  x + h ∈ D  

n
∂f
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + ¦ hi ( x) + o( h ) &      f  x $  
i =1 ∂xi
n
∂f
df ( x) = ¦ hi ( x)dxi $   *   f   x 
i =1 ∂xi
n
∂f ∂h ∂u
1
•  f = h  g ∈ C ( D )   ∀x ∈ D, ∀i ∈ {1,..., p}, ( x) = ¦ ( g ( x)) k ( x) 
∂xi k =1 ∂u k ∂xi
· ∂ § ∂f · ∂ § ∂f
•  2 3 f ∈ C 2 ( D)   ∀x ∈ D, ∀(i, j ) ∈ {1,...n}2 
¸¸ ( x) = ¨ ¸ ( x)  ¨¨
¹ ∂x j © ∂xi ¹ ∂xi © ∂x j
1
•    &   f  C   D   a    D   &  
 f      f  a $ a     ) f ?

2 2 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
        a      r = ( a )  t = ( a )  s = (a) 7
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y∂x
2
 rt − s > 0  r < 0   a &  f 
2
! rt − s > 0  r > 0   a   f 
2
8 rt − s < 0   a $&  f 
• . % G * f ∈ C 2 (U , )  > U     2  (a, b)   U      h 
 k 3
∂f ∂f 1 ª ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f º
f (a + h, b + k ) = f (a, b) + h
∂x
(a, b) + k (a, b) + « h 2 2 (a, b) + 2hk
∂y 2 ¬ ∂x ∂x∂y
(a, b) + k 2 2 (a, b) » + o h, k
∂y ¼
( 2
) 
• 7 # " f   a   df (a )  &" )  p   n 
ª ∂f i º
,   J f ( a ) = « (a ) »    1 ≤ i ≤ p  1 ≤ j ≤ n     # " f  
«¬ ∂x j ¼»
a    j f (a ) 
• $   f  C1   D #  f  C1     D   f ( D) 
−1
 ∀a ∈ D  df (a )    $ ? J f −1 ( f ( a )) = (J f (a) ) 



 F
5  ! #


E  !  Κ =    #$




• /   . : E →  + )


 ∀x ∈ E , x ≥ 0  x = 0 Ÿ x = 0 
! ∀x ∈ E , ∀λ ∈ Κ , λx = λ x 
2
8 ∀( x, y ) ∈ E , x + y ≤ x + y  *  * 
d ( x, y ) = x − y    . 
• H 
1
n
§ n 2 ·2
  Κ 
n
x1 =¦ xi  x 2 = ¨ ¦ xi ¸  x ∞
= sup xi 
i =1 © i =1 ¹ 1≤i ≤ n
1

!  C ( [ a, b] , Κ )  f 1
b
= ³ f (t ) dt  f
a 2
= (³
a
b
f (t ) dt
2
) 2
 f ∞
= sup f (t ) 
t∈[ a ,b ]
1
§ 2 ·2
8  M n (Κ )  M 1= ¦ mi , j  M 2
= ¨ ¦ mi , j ¸  M ∞
= sup mi , j 
1≤ i , j ≤ n © 1≤i , j ≤ n ¹ 1≤ i , j ≤ n

• !  N1  N 2  E   )& α , β > 0 )


∀x ∈ E , α N1 ( x) ≤ N 2 ( x) ≤ β N1 ( x) 

• U   E    U  *   ⇔ U = U 
• U   E     A = A  > A $  A  x   A 
    x I  A J
• A, B   E  A  B  A   B 
• +$*  ) $   $         
•   /  A  E     A  &  
   *   A  A   A    "  +  )$ )$
   A   X ⊂ A     X   A   A     
 /   
• +$* $  
•      %"  " 
• 1:      %   
•    E    %  E   * E   E 
"        

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