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Formulaire Maths Spe
• - * 45 25 ∀ ( x, y ) ∈ E
2
, x+ y ≤ x + y
p 2 p 2
¦
2 2
• - * : ( xi )i∈I ( I ⊂ ) % E ∀x ∈ E , x | xi ≤ x
i∈I
"! E #$ Κ
• $ ; B = (u1 ,..., un ) ") )$ E -
&)" B′ = (e1 ,..., en ) )
∀k ∈[1, n] , Ek = Vect (u1 ,..., uk ) = Vect (e1 ,..., ek )
" ∀k ∈ [1, n ] , ek | uk > 0
• u ∈ O( E )
⇔ u <
⇔ u ∈ GL( E ) u * = u −1
⇔ +$* u $" "
• M ∈ O ( n), Sp ( M ) ⊂ {−1, +1} det( M ) = ±1
*
• ∀u ∈ L ( E ), ∃!u ∈ L ( E ), ∀( x, y ) ∈ E
2
, u ( x) | y = x | u * ( y ) u * $# u "
B M B (u
*
) = t M B (u )
• ∀u ∈ L ( E ), Ker (u
*
) = Im(u ) ⊥ Im(u * ) = Ker (u ) ⊥
*
• E u ∈ L ( E ) % ) u = u u * "
u !! * &&" E u u '
"*
M ∈ M n ( ) t M = M M M * "
∃P ∈ O (n), ∃D = Diag (λ1 ,..., λn ) λi ∈ ) M = PDP −1 = PD t P 7) M * "
!
• = ) )
ϕ " % ) E B = (e1 ,..., en ) " E A = ( ai , j ) ∈ M n ( ) >
ai , j = ϕ (ei , e j ) ϕ ( x, y ) = t XAY = tYAX > X Y &
%" B ϕ ( x, y ) = ¦
1≤i , j ≤ n
ai , j xi y j
+
# ,
1− q
1
• = ¦ nα * ⇔ α >1
+∞ +∞
• ¦ un " * ¦ un * ¦ un * ¦ un ≤ ¦ u n
n =0 n=0
8
• un ∈ un ≥ 0 n 3* ¦ un " * ⇔ ¦ un *
• * un = an+1 − an , ¦ un * ⇔ (an ) n∈ *7
+∞
¦u
n =0
n = − a0 + lim a p
p →+∞
r
• # ¦ un " * ⇔ ∃M ≥ 0, ∀r ∈ , ¦ uk ≤ M k =0
1
! = O(un ) ¦ un *
n
• = *?$" ) un ∈ $& n0 ∈ l ∈ + ) ∀n ≥ n0 , un ≠ 0
un +1
lim = l ≥ 0
n →+∞ un
0 ≤ l < 1 ¦ un " *? l < k < 1 un = O(k n )
! l > 1 lim un = +∞ ? 1 < k < l k n = O(un )
n →+∞
!4' o ↔ O
7 un ≥ 0 n 3* vn ∈
8¦ u * u v R (u ) R (v) @
n n
+∞
n n
+∞
n
*
+∞
¦u
n =0
n * u0 = u0 ≥ 0
+∞
! ∀n ∈ , Rn = ¦u
k = n +1
k ≤ un +1
+∞
8 ∀( p, q ) ∈
2
,U 2 p +1 ≤ U ≤ U 2 q > U = ¦ uk
k =0
9
+∞
7 * ∀n ∈ , un = (−1) n+1 un U = ¦ un ≤ 0 # * u0 U 2 p +1 ≥ U 2 q
n =0
• < * f : + → & +
k +1 k
∀k ≥ 1, ³ f (t )dt ≤ f (k ) ≤ ³ f (t )dt
k k −1
+∞ n
! ¦ f (k ) ³ 0
f (t )dt ' * wn = − f (n) + ³
n −1
f (t )dt n ∈ *
n
¦ f (k ) = ³
n
* ∃C ∈ , ∀n ∈ , f (t )dt + C + o(1)
0
k =0
% -) '!
1
a > 0 $. a = 1 e /
2
dt+∞ 1
³
1
• α
* ⇔ α > 1 ⇔ α ∈ L ([ a, +∞[)
ta t
a dt 1
• ³ α * ⇔ α < 1 ⇔ α ∈ L (]0, a ])
1
0 t t
+∞ 1
• I (λ ) = ³ e − λt dt * ⇔ λ > 0 7 I (λ ) =
0 λ
b b b b
• ? ³ a
f (t ) dt * ³ f (t )dt *
a ³a
f (t )dt ≤ ³
a
f (t ) dt
• f g & [ a, b[ + )
∀t ∈ [ a, b[ , 0 ≤ f (t ) ≤ g (t )
b b b b
³ a
g (t )dt * ³ f (t )dt * 0 ≤ ³ f (t )dt ≤ ³ g (t )dt
a a a
b b
! ³ f (t )dt * ³ g (t )dt *
a a
A
+∞ +∞
³
a
g (t )dt * g ∈ L1 ( I ) ³
a
f (t )dt " * f ∈ L1 ( I )
+∞ +∞
³ x
f (t )dt = o( ³
x
g (t )dt )
+∞ x x
! ³
a
g (t )dt ) * ³ f (t )dt = o( ³ g (t )dt )
a a
• * o ↔ O
• $ * $ ) I = [ a, +∞[ , ( f , g ) ∈ (CM ( I , )) 2 , g ≥ 0 - f (t ) g (t )
+∞
+∞ +∞ +∞
³ a
g (t )dt * g ∈ L1 ( I ) f ∈ L1 ( I ) ³
x
f (t )dt ³
+∞ x
g (t )dt @ +∞
+∞ x x
! ³ g (t )dt * g ∉ L1 ( I ) ³ f (t )dt ³ g (t )dt +∞ +∞
a a +∞ a
( $
* l lim ( lim f n ( x)) = lim ( lim ( f n ( x))
n →+∞ x → a , x∈ X x → a , x∈X n →+∞
B
• $ un : I → F un I ¦ un *
n≥0
1
• I un ∈ C ( I , F ) F :
∃x0 ∈ I , ¦ un ( x0 ) * ¦ un ′ * I * I ¦u n
n≥ 0 n ≥0 n≥0
d § · §d ·
1
C I ∀x ∈ I , ¨ ¦
dx © n≥0
un ( x) ¸ = ¦ ¨ un ( x) ¸
¹ n≥0 © dx ¹
• " I a ∈ I ¦f
n≥0
n * I
§ ·
∀n ∈ , lim f n ( x) & ln ¦ ln * lim ¨ ¦ f n ( x) ¸ = ¦ lim f n ( x)
x→a
n≥0
x→a
© n≥ 0 ¹ n ≥0 x→ a
( )
∂k f
∀x ∈ A, ∀k ∈ {1,..., n}, g ( k ) ( x) = ³ ( x, t )dt
I ∂x k
= )6 ! ) A $ " %
* A + ϕ k * k x
• ." I = [a, b] J = [c, d ] !* f : I × J → F
³ (³
a
b d
c )
f ( x, y )dy dx = ³
c
d
(³ a
b
)
f ( x, y )dx dy
C
+∞ 1
³ e− t t x −1dt E Γ( x + 1) = xΓ( x) E Γ(n + 1) = n !E Γ( ) = π
*
• . ;6 x > 0 n ∈ Γ( x ) =
0 2
2 *
x < r , ¦ an x n " *
n ≥0
§ an +1 · 1
¨¨ ¸¸ * l % * S ρ ( S ) =
© an ¹n∈ l
• S ( x ) = ¦ an x T ( x ) = ¦ bn x
n n
n≥0 n≥ 0
an bn ρ ( S ) = ρ (T )
+∞
]− R, R[ S S ′ ' % *) S
86 x < R * S [ 0, x ] * ' % *) S
$$) S ]− R, R[ )$@
• $@ (?,@7 "?,@
% * (
• ∀z ∈ , cos(iz ) = ch( z ) sin(iz ) = ish( z )
3 -
" ¦u *
k ),!! )!##! #) ! vk = uk + u− k k ∈ *
k∈
+∞
! ¦u
k∈
k = u0 + ¦ (uk + u− k )
k =1
D
• . 6 f : → 2π & <*
2 2
+∞ +∞
2 a
* 2π ¦ cn ( f ) =
−∞
1
2π ³0
2π
2 n =1
(
f ( x) dx 0 + ¦ an + bn
2 2
) = π1 ³
0
2π 2
f ( x) dx
§ f1 ( x) ·
¨ ¸
D n f : D → p , ∀x = ( x1 ,..., xn ) ∈ D, f ( x) = ¨ ... ¸
¨ f p ( x) ¸
© ¹
• f : n → p x ∈ n + φi x ∈ n
φi : → p f ' )
t f ( x1 ,..., xi−1 ,t , xi +& ,..., xn )
2 2 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
a r = ( a ) t = ( a ) s = (a) 7
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y∂x
2
rt − s > 0 r < 0 a & f
2
! rt − s > 0 r > 0 a f
2
8 rt − s < 0 a $& f
• . % G * f ∈ C 2 (U , ) > U 2 (a, b) U h
k 3
∂f ∂f 1 ª ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f º
f (a + h, b + k ) = f (a, b) + h
∂x
(a, b) + k (a, b) + « h 2 2 (a, b) + 2hk
∂y 2 ¬ ∂x ∂x∂y
(a, b) + k 2 2 (a, b) » + o h, k
∂y ¼
( 2
)
• 7 # " f a df (a ) &" ) p n
ª ∂f i º
, J f ( a ) = « (a ) » 1 ≤ i ≤ p 1 ≤ j ≤ n # " f
«¬ ∂x j ¼»
a j f (a )
• $ f C1 D # f C1 D f ( D)
−1
∀a ∈ D df (a ) $ ? J f −1 ( f ( a )) = (J f (a) )
F
5 ! #
! C ( [ a, b] , Κ ) f 1
b
= ³ f (t ) dt f
a 2
= (³
a
b
f (t ) dt
2
) 2
f ∞
= sup f (t )
t∈[ a ,b ]
1
§ 2 ·2
8 M n (Κ ) M 1= ¦ mi , j M 2
= ¨ ¦ mi , j ¸ M ∞
= sup mi , j
1≤ i , j ≤ n © 1≤i , j ≤ n ¹ 1≤ i , j ≤ n
@