International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

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Effect of annular flow pulsation on flow and mixing characteristics of

double concentric jets at low central jet Reynolds number
Sudharson Murugan a, Rong Fung Huang a,∗, Ching Min Hsu b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, People’s Republic of China
b
Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin County 63246, Taiwan, People’s Republic of China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: This study investigated the effects of annulus pulsation on the flow characteristics and mixing properties of
Pulsed double-concentric jets double-concentric jets at a low central jet Reynolds number. The central jet Reynolds number was fixed to
Annular flow pulsation Rec = 313. Annulus pulsation was induced by employing a solenoid valve. Streak pictures of instantaneous smoke
Flow control
flow patterns and long-exposure images of jet flows were observed using the laser-light-sheet-assisted smoke flow
Flow characteristics
visualization method. A binary edge-detection technique was used to compute the jet spread widths. Particle im-
Mixing improvement
age velocimetry (PIV) was utilized to examine the time-averaged velocity vectors, streamline patterns, velocity
properties, turbulence intensity distributions, and vorticity contours. A radial dispersion improvement index was
defined to quantitatively estimate the mixing property using the tracer-gas concentration detection technique.
When the annular flow was pulsated with high amplitudes, it merged toward the central axis owing to an increase
in radial momentum. Stagnation points were intermittently witnessed on the central axis. Large jet spread width
exhibited, especially at low annulus Reynolds numbers. Turbulence intensities increased drastically in the flow
field by the axial elongation of the recirculation region due to the annulus pulsations. The axial elongation of
the recirculation region and the intermittent stagnation points led to effective dispersion of the central jet into
the annular flow. The radial dispersion improvement index revealed that the mixing capability between the jets
could be enhanced up to 80% in the recirculation region by applying annulus pulsations.

1. Introduction
A central jet issuing coaxially to a circular annular flow forms
double-concentric jets / co-axial jet, and facilitates proper mixing be-
tween two jets. By controlling both the annular flow and the central
jet with active or passive methods, mixing of the double-concentric jets
can be enhanced. For instance, by imparting a swirl motion to the an-
nular flow or installing a bluff body at the center, can manipulate the
recirculation region, reverse flow, jet spread, and entrainment [1,2].
Likewise, acoustic excitation to the central jet induces jet dispersion,
in-tube mixing owing to suction-back, and strong turbulence eddies re-
sulting from puff motions [3]. A combination of a bluff body (as a pas-
sive controller) and a strong piston impact of the solenoid valve (as an
active controller) on the annular flow of double-concentric jets induces
an acceleration in the mixing properties and increases combustion ef-
ficiencies [4]. Double-concentric jets have a wide range of industrial
applications owing to their enhanced mixing properties and increased
combustion efficiencies, for instance, in jet pumps, combustion cham-
bers, thrust augmenters, mixing tanks, propulsion systems, disposal of
waste gases, gas turbines, oil-well firefighting, cooling systems, and pre-
mixed burners [5,6].
Therefore, various parameters of double concentric jets have been
analyzed to understand their flow characteristics [7–11]. In these anal-
yses, it has been found that different density and velocity ratio of the two
jets provide various vortical structures, cause velocity fluctuations of the
near flow field, absence of reverse flow in the near flow field, cause po-
tential core interference and initial interpenetrations of the two jets, in-
duce instabilities in the downstream, entrain ambient air, and mixing be-
haviors. Moreover, it has been reported that unlike a study of simple jet
and annular flow behaviors, the flow behaviors of the double-concentric
jets are not easy to interpret owing to complications ascended in the in-
teraction of two jets in the near field. Villanueva and Silva [12] placed
a circular bluff body in the center of the annular flow and reported the
turbulent kinetic energy on the surface of the bluff body presented con-
stant value and the maximum value detected at the shear layers, which
were emerging from the tip of the bluff body. Huang and Lin [13,14]
facilitated to create recirculation bubbles in the near flow field by de-
flecting an annular flow radially as the annular flow impinged onto a

∗
Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei,
Taiwan, 10672, People’s Republic of China.
E-mail address: rfhuang@mail.ntust.edu.tw (R.F. Huang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105907
Received 8 April 2020; Received in revised form 25 June 2020; Accepted 26 June 2020
Available online 27 June 2020
0020-7403/© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907

equation to compute the formation of the stagnation point in swirling

Nomenclature
Aa area at exit of annular flow (= 𝜋 (Do 2 – D2 )/4), 550mm2
Ac area at exit of central jet (= 𝜋d2 /4), 19.6 mm2
C concentration of carbon dioxide gas, %
D diameter of blockage disk, 30 mm
Dh hydraulic diameter of annular jet at exit (= Do – D), 10
mm
Do diameter of annular flow at exit, 40 mm
d exit diameter of central jet, 5 mm
fexc pulsed frequency
Qa volumetric flow rate of annular flow
Qc volumetric flow rate of central jet
Rea Reynolds number of annular flow (= ua Dh / v)
Rec Reynolds number of central jet (= uc d / v)
r radial coordinate, originated from center of circular disk
T period of excitation
t instantaneous time
t∗ pulsation time (= t/T)
u instantaneous axial velocity component
𝑢̄ average axial velocity
√
⎛ 𝑁 ⎞ turbulent strength, and dispersion efficiency of the coaxial jets. They
∑
u’ axial turbulence intensities ⎜= (𝑢𝑖 − 𝑢𝑖 )2 ∕𝑁 ⎟
⎜ 𝑖=1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ua volumetric mean axial velocity of annular flow at exit,
(= Qa / Aa. )
uc volumetric mean axial velocity of central jet at exit,
(= Qc / Ac. )
Greek Symbol
𝛽 blockage ratio (= D2 /Do 2 ), 0.563
𝜈a kinematic viscosity of air, m2 /s
𝜇 dynamic viscosity of air
𝜂r / D radial dispersion improvement index (= (Cr / D – Cr / D
=0
= 0.13 ) / Cr / D = 0 )
blockage disk (a bluff body) installed at the center of the annular flow
exit and injected a central jet through a hole in the blockage disk to
the recirculation bubble to achieve levels of high turbulence. Moreover,
they reported the presence of stagnation points in the flow field region,
evolution of shear layer vortex shedding in the annular flow, and peak-
ing of kinetic energy attained in the shear layer and near the stagnation
points.
To improve the mixing properties of jets in the recirculation region,
many researchers have focused on imparting a swirl motion to the annu-
lar flow. Huang and Tsai [15,16] performed a laser Doppler velocime-
try (LDV) experiment to investigate the streamlines, velocity vectors,
velocity distributions, and fluctuation intensities of swirling double-
concentric jets with the blockage disk effect. They observed various
flow structures in the recirculation zone, off-axis saddles with high tur-
bulence intensities, and no saddle in the central axis at high central jet
Reynolds numbers. Giannadakis et al. [17] investigated the recirculation
region of a coaxial annular stream by using a two-dimensional digital
particle image velocimetry and found intense momentum transfer in the
shear layers, recirculation bubble and vortex ring domination, and ax-
ial shear influence of the wake region downstream of the aft stagnation
point of the bubble. Vanierschot and Van den Bulck [18] used stereo-
scopic particle image velocimetry to study the swirl effect on the initial
merging zone and validated the results against those obtained in an LDV
experiment. They found that the central recirculation zone downstream
of the bluff body became toroidal, and “vortex breakdown” appeared
with increasing swirl strength. Thereafter, the vortex breakdown bubble
created an anisotropic and complex flow field at high swirl level. Ad-
zlan and Gotoda [19] inspected the stable vortex breakdown behavior
of swirling jets with a density difference by using PIV and proposed an
jets. They found that when the stagnation point was formed close to
the jet exit, flow divergence increased. Large- eddy simulations and
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes were studied to realize the effect of
imparting swirl flow to the annular flow using a reactive mixture of
gases. The swirl motion on the central recirculation zone created dy-
namic structures and facilitated to improve mixing of the jets [20,21].
Cozzi et al. [22] investigated the entrainment rate of the initial region
of the coaxial jets and found that the enhancement of entrainment rate
was significantly increased after the onset of vortex breakdown. When
the central jet passed into a swirling annular flow, the central jet became
uninterrupted and simply penetrated the flow without contributing any
major effect on mixing properties of jets.
To overcome this drawback, Huang and Yen [23] installed a down-
stream control disk over a blockage disk to radially deflect the central jet
for enhancing the mixing of the jets. They reported that the vortex ring
escaped in the weak central jet, and the axial momentum transformed
into radial momentum. Minh [24] studied the effect of two circular disks
on swirling annular flow at high annular Reynolds numbers and reported
that the reverse flow in near field created the high turbulence fluctua-
tions. San and Hsu [25] modified the exit of the annular passage with
6-riffles, 8-riffles, and 12-riffles to enhance momentum transmission,
observed high fluctuations in the near field and short flame length with
increasing the numbers of riffles.
Gurusal [26] and Burattini et al. [27] applied acoustic excitation
to the vortex breakdown flow field and described the effects of such
excitation on the mean velocity, which increased with the spreading
of the jets, and the radial velocity, which increased as the axial levels
increased. When the central jet was excited with high magnitude, the
unsteady vortical flow structure disintegrated into turbulence eddies.
Entrainment and spreading of the central jet improved upon the appli-
cation of acoustic excitation to the central jet owing to an increase in the
axial flow fluctuation intensity in the wake region [28,29]. Linear sta-
bility characteristics of the coaxial jets were investigated to understand
subcritical behaviors, instability of the jets created by the tangential per-
turbations due to acoustic excitation, the interaction between the shear
layer and the acoustic modes, sound propagation, and various param-
eters (velocity ratio, Mach number, etc. ) including azimuthal wave-
forms. The flow attained the transition state from the globally stable
non-vortex breakdown state and thereafter the strong recirculation bub-
ble witnessed in the near wake region [30–33]. In addition to acoustic
excitation of the central jet and swirling of the annular flow, electro-
magnetic actuators have been installed at the exit of jets to improve the
mixing characteristics [34,35].
Saiki et al. [36] excited the outer shear layer of the swirling annu-
lar flow using magnetic micro flap actuators and studied the influence
of the swirl rate in the inner vortical structures with stereoscopic parti-
cle image velocimetry. It has been concluded that the outer shear layer
diminished the inner shear layer at high swirl rate, concentrated inner
shear layer formed at low swirl rate and the central jet entrained in the
near field as well. Moreover, researchers have applied different types of
control methods to both jets. Cei et al. [37] and Li et al. [38] imple-
mented the co-flow air supply parallel to the annular flow and central
jet to enhance the turbulent mixing of the jets and studied the effects of
co-flow arrangement in the flow field properties. Yadav et al. [39] ini-
tiated the pulsation of the free jet using a solenoid valve and found that
the reduction in the potential core length, the evolution of shear layer
vortices, widening of the jet and mixing of the ambient air with the
pulsed jet.
The effects of the primary and secondary vortices of the double con-
centric jets on the heated plates were studied by investigating the flow
characteristics of swirling jets and the pulsating the round jet. The tem-
perature distribution uniformity increased with the increasing swirling
flow [40]. Van Hout et al. [41] investigated flow field characteristics
of the co-axial jet on the impingement surface using PIV measurements
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
and reported the outer layer properties in the developing wall jet and
secondary vortex generation. The secondary vortices were generated by
unsteady bubble separation. Raizner and Van hout [42,43] investigated
the effect of swirling double-concentric jets and their interactions on
radial walls of the heated plate. The heat transfer enhancement was
insignificant in the higher Strouhal numbers. The strength of the sec-
ondary vortices increased to the larger values in the steady jet Reynolds
number. The turbulence fluctuations were improved on the central jet
when the pulsation of the co-axial jets at low exit jet velocity. The pul-
sation of the jets improved the heat transfer rate at the dimple surface.
The radial distribution of the jets with pulsation reduced the tempera-
ture distribution significantly.
In the case of a flow forced by swirling motion, a wide jet spread
was found to increase the size of the recirculation bubble region, thus
assisting with the mixing of the jets. However, the stagnation point in
the central jet diminished because of the strong swirl motion and pen-
etration of the central jet [44]. When the stagnation point was formed
away from the jet exit, the size of the recirculation region decreased be-
cause of central jet entrainment, as discussed earlier. The annular flow
pulsation induced using a solenoid valve has the possibility of creat-
ing an intermittent stagnation point on the central axis with a wide jet
spread of the double-concentric jets. To the best of our knowledge, few
researchers have attempted to discuss annular flow pulsation in double-
concentric jets. Most of the studies controlled the simple jets, annular
flows, and coaxial jets with active and passive methods in high Reynolds
number regimes. The turbulence intensity in the recirculation region at
high Reynolds numbers is lower than the fluctuations at low Reynolds
numbers.
Therefore, the present study aims to study was to create a large tur-
bulence intensity in the recirculation zone by producing a stagnation
point in the central jet with a wide jet spread along the radial direction
at low Reynolds numbers. Moreover, the effect of annular pulsation on
the mixing properties of the double-concentric jets is investigated. In-
stantaneous evolutions of the smoke flow patterns and jet spread width
are examined using the laser-light-sheet-assisted smoke flow visualiza-
tion method. The velocity vector fields, streamline patterns, velocity
distributions, and turbulence intensity distributions are evaluated with
PIV. The effectiveness of the applied annular pulsation on the mixing
of the jets is estimated using the tracer gas concentration detection
method. The principle of double-concentric jets/co-axial jets has been
used in the gas turbine combustor and injectors (Pintle type) of the air-
breathing engine and non-air breathing engines, respectively. Co-axial
hollow post injectors were also used in the space shuttle main engines
(SSME) and ramjet engines. This work may help to increase the over-
all efficiency of the gas turbine combustor and injector by modulating
the annular flow to increase the mixing between the jets. By increas-
ing the mixing of the jets in the air breathing and non-breathing com-
bustion engines, it is possible to reduce the usage of natural resources
(fossil fuels) and decrease the pollution of the engines due to improper
mixing between the fuel and air. The double concentric jets also have
been used in the heat transfer applications. For instance, the impinge-
ment of the secondary vortices evolved from the double concentric jets
on the heated system will increase the heat transfer rate and increase
the possibility of the cooling process. The annular pulsation may in-
crease the lateral expansion of the jets and the formation of shear layer
outer vortices can increase the possibility of improving heat transfer
rate.
2. Experimental setup and methods
2.1. Experimental apparatus
Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of the double-concentric jets. It com-
prised of pair of axisymmetric concentric cylinders, a honeycomb struc-
ture, a mesh screen, dampers, a solenoid valve with a timing controller,
needle valves, a flowmeter, rotameters, filters, pressure regulators, and
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
an air supply unit. The inner concentric cylinder had an inner diam-
eter d of 5 mm, outer diameter of 6.4 mm, and a length of 500 mm,
and it supplied air to central jet by using an air supply unit. The cen-
tral jet was controlled using a pressure regulator, a rotameter, a nee-
dle valve, and filters. The length of the inner cylinder was designed to
deliver a fully developed flow at the flow exit plane. The outer con-
centric cylinder had an inner diameter (i.e., the exit diameter of the
annular flow) Do of 40 mm, outer diameter of 60 mm, and a length of
290 mm, and it supplied air to the annular flow, which was designed to
surround the central jet. A honeycomb structure, settling chamber, and
a mesh screen were placed inside the outer concentric cylinder at ap-
propriate distances to stabilize the annular flow. The annular flow was
controlled using a pressure regulator, rotameters, a needle valve, and
a solenoid valve before it was fed into the outer cylinder. The solenoid
valve was used to create a pulsed annular flow, and dampers were used
to suppress the high-velocity amplitude and suction-back conditions of
the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve was operated using a counter
timer in the half duty cycle. A circular disk (blockage disk) made up
of aluminum alloy was installed at the exit of the jets to serve as a
bluff body. The blockage disk diameter D and thickness of the blockage
disk were 30mm and 2 mm, respectively. The blockage ratio was calcu-
lated as 0.563, and the hydraulic diameter of the annular flow exit was
10 mm.
2.2. Jet pulsation and uniformity at exit plane
A homemade, one component, hot-wire anemometer was used to
examine the uniformity and pulsation velocities of the annular flow in-
duced by the solenoid valve in the annular flow exit plane. The an-
nular flow exit conditions were examined in the absence of the cen-
tral jet by placing the hot-wire probe in the plane x/D = 0.033 at
various positions (every 45˚) on the circle r/D = 0.583. The solenoid
valve, controlled by the LabVIEW program, could be operated in the
half duty cycle at fexc = 1–10 Hz to create pulsation on the annu-
lar flow for various Reynolds numbers. Fig. 2 shows the time-varying
non-dimensional flow velocities at the annular flow exit at fexc = 1 Hz
and Rea = 316. All the wave-forms in Fig. 2(a–h) have similar peri-
ods and amplitudes, which indicates a high uniformity of circumfer-
ential distribution of the pulsed annular flow. Slight turbulence fluc-
tuations were superimposed onto the oscillation wave-forms. At t = 0,
the null velocity revealed that no flow evolved from the previous cy-
cles. At t = 0.1 sec, the non-dimensional velocity suddenly increased
to a high value due to the solenoid valve enforced the flow with its
impact on the flow. At t = 0.4 sec, the non-dimensional velocity at-
tained a peak value of 2.0. At t = 0.50 sec, the solenoid valve cut off the
annular flow, and thereafter, the velocity gradually decreased. How-
ever, at t = 0.60 sec, as shown in Fig. 2, the one-dimensional velocity
was significant due to the expansion of the flow stored in the settling
chamber. The velocity profile presented zero between t = 0.70 sec and
t = 1.0 sec.
Notably, the amplitude of the pulsed annular flow decreased at large
pulsation frequency. According to Lakshminarasimhan et al. [45], the
mass flow rate could be “chopped” at very high operating frequencies of
the solenoid valve. Therefore, it was desirable to maintain a low pulsa-
tion frequency for producing significant annular flow pulsation ampli-
tudes. The pulsation frequency fexc was selected as 1 Hz for performing
present study.
2.3. Flow visualization technique
Flow visualization techniques are used to study the flow character-
istics of the double-concentric jets qualitatively. Three methods of flow
visualization can be classified based on the principles in the field of the
fluid dynamics. They are light scattering technique, optical methods re-
lying on refractive index changes in the fluid, and interaction processes
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
of the fluid flow with a solid surface. The flow visualization method
used in this study was the light scattering technique. The light scatter-
ing technique can be performed based on the Mie scattering principle
[46]. When the size of the seeding particle is much larger than the wave-
length of the laser light, the Mie scattering happened and the scattered
light can be used to study the flow patterns. A homemade smoke gen-
erator comprised of a spiral coil made up of nickel-chromium partially
immersed in an oil pot filled with mineral oil was used to generate oil
mist. The nickel-chromium coil was electrically heated using a DC gen-
erator. The mineral oil was vaporized at temperatures higher than its
evaporation point. The air before supplying to the annular flow was first
passed through the smoke generator to carry the condensed oil mist. The
density of the mineral oil mist was 5.31 kg/m3 . The average diameter
of the smoke particles measured by a Malvern 1600C particle analyzer
was 4.7 ± 0.3 μm. The Stokes number of the smoke particles was in the
order of magnitude of 10−3 , which was significantly smaller than unity;
this meant that the smoke particles could follow the flow reasonably
[47].
The smoked flow field was illuminated using a green-light contin-
uous laser, the power and wavelength of which were 3.3 W and 532
nm, respectively. A piece of cylindrical glass optics was introduced at
the exit of the continuous laser to diffract the laser beam and form a
planar laser-light sheet. The thickness of the planar laser-light was mea-
sured as 0.5 mm. The planar laser-sheet was aligned vertically across
the symmetry plane.
Shot-exposure streak flow images were captured using an IDT Mo-
tion Pro Y4 high-speed digital camera. The frame rate and exposure
time were 100 frames per second (fps) and 0.01 seconds, respectively.
The camera was equipped with a complementary metal-oxide semicon-
ductor (CMOS) active monochrome sensor array with a resolution of
1024 × 1024 pixels.
Long-exposure images were photographed by a Nikon D3200 still
camera which was equipped with active monochrome sensor CMOS ar-
ray of 6000 × 4000 pixels. The exposure time was in the range of 2 to
10 seconds depending on the flow Reynolds number.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 1. Experimental setup of the non-pulsed (When the solenoid
valve is not operated) and pulsed double concentric jets (when the
solenoid valve is operated at fexc = 1 Hz) and the alignment of the
visualization techniques.
2.4. Flow velocity measurement
The instantaneous flow field velocities were measured using a high-
speed PIV system. The PIV system consisted of a dual pulsed laser, a
high-speed CMOS digital camera, a high-speed image acquisition sys-
tem, and an analysis software. A green light, dual-head, diode-pumped
pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd: YLF) laser with
a wavelength of 527 nm was used to illuminate the flow field. The max-
imum pulse rate was 20,000 Hz, and the energy per pulse was 10 mJ
at 1 kHz. The alignment procedure of laser and the high-speed camera
used in velocity measurements were the same as those used in the flow
visualization. An electronic timing-hub synchronizer was used to trigger
and synchronize the laser and the high-speed camera. Spatial resolution
and detection rate were the two factors that determined the accuracy
of the PIV measurements [48]. The camera was mapped to a physical
region of 60 × 60 mm2 , which means its spatial resolution was about 59
𝜇m/pixel. Unlike the flow visualization, both the annular flow and the
central jet were seeded with smoke particles. The double-exposure mode
was used. The frame rate was 5,000 image pairs per second. The record
length was 10,000 image pairs. The averaged velocities were obtained
by averaging over 10000 sets of the instantaneous velocities.
The cross-correlation method suggested by Keane et al. [49,50] was
used in conjunction with a software application provided by IDT Cor-
poration to analyze and calculate the flow velocities. The interrogation
window size was adjusted from 32 × 32 pixels to 128 × 128 pixels to
check the reliability of the measurement by processing the images at
various Reynolds numbers. It was finally determined as 32 × 32 pixels
(2.5 × 2.5 mm in real scale) with 50% overlapping. The step size and
image stride were chosen carefully to reduce number of spurious veloc-
ity vectors. The number of images per interrogation spot was not less
than four to reduce the number of outliers. Three passes were used to
process the images. It was assumed that there was no outside noise in
the PIV interrogation window. The particle displacement of successive
images in the cross-correlation method was adjusted to be less than 25%
to reduce the velocity bias [51–53].
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
2.5. Mixing and dispersion measurements
The dispersion characteristics of the non-pulsed and pulsed double
concentric jets were investigated using the tracer gas concentration de-
tection method. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and nitrogen (N2 ) tanks with two
independent pressure regulators and rotameters were connected to a
mixing chamber which was designed to provide proper mixing of the
gases, as shown in Fig. 1. The air supply to the inner cylinder was re-
placed with the CO2 /N2 mixture, in that CO2 behaved as the tracer gas.
The mixture of 10% of CO2 in 90% of N2 was chosen because, at this
proportionality, the molecular weight, density, kinematic viscosity, and
mass diffusivity of the mixture were close to those of air at 1 atm and
20˚C. An L-shaped, homemade, stainless steel probe was used to mea-
sure the CO2 concentration in the flow field. A Nova gas analyzer was
used to detect CO2 concentrations at various locations in the flow field.
2.6. Uncertainty estimation and calibration
The uncertainties of the measurements were estimated based on the
method proposed by Steele et al. [54]. The precision limits (Pr ) is the
estimation of the measurement points or lack of repeatability that were
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 2. Velocity pulsations at annular flow exit at different po-
sitions without supplying the central jet (Rec = 0) to check the
uniformity at jet exits. Annular flow pulsed at fexc = 1 Hz. Annular
flow Reynolds number (Rea ) is 316.
caused by the random errors. The Bias limit (Br ) is the estimation of
the fixed values and it should be 95% of the experimenter’s confidence.
Uncertainty (Ur ) can be calculated using the following equation.
[ ]1∕2
𝑈 𝑟 = 𝐵 𝑟2 + 𝑃 𝑟2 (2.1)
The current experimental study was repeated up to 6 times to check
the replication of the measured results. The quantitative measurements
were repeated for measuring the uncertainty of the measurements. The
uncertainty estimation was calculated using the results that were mea-
sure at different instances. The qualitative method results were calcu-
lated by averaging the results at the different instances. The experimen-
tal study was conducted for various Reynolds numbers in the domain of
Rea and Rec . Initially, the smoke flow visualization experiments were
performed for a fixed annular flow Reynolds number with increasing
central jet Reynolds numbers. After calculating the flow regimes of the
double-concentric jets [4], the annular flow and the central jet Reynolds
numbers were carefully chosen to present the flow behavior and mixing
characteristics of the double-concentric jets.
Initially, the experimental setup was insisted to pass the leakage test
to confirm the accuracy of the measurements. The rotameters were ini-
tially confirmed to pass the leakage test. A mass flow meter was used to
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
calibrate the rotameters which were used to control the flow rates of air
and the CO2 /N2 gas mixture. The calibration was conducted for all the
experimental measurement techniques. The flow visualization method
was calibrated by using a real scale. The physical region was mapped
with the interrogation area using a measurement scale. The accuracy of
the qualitative methods was confirmed by repeating the experiments at
the different instances. The binary edge detection technique was per-
formed on the Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc, MA, USA.). The program
was written based on the iterative method. The results obtained from
the binary edge detection method were an average of 80 to 100 images
with 2 to 8 sec which help to confirm the precise measurements. The
smoke particles were suspended around the jets so that the gray-scale
transformation using Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc, MA, USA.) was per-
formed to remove the particles from the surroundings. Therefore, the
edge detection technique had an uncertainty value of ± 0.50%. The PIV
system using for this current study was supplied by the IDT Corporation.
The calibration procedures were performed on the standards which were
given by the manufacturer. According to Luff et al. [55,56], the uncer-
tainty of PIV measurement was within 4%. The tracer gas concentration
experiment was calibrated for the atmospheric condition by operating
the instrument in the workspace. The atmospheric air contains 0.04%
carbon dioxide. The tracer gas concentration measurement was oper-
ated up to find the exact value of Carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air.
The sampling period was set to 5 minutes per measurement to obtain
a stable value. The suction flow rate was adjusted down to 500 cm3 /s
to ensure the least disturbance to the flow field while ensuring that the
gas analyzer remained functional. The suction flow rate was determined
by means of a visual inspection conducted using the flow visualization
technique prior to starting the tracer gas experiment. The uncertainty
of the tracer-gas measurement was estimated about ±1%.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Non-pulsed flow patterns
Fig. 3 shows the instantaneous smoke flow patterns in the symmetry
plane of the non-pulsed double-concentric jets at Rec = 313. The an-
nulus Reynolds numbers shown in Figs. 2(a and b) and (c and d) are
Rea = 148 and 405, respectively. At Rea = 148 and Rec = 313, as shown
in Fig. 2(a and b), the central jet emerges from the central hole of the
blockage disk, and the annular flow originates from the edges of the an-
nular passage. Because only the annular flow was seeded with oil mist
for flow visualization, the image of the central jet is dark. The central
jet goes towards the downstream area, and the boundaries between the
annular flow and central jet are relatively sharp. The annular flow goes
upward, deflects towards the central jet, and impinges on the central
jet at the axial level x/D ≈ 0.75, and goes downward to form a pair
of large outer recirculation bubbles (denoted by V1 and V2 in Fig. 3(a
and b)). The outer recirculation bubbles revealed in the cut plane across
the central axis actually are an “outer annular ring” surrounding the
central axis because the flow field is axisymmetric. Between the outer
recirculation bubbles and the central jet, there exists a pair of slim inner
recirculation bubbles (denoted by V3 and V4 in Fig. 3(a and b)) which are
rotating in the directions opposite to those of the outer recirculation bub-
bles. The inner recirculation bubbles revealed in the cut plane across the
central axis actually are an “inner annular ring” surrounding the central
axis, and they are induced by the shearing effects asserted by the up-
ward going central jet and the downwards going flow of the inner part
of the outer recirculation bubbles. A recirculation region containing the
outer and inner recirculation bubbles is formed over the blockage disk.
At Rea = 405 and Rec = 313, as shown in Fig. 3(c and d), the flow
patterns reveal a few features different from those shown in Fig. 3(a
and b) owing to an increase of the annular flow velocity. The flow field
becomes relatively unstable so that the flow patterns shown in Fig. 3(c)
and (d) present a little difference although they are largely similar. The
annular flow deflects inwards, merges at the axial level x/D ≈ 1.25, and
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
goes upstream to form the recirculation region containing the outer re-
circulation bubbles (V1 and V2) and the inner recirculation bubbles (V3 and
V4). The outer recirculation bubbles are elongated and the inner recircu-
lation bubbles swell. The central jet no longer goes all the way toward
the downstream area, unlike the jets shown in Fig. 3(a and b). It merges
into the apex of the recirculation region formed by the reversed annular
flow of the outer recirculation bubbles. The outer recirculation bubbles
and the axial lengths of the recirculation regions in Fig. 3(c and d) are
larger than those in Fig. 3(a and b).
3.2. Evolution of pulsed flow patterns
Fig. 4 shows the evolution process of the double-concentric jets
pulsed at annular flow at fexc = 1 Hz for Rea = 148 and Rec = 313. At
t∗ = 0, as shown in Fig. 4(a), the solenoid valve is closed so that there
is no flow at the annular flow exit. However, the presence of a pair of
bubbles, similar to the flow structure in the recirculation region over the
blockage disk remains from the previous cycle. The central jet appears
stable and sufficiently strong to bisect the recirculation region due to
the absence of the annular flow. At t∗ = 0.09, as shown in Fig. 4(b), two
mushroom-shaped fluid bubbles denoted by V1 and V2 evolves from
the annular flow when the solenoid valve opens and the pressure waves
impact the volume of fluid stored in the settling chamber. The effect
created by the sharp edges of the blockage disk and the annular flow
passage exit generates the mushroom-shaped structure. At t∗ = 0.18,
as shown in Fig. 4(c), the mushroom flow structures deflect along the
lateral direction and the shear effect of the ambient air drags the two
mushroom flow structures to the near flow field region. At t∗ = 0.30,
as shown in Fig. 4(d), the mushroom flow structures V1 and V2 bifur-
cate into the outer vortices denoted by V3 and V4 and inner vortices
denoted by V5 and V6. The outer vortices V3 and V4 expand radially
and are about to detach from the annular flow. Simultaneously, the in-
ner vortices V5 and V6 tend to move inside the recirculation region. At
t∗ = 0.36, as shown in Fig. 4(e), the outer vortices V3 and V4 are almost
to detach from the annular flow. The inner vortices V5 and V6 suppress
the central jet and merge to the central axis at x/D = 1.0. The annu-
lar flow momentum dominates the central jet due to the longitudinal
momentum of the annular flow is converted into the lateral momentum
by the pulsed process and both jets create a pair of recirculation bub-
bles in the recirculation region. At t∗ = 0.45, as shown in Fig. 4(f), the
recirculation bubble elongates axially up to x/D = 1.80. At t∗ = 0.62,
as shown in Fig. 4(g), unstable recirculation bubbles were seen in the
recirculation region and the length of the recirculation bubble shrinks
because the annular flow is stopped by the solenoid valve. At t∗ = 0.95,
as shown in Fig. 4(h), the flow represents a pattern almost similar to
the image that shown in Fig. 4(a). An evolution process similar to that
shown in Fig. 4 is periodically repeated for every cycle. According to
the similarity and self-similarity concept [58,59] in the fluid dynamics,
the dimensionless parameters and normalization of the parameters were
done to compare the measurements of the flow patterns and measure-
ments in different experimental combinations.
Pulsation of the annular flow creates three major impacts on the flow
behavior which was not observed in the non-pulsed case.
(1) The annular flow strongly influences the central jet at t∗ = 0.30 and
deflects the central jet to the recirculation region.
(2) The longitudinal momentum of the annular flow transfers into the
lateral momentum, resulting in a wide jet spread radially.
(3) Axial elongation of the recirculation bubble due to the vortex-
stretching effect [57] is created by the annular flow pulsation along
the axial direction.
Fig. 5 shows the evolution of the double-concentric jets pulsed at
annular flow at fexc = 1 Hz at Rea = 405 and Rec = 313. At t∗ = 0, as
shown in Fig. 5(a), the presence of the smoke particles in the recircula-
tion region remains from the previous cycle and its structure is chaotic.
Movement of the smoke particles is noticed in the recorded movies even
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
when the solenoid valve blocks the annular flow. This may be because
of the momentum of the annular flow increases significantly when it
was pulsed. The central jet is influenced by the annular flow so that it
looks unstable. At t∗ = 0.09, as shown in Fig. 5(b), the annular flow
emerges from the exit so that a pair of inner vortices denoted by V1 and
V2 is formed in the recirculation zone. Likewise, a pair of outer vortices
denoted by V3 and V4 are formed in the outer shear layer of the annu-
lar flow owing to the shear effect of the edges of the annular passage.
The central jet becomes stable and bisects the recirculation region. At
t∗ = 0.18, as shown in Fig. 5(c), the inner vortices, V1 and V2, move
axially up to x/D ≈ 1.25 and tends to bend towards the central axis.
They enforce the flow around the central jet to interrupt the central jet
due to the annular flow momentum domination. The outer vortices V3
and V4 revolve and move radially to the annular flow. The central jet is
deflected at x/D ≈ 1.0 by the influence of the annular flow. At t∗ = 0.30,
as shown in Fig. 5(d), the inner vortices V1 and V2 entirely occupy the
recirculation region and the outer vortices V3 and V4 disappear from
the flow field. The annular flow is stable in the downstream region of
the flow field. The central jet dissolves inside the recirculation region. A
stagnation point (denoted by S) is observed at x/D ≈ 1.5. From t∗ = 0.36
to t∗ = 0.62, as shown in Fig. 5(e–g), the instantaneous flow patterns are
similar. However, the axial length of the central jet is reduced by the an-
nular flow so that the stagnation point S shifts from x/D ≈ 1.5 to x/D ≈
1.0. The flow structure is quite chaotic downstream the axial level x/D
≈ 1.0. The structure of the vortices in the recirculation region is chaotic
as well. At t∗ = 0.95, as shown in Fig. 5(h), the flow represents a pat-
tern almost similar to the image that shown in Fig. 5(a). An evolution
process similar to that shown in Fig. 5 is periodically repeated for every
cycle. Pulsation of the annular flow creates the outer shear layer vor-
tices and wide jet spread in the downstream area while comparing with
the non-pulsed case.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 3. Instantaneous smoke flow patterns in symmetry plane
of non-pulsed double-concentric jets. The annular flow Reynolds
numbers (Rea ) are (a, b) 148, (c, d) 405. The central jet Reynolds
number fixed (Rec ) at 313. Exposure time: 0.01 s. Framing rate:
100 fps.
3.3. Jet spread width
Fig. 6 shows typical long-exposure images of the non-pulsed and
pulsed double-concentric jets of different annulus Reynolds numbers at
Rec = 313. The dark area around the central axis represents the central
jet. The light region surrounding the central jet represents recirculation
region and the annular flow field. In Fig. 6(a), for the non-pulsed jets at
Rea = 148, the central jet width remains almost constant from the jet exit
to x/D ≈ 1.0. Downstream of x/D ≈ 1.0, the central jet width constriction
is confirmed by the presence of smoke particles in the shear layer of the
central jet. The annular flow width decreases with increasing x/D in the
downstream of the flow. This indicates that mass exchange between the
annular flow and the central jet is insignificant. In Fig. 6(b), for the non-
pulsed jets at Rea = 405, the central jet width decreases gradually with
increasing x/D. The dark area of the central jet becomes blurred around
the axial level of x/D ≈ 1.3, where the central jet combines with the an-
nular flow by exchanging mass between the jets. The annular flow width
looks similar to that in the previous case shown in Fig. 6(a), However,
the width of the recirculation region is a bit larger. The width of the
annular flow is slightly increased in the downstream region because of
the increase of the annular flow momentum. In Fig. 6(c), for the pulsed
jets at Rea = 148, two greyscale levels are detected, namely, a bright
area in the recirculation region and a less bright area in the outer shear
layer. Unlike the non-pulsed case, the central jet width decreases with
increasing x/D and there are no particles in the central jet from the jet
exit to x/D ≈ 1.0. Beyond x/D ≈ 1.0, the presence of the smoke particles
confirmed the intermittent interaction of the annular flow at the central
axis, as discussed in the Section 3.2, where the annular flow starts to mix
with the central jet. The less bright region reveals the emergence of the
outer shear layer, and the jet width increases in the downstream area.
As shown in Fig. 6(d), for the pulsed jets at Rea = 405, it is surprised to
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
see few smoke particles in the near field of the central jet at x/D ≈ 0.25,
implying that pulsation of the solenoid valve imposes the annular flow
quickly to affect the near flow field of the central jet. The width of the
annular flow increases gradually from the exit to x/D ≈ 2.0.
To quantify the jet spread characteristics, the binary boundary edge
detection method [60,61] was used to determine the jet spread width
from the long-exposure images. The jet spread width W is defined as the
horizontal distance between the left and right boundaries of the double
concentric jets. The W/D is defined as the ratio of the jet spread width
(W) to the blockage disk diameter (D). Fig. 7 shows a comparison be-
tween the non-dimensional jet spread widths (W/D) of the non-pulsed
and pulsed annular flow at different annulus Reynolds numbers. The
W/D profiles of the non-pulsed double concentric jets at Rea = 148 and
405 present no appreciable difference from jet exit to x/D ≈ 0.5. The
W/D values slightly and gradually decreases with increasing x/D from
x/D ≈ 0.5 to x/D ≈ 1.3.
Beyond x/D ≈ 1.3, the W/D values present almost constant. The
spread widths of the pulsed jets are significantly larger than those of
the non-pulsed jets. This may be due to the impact of the solenoid valve
on the annular flow changes the longitudinal momentum in to the lat-
eral momentum of the jets [04]. At Rea = 148, W/D increases gradually
in the near flow field with increasing x/D from jet exit to x/D ≈ 1.3.
Beyond x/D ≈ 1.3, the jet spread width increases sharply to W/D ≈ 3.6
at x/D ≈ 2.0. In addition, the jet spread width at Rea = 405 increase
with increasing x/D owing to dilution effect of the annulus flow with
the central jet in the recirculation region, but it is slightly smaller than
that those at Rea = 148 at about x/D < 1.3. At about x/D > 1.3, W/D
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 4. Evolution process of double-concentric jets pulsed at annu-
lar flow. Annular flow pulsed at fexc = 1 Hz. Annular flow Reynolds
number (Rea ) is 148. The central jet Reynolds number (Rec ) fixed
at 313. Exposure time: 0.01 s. Framing rate: 100 fps.
does not present rapid increase values like those of the case at Rea = 148.
The effect of pulsation on the jet spread width is significant, especially
at low Reynolds numbers.
3.4. Velocity vector fields and streamline patterns
The IDT provision software was used to analyze and process the
images which were captured in the flow field as discussed in the
Section 2.4. The Tecplot 360 was used to extract and plot the time-
averaged velocity vectors and streamline patterns. The velocity charac-
teristics also were plotted using the Tecplot 360 software to extract the
velocity characteristics for successive points in the radial direction for
the several axial distances.
Fig. 8 shows the time-averaged velocity vectors and streamline
patterns of the non-pulsed double-concentric jets at Rea = 405 and
Rec = 313 in the symmetry plane. The streamlines evolved from the
exit of the annular flow are deflected a bit outward from the exit until
approximately x/D = 0.5. Downstream of the axial level of x/D = 0.5, the
streamlines turn inwardly toward the central axis and go downstream at
x/D > 1.6. The outer recirculation vortices and inner recirculation vortices
with counter-rotating directions are encapsulated within the streamlines
evolved from the edges of the blockage disk. The apexes of the outer and
inner recirculation vortices form an off-axis stagnation point (denoted
by OSP in Fig. 8) at the axial level around x/d ≈ 1.2, at which two
streamlines point into and two streamlines point out of it, so that it is
also called the four-way saddle in terminology of flow topology. The
streamlines emerged from the central jet exit go downstream directly
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907

Fig. 5. Evolution process of double-concentric jets pulsed at annu-

lar flow. Annular flow pulsed at fexc = 1 Hz. Annular flow Reynolds
number (Rea ) is 405. The central jet Reynolds number (Rec ) fixed
at 313. Exposure time: 0.01 s. Framing rate: 100 fps.

Fig. 6. Typical long-exposure smoke flow patterns in symmetry

plane of double-concentric jets. The central jet Reynolds number
fixed (Rec ) at 313. Non-pulsed jets: Rea = (a) 148, (b) 405, Ex-
posure time: 2 s. Pulsed jets: Rea = (c) 148, (d) 405, fexc = 1 Hz,
Exposure time: 8 s.
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
Fig. 7. Comparison of the non-dimensional jet spread width of non-pulsed and
pulsed double-concentric jets. Repeatability standard uncertainty of W/D = 0.5
%
Fig. 8. Time-averaged velocity vectors and streamline patterns in symmetric
plane of non-pulsed double-concentric jets. The central jet Reynolds number
fixed (Rec ) at 313. Annular flow Reynolds number (Rea ) is 405.
without reversal. The velocities in the central jet at the axial levels up-
stream of the off-axis stagnation points are large. While they are de-
creased at the axial level between the OSPs and x/D ≈ 1.5. That is, the
axial momentum of the central jet in the region a little downstream of
the off-axis stagnation points are reduced. At approximately x/D > 1.5,
the velocities increase with increasing x/D.
Fig. 9 shows the time-averaged velocity vector fields and the cor-
responding streamline patterns of the double-concentric jets pulsed at
annular flow at fexc = 1 Hz and Rec = 313. The annulus Reynolds number
shown in Fig. 9 (a) and (b) are Rea = 148 and Rea = 405, respectively.
In Fig. 9(a), for Rea = 148, the streamlines emerging from the exit of the
annular flow deflect a bit radially outward, then gradually move toward
the central line, and go toward the downstream area. The streamlines
constrict to the streamlines that emitting from the edges of the central
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 9. Time-averaged velocity vectors and streamline patterns in symmetric
plane of double-concentric jets pulsed at annular flow. Annular flow pulsed at
fexc = 1 Hz. The central jet Reynolds number fixed (Rec ) at 313. Annular flow
Reynolds number (Rea ) are (a) 148, (b) 405.
jet exit at x/D ≈ 1.3. Only one pair of large recirculation vortices ap-
pear in the region encapsulated by the streamlines evolved from the
edges of the blockage disk. The central jet velocity vectors and stream-
lines go straightforward to the downstream area. The velocities in the
central jet become smaller around the area around x/D ≈ 1.3. The long-
exposure picture of Fig. 6(c) shows that the dark region of the central jet
becomes blurred due to the entrainment of the annular flow. The outer
boundaries of the annular flow present a necking profile around x/D ≈
1.3 and subsequently expand in the further downstream area. The non-
dimensional spread width of Fig. 7 shows that W/D is sharply increased
at approximately x/D > 1.3, as discussed previously. We may infer that
the pulsation of the annular flow at such a low annulus velocity induce
a drastic change in the time-averaged flow structure such that the four-
vortex system in the recirculation region shown in Fig. 3(a and b) is
modified to two-vortex system and the width of the recirculation region
is drastically enlarged, particularly at approximately x/D > 1.3, because
of the loss of the central jet axial momentum owing to the existence of
the large two-vortex system in the near field recirculation region.
In Fig. 9(b), for Rea = 405, the four-vortex system appears in the near
field recirculation region. The streamline pattern of the two-pair vortices
is quite similar to that shown in Fig. 8(b) for the non-pulsed jets. The
axial lengths of the recirculation regions in both cases are similar as well.
However, the radial width of the pulsed jets is significantly larger than
that of the non-pulsed jets as shown in Fig. 7, and the dark region central
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
jet shown in Fig. 6(d) becomes blurred when compared with that of
Fig. 3(d). The magnitudes of the velocity vectors gradually decrease with
increasing the axial distances. The velocity vectors near the intermittent
stagnation points (Fig. 5(d)) present significant values. Since the central
jet is unaffected for 0.30 sec as discussed in Section 2.2, there is a notable
difference in the magnitude of the velocity vectors of the central jet.
3.5. Velocity characteristics
Fig. 10 shows the radial distributions of the normalized average ax-
ial velocity (𝑢̄ /uc ) of the non-pulsed and pulsed double-concentric jets
at the axial levels of x/D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 for Rec = 313 in the
symmetry plane. The normalization average axial velocity is defined as
the ratio of average axial velocity to the volumetric mean axial velocity
of central jet at exit. The normalization is done to highlight the fact that
the profiles are self-similar with respect to the central jet velocity. The
blank symbols represent the normalized average axial velocity (𝑢̄ /uc ) of
the non-pulsed double-concentric jets and the filled symbols represent
the normalized average axial velocity (𝑢̄ /uc ) of double-concentric jets
pulsed at the annular flow at fexc = 1 Hz. For the non-pulsed case, at
Rea = 148, the value of 𝑢̄ /uc decreases with increasing axial levels on
the central axis from 𝑢̄ /uc ≈ 1.3 at x/D = 0.5 (Fig. 10(a)) to 𝑢̄ /uc ≈ 1.0 at
x/D = 2.0 (Fig. 10(d)), implying the decay of central jet momentum. At
x/D = 0.5 and 1.0, as shown in Fig. 10(a and b), 𝑢̄ /uc presents negative
values until r/D ≈ 0.6, which represents the reverse flow in the recircu-
lation bubble region. At x/D = 1.5 and 2.0, as shown in Fig. 10(c and d),
𝑢̄ /uc is increased to positive values around the central jet, implying the
absence of a recirculation region and reverse flow at these axial levels.
For the non-pulsed case, at Rea = 405, 𝑢̄ /uc decreases from 𝑢̄ /uc ≈ 0.75
at x/D = 0.5 (Fig. 10(a)) to 𝑢̄ /uc ≈ 0.60 at x/D = 1.0 (Fig. 10(b)) ow-
ing to interception of the annular flow on the central line, and increases
from 𝑢̄ /uc ≈ 0.30 at x/D = 1.5 (Fig. 10(c)) to 𝑢̄ /uc ≈ 0.50 at x/D = 2.0
(Fig. 10(d)) owing to combined flow of the jets. At x/D = 0.5 and 1.0
(upstream of the stagnation point (Fig. 3(c and d)), 𝑢̄ /uc values decrease
abruptly from central axis to r/D ≈ 0.2, present negative values in the re-
circulation region (Fig. 10(a and b)), and gradually increase to its peak
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 10. Comparison of radial distributions of normalized av-
erage axial velocities at various axial distances of non-pulsed
and pulsed double-concentric jets. Repeatability standard un-
certainty of 𝑢̄ /uc = 2 %
value at r/D ≈ 0.6, which represents reverse flow and strong annular
flow momentum. However, the magnitude of the peak value decreases
with increasing the axial distance, implying decay of the annular flow
momentum in the axial distances. At x/D = 1.5 and 2.0 (downstream
of the stagnation point (Fig. 3(c and d)), 𝑢̄ /uc values increase gradually
from the central axis to r/D ≈ 0.4 (Fig. 10(c and d)) and attain signifi-
cant values around the central jet owing to the combined effect of the
central jet and the annular flow and lack of a reverse flow around the
central jet.
Fig. 11 shows the radial distributions of the normalized axial tur-
bulence intensities (u’/uc ) of the non-pulsed and the pulsed double-
concentric jets at the axial levels of x/D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 [62].
The blank symbols represent the normalized axial turbulence intensi-
ties (u’/uc ) of the non-pulsed double-concentric jets, and the filled sym-
bols represent the normalized axial turbulence intensities (u’/uc ) of the
double -concentric jets pulsed at the annular flow at fexc = 1 Hz for
Rec = 313. For the non-pulsed case, at Rea = 148, as shown in Fig. 11(a–
d), the turbulence intensities are insignificant in all regions and at all
axial levels owing to penetration of the central jet and formation of a
smooth recirculation region (Fig. 3(a and b)). At Rea = 405, as shown
in Fig. 11(a and b), u’/uc values increase with increasing axial distance
from the jet exit to x/D = 1.0 on the central line because of interaction
between the annular flow and the central jet (Fig. 3(c and d)).
Beyond x/D = 1.0, as shown in Fig. 11(c and d), u’/uc decreases in
the downstream area because of the combined flow. At the same in-
stant, as shown in Fig. 11(a–d), u’/uc values in the recirculation region
increase with increasing x/D from x/D =0.5 to x/D = 2.0 in the axial
distance. At x/D = 0.5 and 1.0, as shown in Fig. 11(a and b), the u’/uc
profiles present a dual peak in the radial distance between r/D = 0.4
to 0.7 due to the high shear effect of the annular flow with the sur-
roundings. At x/D = 2.0, as shown in Fig. 11(c), u’/uc values increase
with increasing r/D in the radial distances from the central axis to r/D =
0.4 and then decrease gradually to insignificant values. For the pulsed
case, at all axial levels, for Rea = 148 as shown in Fig. 11(a–d), the
u’/uc values are significantly larger than those in the non-pulsed case in
all regions. Particularly, at x/D = 1.0 and 1.5 (Fig. 11(b and c)), u’/uc
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907

Fig. 11. Comparison of radial distributions of normalized ax-

ial turbulence intensities at various axial distances of non-
pulsed and pulsed double-concentric jets. Repeatability stan-
dard uncertainty of u’/uc = 2 %

has significant values in the recirculation region due to strong fluctua-

tions produced by the elongation of the inner vortices until x/D = 1.8
(Fig. 4(f)). The u’/uc values increase to large values near the inner and
outer shear layer vortices of the annular flow, as shown in (Fig. 4(c)).
When the annular flow Reynolds number increases to Rea = 405, the
turbulence intensities are drastically increased on the central axis and
attain the peak value of u’/uc = 0.5 at x/D = 1.0, as shown in Fig. 11(b),
because of the formation of an intermittent stagnation point (Fig. 5 (d–
f)). The u’/uc values in the recirculation region of the pulsed case are
significantly larger than those in the non-pulsed case. For instance, at
x/D = 1.0 and Rea = 405, as shown in Fig. 11(b), u’/uc presents value
approximately 0.22%, which is approximately double times larger than
the value (u’/uc = 0.10) of the non-pulsed case in the recirculation
region.

3.6. Vorticity distributions

Figs. 12 and 13 show the normalized vorticity contours in the sym-

metry plane of the non-pulsed and pulsed double-concentric jets at
Rec = 313. The vorticity is defined as Ω = Δ ×V. The vorticity of the
present study is extracted for two dimensional flow in the median plane.
So the above formula is written as Ω = ( 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑣
− 𝜕𝑥 ). Positive values indi-
cate the counterclockwise flow direction, and negative values indicate
the clockwise flow direction. The white region denotes the null vorticity
area. For the non-pulsed case, at Rea = 148 as shown in Fig. 12(a), large
vorticity values appear in the region where the streamlines evolved from
the edges of the central hole of the blockage disk, implying that the shear
effect between the central jet and recirculation region increases the vor-
ticity. The vorticity values decrease with increasing axial distance from
the jet exit to x/D = 2.0 because of the lack of any reverse flow in the
downstream region. The vorticity values in the recirculation region and
annular flow region are insignificant due to weak annulus flow momen-
tum. When the annulus momentum increases, as shown in Fig. 12(b)
Fig. 12. Vorticity contours in symmetric plane of non-pulsed double-concentric
for Rea = 405, the vorticity values decrease slightly with increasing x/D
jets. The central jet Reynolds number fixed (Rec ) at 313. Annular flow Reynolds
from the jet exit to x/D = 1.25 in the shear layer between the central number (Rea ) are (a) 148, (b) 405. Repeatability standard uncertainty of
jet and the recirculation region. Beyond approximately x/D = 1.3, the Ω/(ua /D) = 2 %
vorticity values are insignificant due to domination of the annular flow
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
Fig. 13. Vorticity contours in symmetric plane of double-concentric jets pulsed
at annular flow. Annular flow pulsed at fexc = 1 Hz. The central jet Reynolds
number fixed (Rec ) at 313. Annular flow Reynolds number (Rea ) are (a) 148,
(b) 405. Repeatability standard uncertainty of Ω/(ua /D) = 2 %
and the combined flow of the jets. The vorticity values increase signifi-
cantly in the shear layer between the annular flow and ambient air. On
the other hand, when the annular flow is pulsed, the vorticity values
decrease in all regions, as shown in Fig. 13 for Rea = 148 and 405. The
vorticity values in the outer shear layer of the central jet for both the
annulus Reynolds number are almost similar. Smaller vorticity values
appear in the downstream region of the flow field because of the in-
termittent stagnation point on the central axis (Fig. 4(d) and Fig. 5(d))
because of the impact of the piston motion of the solenoid valve. Axial
elongation of the recirculation region (Fig. 4(f) and Fig. 5(d)) decreases
the vorticity values in the recirculation region due to the vortex stretch-
ing effect [36].
3.7. Mixing properties
To compare the mixing properties between the non-pulsed and
pulsed double-concentric jets, the tracer-gas technique was used to mea-
sure the concentration distributions of the tracer gas (CO2 ) at various
axial and radial distances. To confirm the accuracy of the results, a gas
analyzer is operated in the test environment, which is a very spacious
room with a proper ventilation system. The gas analyzer shows the pres-
ence of 0.04% of CO2 , which is similar to the amount of CO2 present in
the atmosphere. As shown in Fig. 14, the blank symbols represent the
radial distributions of the CO2 concentrations of the non-pulsed double-
concentric jets, and the filled symbols represent the radial distributions
of the CO2 concentrations of double-concentric jets pulsed at the annu-
lar flow at fexc = 1 Hz and Rec = 313.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
In the non-pulsed case, at all axial distances, the peak values of CO2
concentrations are detected at the central axis. The CO2 concentrations
decrease significantly with increasing the axial distance from x/D = 0.5
to x/D = 2.0. For instance, at Rea = 148 (Fig. 14(a–d)), the CO2 con-
centrations on the central axis at x/D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 are ap-
proximately 9.8 %, 8.5%, 6.6%, and 5.5 %, respectively. This may be
ascribed to momentum diffusion of the central jet by the annular flow,
which leads to mass diffusion of the CO2 from the central jet into the
recirculation zone. At each axial level, the distribution profile of CO2
concentrations of the double-concentric jets for Rea = 148 and 405 in
the radial distances are quite similar. However, the CO2 concentrations
at Rea = 405 are lower than those at Rea = 148. This can possibly be as-
cribed to interaction of the annular flow with the central jet at Rea = 405
(as shown in Fig. 3(c and d)), which facilitates mass exchange of the
CO2 . The CO2 concentrations decrease abruptly from the central axis
to r/D = 0.13 along the radial distance. Beyond r/D = 0.13, the CO2
concentrations decrease gradually with increasing the radial distance
at all axial levels. In the case of pulsating jets, the CO2 concentrations
on the central axis for all annulus Reynolds numbers at the lower axial
levels (x/D = 0.5 and 1.0) are significantly smaller than those in the
non-pulsed case. For example, at x/D = 0.5 and Rea = 148 (Fig. 14(a)),
the CO2 concentration of the pulsed case (C = 8.2 %) is lower than that
(C = 9.8%) of the non-pulsed case at the same location. This may be
ascribed to the fact that the annular flow merges with the central jet
intermittently at x/D = 1.0 (Figs. 4(e) and (f)), which is unlike the non-
pulsed case. Dispersion of the CO2 concentration at higher axial levels
(x/D = 1.5 and 2.0) and all annulus Reynolds numbers is better than
that those in the non-pulsed case. However, the dispersion percentage
is quite low. The CO2 concentrations in the recirculation region of the
pulsed case are drastically lower than those in the non-pulsed case. For
instance, at x/D = 0.5 and Rea = 405 (Fig. 14(a)), the value of CO2 con-
centration in the pulsed case (C = 1.8 %) is lower than that (C = 3.0
%) in the non-pulsed case. The elongation of the recirculation bubble
(Figs. 4(f) and 5(f)), and wide spread of the pulsed jets (Fig. 7(a)) are
induced by the impact of the solenoid valve, and the strong turbulence
fluctuations in the recirculation zone, as discussed in Section 3.5, play a
significant role in improving the dispersion of the central jet and mixing
of the jets. Reduction of the CO2 concentrations decreases with the in-
creasing annular Reynolds number. The dispersion of the CO2 near the
blockage disk (recirculation region) is higher than that in the combined
region of the jets. A radial dispersion improvement index is defined as
𝜂 r / D ≡ (Cr / D = 0 - Cr / D ≈ 0.13 )/Cr / D = 0 to indicate the maximum reduc-
tion of the CO2 concentrations relative to those in the non-pulsed case.
The location r/D ≈ 0.13 is approximately selected based on the high
level of mass exchange in the shear layer between the central jet and
the annular flow. The calculated values of 𝜂 r / D are shown in Fig. 15.
The larger percentage of 𝜂 r / D represents the higher capability of mixing
between the central jet and the annulus flow. The profiles show similar
patterns for both the non-pulsed and the pulsed cases. However, the 𝜂 r / D
values in the pulsed case are larger than those of the non-pulsed case.
Particularly, the 𝜂 r / D values differ strongly in the downstream area of
the flow field. For instance, at Rea = 148, in the non-pulsed case, the
𝜂 r / D value increases from the jet exit (𝜂 r / D ≈ 75%) to x/D ≈ 1.5 (𝜂 r / D
≈ 78%) and subsequently decreases to the value (𝜂 r / D ≈ 76%) at x/D ≈
2.0. In this case, as discussed in the Section 3.1, the annular flow im-
pinges with the central jet but both jets are not combined at any point.
Inversely, in the pulsed case, 𝜂 r / D value gradually increases from the
jet exit (𝜂 r / D ≈ 80%) to x/D ≈ 1.0 (𝜂 r / D ≈ 83%) and maintains almost
constant until x/D ≈ 2.0. In this case, as discussed in Section 3.2, the
annular flow intermittently combines with the central jet in the down-
stream area of the flow field at x/D ≈ 1.2. Similarly, for Rea = 405 at
x/D ≈ 2.0, the 𝜂 r / D value of the pulsed case is larger than that of the
non-pulsed case. The 𝜂 r / D value increases drastically from 𝜂 r / D ≈ 5%
(non-pulsed case) to 𝜂 r / D ≈ 43% (pulsed case), implying that the annu-
lar pulsation effectively intense the mixing of the jets in the recirculation
region.
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
Fig. 15. Comparison radial dispersion improvement index of non-pulsed and
pulsed double-concentric jets. Repeatability standard uncertainty of C = 1 %.
4. Conclusions
The effects of annular flow pulsation on the recirculation region of
double-concentric jets were evaluated, and the results were compared
with those for non-pulsed jets by examining flow characteristics and
mixing properties. The instantaneous smoke patterns, evolution of jets,
jet spread width, velocity and turbulence intensity characteristics, and
tracer-gas concentration distributions were investigated. The following
conclusions were drawn based on the results and discussion.
When the annular flow was pulsed, the annular flow merged inter-
mittently towards the central axis even at low annular flow Reynolds
numbers. The central jet was interrupted by the pulsed annular flow.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 186 (2020) 105907
Fig. 14. Comparison of radial distributions of carbon diox-
ide concentrations at several axial distances of non-pulsed and
pulsed double-concentric jets. Repeatability standard uncer-
tainty of C = 1 %
The outer shear-layer vortices evolved from the edges of the annular
flow exit. The near field recirculation region was axially elongated. The
pulsed annular flow was drastically deflected toward the radial direc-
tion in the downstream area of the recirculation region. Consequently,
the jet spread width increased abruptly in the downstream region of the
recirculation region. The increased jet spread width can improve the
heat transfer rate in the cooling systems.
The time-averaged axial velocity of the central jet decayed owing to
the interception of the pulsed annular flow, and the stagnation points
were detected at locations off the central line. Large negative values
of the time-averaged axial velocity in the recirculation region revealed
reverse flows in the recirculation region. The turbulence intensities in-
creased drastically in the recirculation region. High turbulence intensi-
ties were detected around the intermittent stagnation points. The vortic-
ity values decreased in the recirculation region when the annular flow
was pulsed.
The tracer gas concentration drastically increased in the recircula-
tion region because of the formation of a large eddy formation, which
was ascribed by the axial elongation of the recirculation region and an
increase in mass exchange between the central jet and the annular flow.
When the annular flow was pulsed, the dispersion of the central jet im-
proved significantly along the central axis. The radial dispersion im-
provement index quantitatively showed that mass exchange between
the annular flow and the central jet improved drastically by up to 80%
when the annulus flow was pulsed. The improvement in the mixing be-
tween jets by modulating the annular flow by solenoid valve may help
to decrease the use of the natural energy as well as the combustion in-
stability in the combustors.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
S. Murugan, R.F. Huang and C.M. Hsu
Supplementary materials
Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105907.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Sudharson Murugan: Data curation, Methodology, Writing - origi-
nal draft. Rong Fung Huang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Super-
vision, Writing - review & editing. Ching Min Hsu: Visualization, Inves-
tigation, Writing - review & editing.
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