SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
Affiliated to JNTUA & Approved by AICTE
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade & Accredited by NBA (CSE, ECE & EEE)
Rotarypuram Village, B K Samudram Mandal, Ananthapuramu – 515701.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB

List of Lab Experiments

1. Separation of Core Losses of Single-Phase Transformer.
2. Parallel Operation of Single-Phase Transformers.
3. Equivalent Circuit of Single-Phase Induction Motor.
4. Brake Test on Three Phase Induction Motor.
5. Scott Connection of Transformers.
6. No-Load & Blocked Rotor Tests on Three Phase Induction Motor.
7. Regulation of three phase alternators by synchronous impedance & MMF Methods.
8. V and Inverted V Curves of 3-Phase Synchronous Motor.
9. Determination of Xd and Xq of Salient Pole Synchronous Machine.
10. Regulation of Three-Phase Alternator by Z.P.F. Method.
11. Speed control of Slip Ring Induction Motor.
12. Load Test on Three Phase Alternator.
1. SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:-
To separate the hysteresis losses and eddy current losses of a single phase
transformer.
APPARATUS:-

S.No Equipment Type Range Qty

1. Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
2. Ammeter MC (0-2.5)A 1
3. Wattmeter - (300V,2.5A,LPF 1
)
4. Rheostat - 2
360Ω/1.2A
5. Tachometer - 1
Digital

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO PARAMETER LV SIDE HV SIDE ALTERNATOR DC MOTOR

.

1. Rated voltage 115V 230V 220V,3-Ɵ 220V

2. Rated current 21.7A 10.8a 13.15A 35A
3. Rated power 2.5KVA 2.5KVA 5KVA 7.5KVA
4. Rated speed - - 900/2100RPM 900/1200RPM

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Theoretically kept the position of field rheostat is magnum and potential rheostat is
maximum position.
3. Now the DPST Switch is closed and starter arm is slowly moved such that speed of
the prime mover is obtained.
4. Speed of the alternator is measured and frequency is calculated from the formulae
f=NS *P/120
5. The readings in wattmeter, voltmeter and speed are noted.
 6. The speed is varied using field rheostat of rotor field circuit. The values of voltmeter
and wattmeter readings are noted upon nearly maximum speed of alternator.
7. After taking the readings the rheostat position of alternator and stator field circuit are
brought back to minimum position and DPST Supply switch is closed.
8. The stator arm is brought to initial position.
9. A graph is drawn for w/f against ‘f ‘and the value of K1 and K 2 are obtained,
correspondingly hysteresis and eddy current losses are calculated for the obtained
frequencies.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
From the graph, K1=
K 2= y2-y1/x2-x1
And at frequency =
N=120*f/P, Where P=
V/f=4.4
V=
Wh= K1*f
We= K2*f2
Wc= Wh+ We

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Initially starter should be in a minimum position.
2. Keep the field rheostat at minimum position.
3. Keep the potential divider at minimum position.

RESULT:
 2. PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Aim: To connect two 1- transformers in parallel to load and check the load sharing of each
transformer.
Apparatus:

S. No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 2
(0-20) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 2
(0-500)V MI 1
3. Wattmeter (300V,10A,UPF) 1
(300V,20A,UPF) 1
4. 1- Auto-Transformer 230V/(0 -270)V,10A 2

5. 1- Transformer 2.5 KVA

230V/115V, 50Hz 2

Name plate details:

S.NO Parameter LV Side HV side

1. Rated voltage 115V 230V

2. Rated current 21.7A 10.8A
3. Rated power 2.5KVA 2.5KVA
Rated frequency 50Hz 50Hz
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Polarity Test:
PROCEDURE:
Polarity Test:
1. Connect the primaries of two identical transformers in parallel and secondary’s on open
circuit for polarities of the windings by a voltmeter of double range of normal secondary
voltage.
2. If the voltmeter reads double the secondary voltage then it is concluded that opposite
polarities have been connected.
3. If the voltmeter reads zero voltage then it is concluded that same polarities have been
connected.
4. This test is necessary for secondary windings only.

Parallel Operation:
1. When voltage polarities have been find out completely then give the connections as per
circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply and gradually increase the 1- auto-transformer to rated voltage of
the transformer.
3. Now apply the load in steps up to rated current of the transformer and at each step the
voltage should be maintained constant.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeter & ammeters.
5. After taking the readings remove load and bring the 1- auto-transformer to zero
position.
Switch off the supply.
Precautions:
1. Avoid loose connections and parallax error while taking the readings.
2. The auto-transformer should be kept in minimum position initially.
3. The auto-transformer should be varied slowly and uniformly.
4. Adjust the measuring instruments for zero error.
5. The condition for Parallel Operation should be strictly established before transformers
are operated.

RESULT:
3. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

Aim: Determination of equivalent circuit parameter of a single phase induction motor.

Apparatus :

Sl Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

No
1) Ammeter
2) Voltmeter
3) Wattmeter
4) Tachometer
5) Connecting leads
6) Auto Transformer (Variac)

Electrical Machine Specifications:

Induction Motor: HP: Voltage:
Speed:
Current:
Current:
Theory :
The equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor is determined by the
load test and block rotor test. The equivalent circuit of single phase induction
motor is shown in Fig. 1. no-

Fig-1- Single phase Induction Motor

1. No Load Test :
This test is similar to open circuit test on a transformer. A single-phase
auto-transformer is used to supply rated voltage at the rated frequency. The motor
is runs at no load. The power input is measured by wattmeter. With the motor
running at no load, the slip is very close to zero. It may be therefore be assumed
that s  0. Under these conditions r2/2s become infinity and r2/2(2-s) = r2/4
become several times smaller than xm/2. In view of these approximation (r2/2s +
jx2/2) and xm/2 (across r2/4 +j x2/4) may be neglected and that gives the
equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.
Let consider
Vo = No-load applied voltage.
Io = Exciting current or No-load current
Wo = Core loss and Mechanical loss.
Therefore no load power factor coso = Wo / Vo Io

So, the impedance is Zo

= Vo/Io and The
reactance Xo = Zo
sino

From the circuit Ro = r1 + r2/4 and Xo = x1 + (x2 + xm)/2

 Fig-2- Equivalent circuit for no load test Fig-3 Equivalent circuit for block rotor
test

2. Blocked Rotor Test :

With the rotor at rest, single-phase voltage, applied to stator main winding, is
increased gradually from zero so that rated current flow in main winding. Under
these condition i.e. with rotor stationary, the slip s=1 and the voltage required to
circulate full-load current is very low. Therefore, flux is small and the
magnetizing current flowing to Xm is also very low. In view of this, magnetizing
reactance can be neglected and that gives the equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.
3.
Let consider
Vsc = Applied short circuit voltage on stator side.
Isc = Short circuit current.

Wsc = Total ohmic loss.

Then the total equivalent resistance RSC = r1+ 2(r2/2) = Wsc/I2sc

Since resistance of main winding is already measured, effective rotor resistance r2 =

Rsc – r1
The total equivalent per phase impedance Zsc = Vsc / Isc

Therefore total equivalent per phase reactance Xsc = x1 + 2(x2/2) = (Z2sc – R2sc)

Since the leakage reactance x1 and x2 can’t be separated out, it is assumed that x1 = x2
= Xsc/2
Circuit Diagram :

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.
2. Switch ON the power supply and apply the rated voltage in
stator with the help of single-phase variac.
3. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading.
4. Disconnect the power supply and block the rotor with the help
of clamp as such a way that it cannot rotate. Rotor can be
blocked by disconnecting auxiliary or starting winding (SW)
from main or running winding (RW).
5. Apply very low voltage to the main winding only and then
gradually increase the voltage until the rated current is flow in
stator winding.
6. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading.
7. Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
8. Measure the stator resistance or main winding resistance by multi-meter.
9. Calculate the different parameter of single-phase induction motor from the above
data.

Observation Table:

Calculations:
 The total series impedance Z = Z1 + Z f + Zb

So, the input current Im = V/Z

Now, the core, friction and windage loss Pr = Wo -

I2o Ro Therefore, output power Pout = Pmech – Pr =
[Im2(Rf – Rb) (1-s)] – Pr And input power Pin = V Im
cos

So, efficiency % = (Pout/Pin) * 100

Result:
Rotor resistance = Ω
Magnetizing reactance = Ω
Leakage reactance = Ω
Efficiency of induction motor = %
Draw the equivalent circuit of single phase induction moto
 4. BRAKE TEST ON THREE-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the efficiency at various loads and to draw the performance curves of a
three phase induction motor by conducting a brake test.
APPARATUS:-

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. VOLTMETER (0-300V) MI 1
2. AMMETER (0-25)A MI 1
3. WATTMETER 300V,20A,LP 1
F
4. AUTO
TRANSFORMER

Name plate details: -

S.NO Parameter LV Side

1. Rated voltage 220/440V

2. Rated current 21.4A/10.7A
3. Rated Speed 955rpm
4. Rated power 7.5HP
5. Rated frequency 50Hz

PROCEDURE:-
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) Keeping the auto transformer in min. output position and making load zero on
brake drum, the TPST switch is closed.
3) By slowly varying the 3-phase auto transformer position, the voltmeter reading
(V) is adjusted to rated value of induction motor .
4) The no-load readings from all meters and no-load speed are noted down.
5) Now, the load on the motor is increased in steps by tightening the rope around the
brake drum, each time noting down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter, watt
meter, speed and spring balance values.
6) The above step is continued till the ammeter reads the rated current of the motor.
7) Now, the load is removed completely.
 8) The 3-phase Auto transformer is brought to min. output position
9) The TPST switch is opened
10) The radius of brake drum is measured.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.N V I S1 S2 W Speed S1˜S2 Torque Po Pi PF Slip Effic

(volts) (N) ienc
(Amps) Kg- Kg- Watts (Nw-m) watts watt s y
wt wt (Rpm)
Calculations:-
The watt meter reading (including multiplying Factor) = W
Input to the motor = Pi = 3 x W
Torque (T) = (S1 S2) * r * 9.81 (N-m)
Where S1 & S2 are spring balance readings in Kgs
And ‘r’ is the radius of the drum in metres
Total output power (Po ) = 2П NT / 60 (watts)
Where N= Speed in rpm
% Efficiency = (output / input) * 100 = (Pi / Po ) x100
Power Factor (cosФ) = (Pi) / (√3 V I )
= (3 x W )/ (√3 V I )
= √3W/VI
Slip (s) = (NS-N)/NS
where, NS – Synchronous Speed = (120f)/P
f is supply frequency f= 50 Hz
P is no.of poles, P=
N is Rotor speed in RPM.

Model Graphs:-
Curves are drawn for slip, speed, torque, line current and efficiency
Against output
Precautions:-
1) Loose connections should be avoided.
2) In brake test, load should be removed before switching off the
Power supply.
3) Load should be increased slowly in steps.
4) Brake drum should be cooled with water during brake test
5) The voltage should be maintained constant at rated value.
RESULT
 5. SCOTT CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
Aim:-
To determine the efficiency of a Scott connected transformer under a) balanced b)
unbalanced loads & to calculate the three phase primary line currents for a given two phase
secondary currents.
Apparatus:-

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. VOLTMETER (0-150)V MI 2
(0-300)V MI 1
2. AMMETER (0-30)A MI 2
(0-20)A MI 3
3. TRANSFORMER 230V/115V
1-∅ 2.5KVA 2

NAME PLATE DETAILS: -

S.NO Parameter Teaser transformer Main Transformer

1. Primary voltage 230V 230V

2. Secondary voltage 115V 115V

Procedure:-
1) Initially keeping loading rheostat switch in open position at both secondaries, close
TPST switch.
2) Under no load conditions, readings of all meters are noted
3) A balanced load is slowly connected one by one on secondaries of both transformers
using load banks and the readings of all meters are noted down.
4) The above procedure is repeated for unbalanced load also.
5) The efficiency is calculated for both balanced and unbalanced loads.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Calculations for primary three phase line currents :-

115
I a =I 2T ×
The Primary line current 0 . 866×230

115
|I bc|=I 2 M ×
And 230
The primary line current √
I b = I 2bc + ( I a / 2 )
2

I =√I 2 2
The primary line current c bc + ( I a /2 )
Compare the above calculated values with observed values

Model Graphs:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Avoid loose connections.
2) Vary the voltage gradually with the help of variac.

RESULT:-
 6. NO-LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON 3-PHASE SQUIRRLE CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:-
To perform no-load & blocked rotor test on a 3–phase squirrel cage induction motor
and predetermine the performance of machine from circle diagram.
APPARATUS:-

S.No Equipment Type Range Qty

1. Ammeter MI (0-25)A 1
MI (0-15)A 1

2. Voltmeter MI (0-75)V 1
(0-300)V 1
3. Wattmeter (300V,20A,LPF) 1

4. Variac 230V/(0-270)V 1

5. Connecting wires

Name plate details: -

S.NO Parameter LV Side

1. Rated voltage 220V

2. Rated current 13.4A
3. Rated Speed 955rpm
4. Rated power 5HP
5. Rated frequency 50Hz
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NO LOAD TEST:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BLOCKED LOAD TEST:

TABULAR COLUMN:
No load test

Voltage(V Current(A) W1 W2 W0= W1-W2 COSᶲ ᶲ

)

Blocked rotor test:

Voltage(V Current(A) W1 W2 W0= W1-W2 COSᶲ ᶲ

)

PROCEDURE:-
No-Load test:
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) Low Power factor wattmeter is used, as on no load power factor is low for an
induction motor.
3) With the help of 3-phase autotransformer, the rated applied voltage is applied
slowly to limit the starting current.
4) As the voltage applied to the motor increases, motor picks up speed and reaches
steady state value (i.e.) rated value.
5) Now note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter.
6) The equivalent circuit parameters are obtained as per the model calculations.
Blocked rotor test:
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) Block the rotor by means of a belt.
3) Only 15-20% of rated voltage is applied and is increased gradually from zero,
until ammeter reads full load current.
4) Now take down readings of all meters and calculate the circuit parameters.

TABULAR COLUMN:
No load test:

V0 I0 W1 W2 W0=W1-W2 cos
Blocked rotor test:

Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc=W1-W2 cos∅ ∅

CALCULATIONS:-
No-Load test:

No load power input per phase =

W O =W NL

3 W NL
No load Power Factor Cos
φo = √ 3V NL I NL

No-load Current per phase = I o =( I NL / √ 3 )

Working Component (
I w ) = I O Cos φ O

Magnetizing component (
I m )= I O Sin φalignl¿ O ¿¿ ¿

Blocked Rotor Test:

Input under blocked rotor conditions per phase =

W SC =W BR

Input current per phase under blocked rotor = I SC =( I BR / √ 3 )

Supply voltage under blocked rotor =

V SC=V BR

Construction of Circle diagram;

The Circle diagram of an Induction motor can be drawn by using the data
obtained from two tests called i) No load test ii) Blocked rotor Test
i)No-load test : In this test, induction motor is made to run on no load at rated speed and
frequency. Per phase values of Voltage(Vo), Input current(Io) and Input power (Wo) are
noted down. There fore, the no load power factor angle o is obtained as follows.

o = Cos-1( Wo/Vo Io)

ii) Blocked Rotor Test : For performing this test, the rotor shaft is blocked by external
means. Now, stator is given reduced voltage at rated frequency so that rated current flows
through it. Per phase values of Voltage(Vsc), Input current(Isc) and Input power(Wsc) are
noted down. The value of sc is obtained as follows.

sc = Cos-1 ( Wsc / Vsc.Isc)

 The following procedure is followed for drawing circle diagram.
1.Take V1 as reference along y-axis.
2. Fix the current scale ie., 1 cm = x Amps

3. Draw a line OQ (so that OQ = Io/x) from origin making an angle o

with V1
4. The values of Stator current and power input under Short circuit
conditions for normal stator voltage are obtained as follows.
IscN = Isc V1 /Vsc and WscN = Wsc. (V1/Vsc)2

5. Draw a line OD ( OD = IscN/x) from origin making an angle sc with V1

6. Join Q and D ( This line is called output Line)
7. Draw a line QR parallel to OX
8. Draw a right angled Bi-sector KK1 for QD so that it cuts the line QR at
‘C’
9. Draw a circle ‘C’ as center and QC as radius. This circle must pass
through the point D
10.Draw a perpendicular line DE to Ox and it intersects QR at F
11. Identify a point G on DF so that DG/DF = R2/R1 (Usually, we take DF = DF)
12. Join Q and G. This line is called ‘ Torque Line’
13. Power Scale is fixed as 1 cm = WscN / DE watts
Performance Estimation from Circle diagram:
For a operating point ‘P’ on circle diagram,
i) OP gives stator current ie., I1/phase = OP . x Amps
ii) Cos  is the operating power factor
iii) PU is the stator input per phase
iv) PR is the Shaft Output per phase
v) RS is the Rotor Cu. Losses per phase
vi) ST is the Stator Cu. Losses per phase
vii) TU is the Constant Losses per phase ( Stator core loss + friction loss)
viii) SP is the Rotor input per phase ie., Pg
ix) % Efficiency = (Output/Input) x 100 = (PR / PU) x 100
x) Slip ‘s’ = Rotor Cu. Losses/ Rotor Input = RS/SP
xi) Rotor speed = N = (1-s) Ns
xii) Torque =T = 3 (PR . (WscN/DE) . 60/(2N)) N-m
For finding maximum Output :
Draw a tangent YY’ parallel to Output line so that it touches circle at A. Now, ‘A’
is the operating point corresponding to max. output
For finding maximum Torque :
Draw a tangent ZZ’ parallel to Torque line so that it touches circle at B. Now, ‘B’
is the operating point corresponding to max. Torque.
Precautions:-
1) Loose connections should be avoided.
2) In load test, load should be removed before switching of the supply
3) Load is increased slowly, step by step.
 4) Water should be applied to cool the brake drum.
Results:-

7. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATORS BY SYNCHRONOUS

IMPEDANCE & MMF METHODS.
AIM:- To find regulation of a three-phase alternator by synchronous
impedance method (EMF method)
Apparatus :

Sl Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

No
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Frequency meter
Tachometer
Connecting leads
3-phase load
Electrical Machine Specifications:

Power Voltage current Speed

Synchronous
Machine:

DC Motor

Theory:
The synchronous impedance of a given three phase alternator can be
determined from the following two experiments.
1. Open Circuit Test:
In this test, the alternator is run with the prime mover i.e. dc motor. The
output terminals of the alternator are kept open i.e. alternator run on no-load.
The induce emf per phase corresponding to various values of field current is
measured. The curve is drawn between the induced emf per phase and the field
current as shown in Fig. This curve is known as open circuit characteristics
(O.C.C.).
2. Short Circuit Test:
In this test, the output terminals of the alternator are short circuited
through low resistance ammeter. The short circuit current is measured
corresponding to various values of field current while speed is kept constant
with the help of field rheostat. The curve is drawn between short circuit current
and field current as shown in Fig. (Curve II). This curve is known as short
circuit current (S.C.C.).
From the Fig. let OA represent the field current corresponding to rated
terminal voltage. Then AB represents the rated short circuited current and AC
represents the induced emf per phase. Under the short circuit condition whole
of the emf AC is used to create the short circuit current AB. Now, we can write
Synchronous impedance, Zs = AC (in volts)/ AB (in amp)

The value of armature resistance per phase R a can be determined by an

accurate ohmmeter. The effective value of armature resistance can be
determined by increasing the measured value by 20% to account for the skin
effect and effect of temperature rise. Then, synchronous reactance Xs can be
calculated using the following relation
Xs = Zs2 – Ra2

No load induced emf per phase

Percentage Regulation

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
[A] Open Circuit Test
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set potential divider to zero output position and motor field rheostat to
minimum value.
3) Switch on dc supply and start the motor.
4) Adjust motor speed to synchronous value by motor field rheostat and
 note the meter readings.
5) Increase the field excitation of alternator and note the corresponding readings.
6) Repeat step 5 till 10% above rated terminal voltage of alternator.
7) Maintain constant rotor speed for all readings.

[B] Short Circuit Test

1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Star the motor with its field rheostat at minimum resistance position and
the potential divider set to zero output.
3) Adjust the motor speed to synchronous value.
4) Increase the alternator field excitation and note ammeter readings.
5) Repeat step 4 for different values of excitations (field current). Take
readings up to rated armature current. Maintain constant speed for all
readings
6) Measure the value of armature resistance per phase Ra by multimeter
or by ammeter- voltmeter method.
7) Plot the characteristics and find the synchronous impedance.

Observations:

Calculate the excitation emf Eo and voltage regulation for full-load and
1. 0.8 lagging p.f.
2. UPF
3. 0.8 leading p.f.
Eo = [(V cos + Ia Ra)2 + (V sin  + Ia Xs)2]

+ sign is for lagging pf load. - sign is for

leading pf load. V = rated terminal voltage
per phase of alternator

%Regulation
Result:
Regulation of alternator at full load is
found to be, At unity pf =
--------------
At 0.8 lagging = ---------------
At 0.8 leading = --------------
Synchronous Impedance varies for different values of excitation.

Precautions:
1. All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work
table.
2. Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starter’s moving arm is at it’s
maximum
3. resistance position.
4. Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connections are
checked by the teacher
5. Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
6. Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor
shaft so that it reads correctly.
7. Ensure that the winding currents do not exceed their rated values.

Discussion:
1. Why OCC looks like B-H curve?
2. Why SCC is a straight line?
3. What is armature reaction effect?
4. What are the causes of voltage drop?
5. When is the regulation negative and why?
6. Can we find regulation of a salient pole machine by this test? Justify your
answer.
 8. ‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
AIM:-
To obtain the relation between Armature current and Field current (V curve) &
Power factor and Field current (Λ curve) of a Synchronous motor.

APPARATUS:-

S.No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1. VOLTMETER MI (0-300)V 2
2. AMMETER MI (0-15)A 1
MC (0-2)A 1
3. RHEOSTAT 360/Ω1.2A 1
4. SYNCHRONISING 1
SWITCH

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO. PARAMETER ALTERNATOR DC MOTOR

1. Rated voltage 220V,3-Ɵ 220V

2. Rated current 25.3A 10.5A

3. Rated power 6H.P. 4KVA

4. Rated speed 1200/1800RPM 1200/1800RPM

5. P.F. 0.8 -
 Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) All the switches are kept in open position and power stat in minimum output position
initially. The Field Rheostat and armature rheostats of dc motor are kept in Min and
max positions respectively.
3) The DC motor is started by slowly operating 3 point starter from OFF to ON
position.
4) The speed of Synchronous machine is adjusted to its rated value by adjusting the
field and armature rheostats in dc motor circuit.
5) The field current of Alternator is increased slowly so that the voltmeter V1 reads its
rated value.
6) The TPST switch is closed and the three phase auto transformer is adjusted so that
the voltmeters V2 reads the same value as that of V1.
7) All the bulbs connected across the synchronizing switch are found to be flickering
simultaneously. If bulbs do not flicker simultaneously, then the system is brought to
the initial conditions and the supply terminals are interchanged and the procedure is
repeated.
 8) Now the frequency of the flicker is adjusted to a lowest possible value by adjusting
rheostat positions of DC motor.
9) The Synchronizing switch S2 is closed when Synchronizing bulbs are in the middle
of the dark period. Now the synchronous machine is synchronized to existing supply.
10) Now open the DPST switch of DC motor and the synchronous machine operation is
changed to Synchronous motor.
11) The field excitation of synchronous motor is changed in steps in both increasing and
decreasing modes and the corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter and watt
meter are noted down.
12) The armature is made minimum and the TPST switch is opened.
13) Plot the graphs Ia (Vs) If & If (Vs) power factor.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Wattmeter reading= kw

S.NO. If(A) I0(A) COS

Ф0=
P
√ 3 VI

Calculations:-
P
Cos Ø =
√ 3 VI
Model Graphs:-

 Field current (Vs) Armature current & power factor.

PRECAUTIONS:-

Avoid loose connections.

 1) Check the phase sequence & terminal voltage of both alternator & incoming
supply.
2) Synchronization should be done properly.

RESULT:-

9. DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF A SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE BY SLIP TEST
AIM:-

X
To determine the Quadrature axis reactance ( q ), Direct axis Reactance (
X d ) and
regulation of a given salient pole alternator by conducting Slip Test.
APPARATUS:-

S.No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1. VOLTMETER MI (0-300)V 1
MI (0-600)V 1
2. AMMETER MI (0-15)A 1
3. RHEOSTAT 360Ω/1.2A 1
4. VARIAC 3-Ɵ 220V/0-270V 1

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO. PARAMETER ALTERNATOR DC MOTOR

1. Rated voltage 220V,3-Ɵ 220V

2. Rated current 32A 13.5A

3. Rated power 7.5H.P. 5KVA

4. Rated speed 900/2100RPM 900/2100RPM

5. P.F. 0.8 -
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:-
1) The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) The 3-Phase autotransformer is set to zero output voltage and TPST switch is
opened.
3) The field rheostat and armature rheostat of D.C Motor are kept in minimum
and maximum positions respectively.
4) Close the DPST switch and start the dc motor with the help of 4-point starter,
adjust the speed of a motor to almost synchronous speed by adjusting the field
and armature rheostats of DC motor circuit.
5) The TPST switch is closed and a small voltage is applied across the armature
terminals of alternator by slowly varying the 3-Phase Auto-transformer
position.
6) The voltmeter reading across the field winding of the alternator should be
small to ensure that the phase sequence of alternator is same as that of
direction of rotation of the alternator.
7) If the voltage across the field winding of alternator is found to be more even
for small value of applied voltage, the voltage supplied to the alternator is
 reduced. The phase sequence of the supply is changed by interchanging any
two phases.
8) After ensuring the correct phase sequence, again slowly a reduced voltage(30
to 40% of rated voltage) is applied to the stator so that ammeter reads almost
the rated armature current. Now voltage across the field winding will be
approximately Zero.
9) The Ammeter and Voltmeter pointers are found to be oscillating at same
frequency.
10) The frequency of these oscillations is made as low as possible (but, it should
not be made completely zero) by adjusting the speed of the alternator using
field and armature rheostats of DC motor.
11)
V I
The max and min values of Voltmeter ( a ) and Ammeter ( a ) are observed.
12) The three phase auto transformer is brought to min output position and the
TPST switch is opened.
13) The power supply to DC motor is cut-off by opening the DPST switch.
14) The
X d and X q are calculated using the given formulae.

Observations:-

I a (min) =

I a (max) =

V a (min) =

V a (max) =
Calculations:-

X d = V a (max) / I a (min)

X q = V a (min) / I a (max)

To find the Voltage Regulation:

Let Ia and Cos Ф be the armature current and load power factor at which regulation is
to be predetermined.
The phase angle ψ between Ef and Ia is determined as follows.

E'f =V + I a Ra + jI a X q

E'f
The phase of is equal to the δ

And the angle ψ = δ + Ф for lagging power factors

 ψ = δ - Ф for leading power factor

I d =I a Sinψ

I d =I a Cos ψ
E f =VCos δ+I a R a Cos ψ+I d X d
Ef −V
×100
% Regulation = V

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO. Imin(A) IMax(A) Vmin(V) Vmax(V) Xd(Ω) Xq(Ω)

To find armature resistance:

Voltage(V) Current(A) Req(Ω) Rdc=1.5 Req(Ω) Rac=1.2Rdc(Ω)

To find lagging P.f.

p.f E’=V+Ia(Ra+jXq) Id=Ia sin ¿+Ɵ) E0=E’+jId(Xd-Xq) % Regulation

. (cos θ− jsin θ )

To find leading P.f.

p.f E’=V+Ia(Ra+jXq) Id=Ia sin ¿-Ɵ) E0=E’+jId(Xd-Xq) % Regulation

. (cos θ+ j sin θ)
Model Graphs:-

Precautions:-
1) Loose connections should be avoided.
2) Armature rheostat and field rheostat should be in maximum and
minimum positions respectively at the time of starting.
Result:-
 9. Determination of Xd and Xq of Salient Pole Synchronous Machine.

AIM:- To determine direct axis (Xd) and quadrature axis (Xq)

synchronous reactance of a three phase synchronous machine by slip test.

Apparatus :

Sl Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

No
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Auto transformer
Tachometer

Electrical Machine Specifications:

Power Voltage current Speed

Synchronous
Machine:

DC Motor

Theory:
When a three phase synchronous alternator operates under normal
condition, the resultant armature mmf is stationary with respect to the field
mmf. As such the effect of armature mmf cannot be studied unless it is
resolved into two components, one is along the axis of pole known as direct
axis and another is along the axis quadrature to this known as quadrature axis.
The component of armature mmf acting along direct axis has overcome lesser
reluctance as compared the component of armature mmf acting along
quadrature axis, and can therefore, establish more flux. On the other hand,
quadrature axis path has higher reluctance and therefore, quadrature axis mmf
 will establish lesser flux. So, under the steady stat operation condition of the
synchronous machine we define two reactance as follows
Direct axis reactance = Xd
Quadrature axis reactance = Xq

The value of d X and q X are determined by applying a balanced reduced

external voltage to an unexcited synchronous machine at a speed of little less
than the synchronous speed. Due to applied voltage to the stator terminals a
current will flow causing a stator mmf. This stator mmf moves slowly relative
to the poles and induced an emf in the field circuit in a similar fashion to that
of rotor in an induction motor at slip frequency. The effect will be that the
stator mmf. will move slowly relative to the poles. The physical poles and the
armature-reaction mmf are alternately in phase and out, the change occurring
at slip frequency.
When axis of the pole and axis of armature reaction mmf wave coincide, the
armature mmf acts through the field circuit. Therefore, the corresponding
reactance is direct axis reactance and is given by

Maximum Value of AramatureVoltage

X d=
Minimum Value of Aramature Current

When armature reaction mmf is in quadrature with the field poles, the applied
voltage is equal to the leakage reactance drop plus the equivalent voltage drop
of the cross- magnetizing field component. Therefore, the corresponding
reactance is quadrature axis reactance and is given by

Minimum Value of AramatureVoltage

X q=
Maximum Value of Aramature Current

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.
2. Bring the field circuit rheostat of D.C. motor to its minimum value and
switch ON the supply.
3. Start the D.C. motor with the help of three point stater.
4. Check the direction of rotation of the synchronous machine. The direction
of rotation of synchronous machine when run by D.C. motor should be
the direction of rotation when run as induction motor. If it is not same,
change either the direction of rotation of D.C. motor or the phase
sequence of synchronous machine.
5. Increase the speed of D.C. motor by increasing the field rheostat so that
the speed reaches a little less than the synchronous speed of machine.
Maintain the slip to be less than 5 %.
6. Check that the three phase variac is set to zero position. Switch ON the ac
supplies with opening field circuit and apply it to the stator of
synchronous machine.
7. Increase the supply voltage using three phase variac so that the machine
draw the rated current.
8. It will be observe that induced voltage, applied voltage to the stator
winding and current in stator winding will fluctuate from their minimum
values to maximum values.
9. Note down the reading.
10. Repeat the step 5, 7 and 8 for some other suitable speeds.
11. Reduce the applied voltage to stator winding of synchronous machine by
means of three phase variac to zero and switch OFF the ac supply.
12. Reduce the speed of dc motor by decreasing its field resistance and
switch OFF the dc supply.
Observations:
 Result:
The average direct axis reactance Xd = Ω The average
quadrature axis reactance Xq = Ω

Discussion:
1.
What should be the value of Xq/Xd?
2.
What should be the permissible value of slip for this experiment?
3.
Why the reading of Voltmeter and Ammeter are fluc
 10. Regulation of Three-Phase Alternator by Z.P.F. Method.EXPERIMENT NO.:-

AIM:- To determine voltage regulation of three phase alternator by ZPF method.

Apparatus :

Sl Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

No
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Frequency meter
Tachometer
Connecting leads
3-phase load

Electrical Machine Specifications:

Power Voltage current Speed

Synchronous
Machine:

DC Motor

Theory :
The regulation obtained by synchronous impedance method is based on total
synchronous reactance
i.e. sum of armature leakage flux reactance and reactance due to armature reaction. But
in Zero Power Factor (ZPF) or Potier reactance method regulation calculation is based
on separation of reactance due to leakage flux and that due to armature reaction flux.
To determine the voltage regulation by this method, a curve between terminal voltage
and field excitation while machine is being run on synchronous speed and delivering
full load at zero power factor (lagging) have to be drawn along with no load
characteristic as show in figure. The ZPF characteristic curve is of exactly same shape,
as the OCC but it is shifted vertically downward by leakage reactance drop IXLand
horizontally by armature reaction mmf.

The point A is obtained from a short circuit test with full load armature current.
Hence OA represents excitation (field current) required to overcome demagnetizing
effect of armature reaction and to balance leakage reactance drop at full load. Point B is
obtained when full load current flows through the armature. From B, line BC is drawn
and parallel to OA. Then a line is drawn through c parallel to initial straight part of OCC
(parallel to OG), intersecting the OCC at D. BD is joined and a perpendicular DF is
dropped on BC. The triangle BFD is imposed at various points OCC to obtain
corresponding points on the ZPF curve. The length BF in BFD represents armature
reactance and the length DF represents leakage reactance drop IXL . This known as
Potier reactance voltage drop and the triangle is known as Potier Triangle. The potier
reactance is given as

In case of cylindrical rotor machines, potier reactance is nearly equal to armature

leakage reactance. In case of salient pole machine, the magnetizing circuit is more
saturated and the armature leakage reactance is smaller than the potier reactance.
Potier Regulation Diagram:
OV is drawn horizontally to represent full load terminal voltage, V and OI is
drawn to represent full load current at a given power factor. VE is drawn perpendicular
to phasor OI and equal to reactance drop (IXL ), neglecting resistance drop. Now phasor
OE represents generated emf E. From OCC field excitation I1 corresponding to
generated emf E is determined, OI1 is drawn perpendicular to phasor OE to represent
excitation required to induce emf OE on open circuit. I 1I2 is drawn parallel to load
current phasor OI to represent excitation equivalent to full load armature reaction. OI2
gives total excitation required. If the load is thrown off, then terminal voltage will be
equal to generated emf corresponding to field excitation OI 2. Hence OEo will lag
behind phasor OI2 by 90°. EEo represents voltage drop to armature reaction. So,

regulation can be obtained from the relation below

Potier regulation diagra

Circuit Diagram:-
i) Open Circuit Test (Fig-1)

ii) Short circuit Test (Fig-2)

iii) Set up for ZPF Curve (Fig-3)

Procedure: -
To plot Open Circuit Characteristics:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
2) Switch ON the dc power supply and start the motor with the help of three
point starter keeping the field rheostat at its minimum value.
Now adjust the speed of motor equal to the synchronous speed of
alternator with help of field rheostat. Maintain this synchronous speed
throughout the experiment.
3) Increase alternator field current by varying the field voltage gradually. Note
down the voltmeter reading connected across the alternator terminals for
various values of alternator field current. Go up to 10 % above the rated
voltage of alternator.
4) Switch OFF the dc supply.
5) Short the alternator output through ammeter as shown in Fig. 2 and repeat
steps 2 and 3 above.
6) Increase alternator field current by varying the field voltage gradually. Note
the ammeter readings connected across the alternator terminals for various
values of alternator field current.
7) Switch OFF the dc supply.
8) Measure per phase armature resistance and field resistance.
9) Plot the O.C.C. and S.C.C. curves
 To Plot ZPF Curve
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Start the motor and run it at synchronous speed.
3) Vary the inductive load in steps and adjust the field current to a value till full
load armature current is flowing.
4) Every time note down the field current and the terminal voltage of alternator.
5) Plot the ZPF curves and draw potier triangle.

Observation:

Calculation:
Potier
reactance
= No
load
voltage
Eo =

%age regulation = (Eo-V)*100/V

Result: The regulation at full load

7.&10. REGULATION OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS
IMPEDANCE & M.M.F.AND Z.P.F. METHODS
Aim:-
To perform open circuit, short circuit tests on a 3 – phase alternator and to determine
the regulation at various loads using synchronous impedance method and MMF method.
Apparatus:-

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. AMMETER (0-2)A MC 1
(0-15)A MI 2
2. VOLTMETRE (0-300)V MI 2
(0-50)V MI
3. RHEOSTAT 360Ω/1.2A 2
4. p.f. METER 1
5. TPDT SWITCH 1
TPST SWITCH 1
CHANGEOVER 1
SWTCH

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO. PARAMETER ALTERNATOR DC MOTOR

1. Rated voltage 220V,3-Ɵ 220V

2. Rated current 13.15A 25.3A

3. Rated power 4KVA 6 H.P.

4. Rated speed 1200/1800RPM 1200/1800RPM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Armature resistance Measurement:-

TABULAR COLUMN:
O.C.Test:

S.No If V
(Amps) (Volts)

S.C.Test:

If(Amps) Ia(Amps)

Armature resistance:-

S.No V(Volts) I(Amps) Ra(Ohms)

Z.p.f. Test:

S.No Terminal Voltage (V) Armature current Field current

(Ia)
(Volts) If
(Amps)
(Amps)

Procedure:-
1. For Synchronous Impedance method:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the switch S1 in open position and the field rheostat of the motor is kept in
minimum resistance position initially.
3. Start the motor and adjust its speed to rated speed of the Alternator.
4. Slowly increase the excitation of the alternator in steps and note down the open-
circuit voltage.
5. Now reduce the excitation of the alternator and close S1.
6. Now Increase the excitation so that rated current flows across the short-
circuited armature terminals. Note the value of the field current at rated value of
armature current.
7. Plot the O.C.C and SCCs.
8. Determine the armature resistance by voltmeter-ammeter method.

MMF Method:
The following steps are to be followed for finding Voltage Regulation using this method .
1. Open Circuit and Short Circuit Characteristics are drawn
2. Armature resistance Ra per phase is measured
'
3. The value of Ē is obtained as
Ē '=V̄ + Ī a R a

Where Ia is the armature current and Cosφ is power factor at which voltage regulation is
required.

4. The mmf value F r 1 corresponding to this emf Ē ' is obtained from OCC
5. The value of (
F a + F al )
is obtained from SCC corresponding to Ia as shown in figure.

6. The value of main mmf

corresponding to current Ia and pf is calculated

F̄ f = F̄ r 1−( F̄a + F̄ al )
as
7. The value of Emf Ef is obtained from OCC corresponding to this Ff.
8. The Voltage Regulation value is calculated with the knowledge of Ef
and V as follows.
E f −V
= ×100
% Voltage Regulation V

The following figures show the phasor diagram for lagging power factors.
Procedure for obtaining ZPFC:-
1.Now the TPST switch S1 is closed keeping the three phase inductive load in
minimum postion.
2.The excitation is increased so that the ammeter kept in alternator armature circuit
reads rated current. Note down the corresponding values of field current and
voltmeter readings
3. The inductive load is increased so that ammeter reading increases. The increased
ammeter is readjusted to rated value by decreasing the excitation. The corresponding
values of voltmeter and field currents are noted down.
4. The above procedure is repeated for different values of Field current and Voltmeter
readings.
5. The excitation is decreased to zero and the TPST is opened
6.The supply to Dc motor is switched off by opening the DPST switch
7. A curve is drawn between Field excitation and Terminal voltage (voltmeter reading)

Avearage Ra =
Calculations:-
Synchronous Impedance Method:
V OC
Z s=
I SC at a given field current

√
X S = Z 2 −R
S a2

Let Ia be the armature current and Cosφ be the power factor at which voltage regulation is
needed.

√
EO = (V cosφ+I a R a )2 + ( V sin φ±I a X S )
2
( + for Lagging Power factor,
- for Leading Power factor)

EO −V
×100
V
% Regulation =
The above procedure is repeated for different armature currents and power factors
Model Graphs:-

Calculations:-

Finding % Voltage Regulation using ZPF method :

The following procedure is used for this method.

1. OCC and ZPFC are drawn
2. Potier Triangle is developed as follows.
a) The per phase rated voltage ( Vt) is identified on y-axis
b) An horizontal line is drawn from Vt on to Zpfc so that it cuts Zpfc at point A
c) A line AD is drawn so that AD = OF’
d) A parallel line to air gap line is drawn from point D and it cuts OCC at point C
e) A Perpendicular line is drawn to AD from C and it cuts AD at B
f) Join points C and A. The triangle ABC is called ‘Potier Triangle’ in which the sides
AB and BC respectively give Fa and IaXal values.

E =V + I a Ra + jI a X al
3. The value of Er is obtained as r

4. The value of F r is obtained from OCC corresponding to Er

5. The mmf Ff is calculated as

F̄ f = F̄ r − F̄ a

6.. The value of Ef is obtained from OCC corresponding to Ff

7. The Voltage Regulation is obtained as
E f −V
= ×100
% Voltage Regulation V

The following figure shows the Phasor diagram for ZPF method for a lagging power factor
load.
Precautions:-
1) Before closing the TPST switch ensure that the field excitation current is
minimum.
2) Avoid loose connections.

RESULT:
 11.Speed control of three-phase Slip Ring Induction Motor

Aim: Speed control of three-phase Slip Ring Induction Motor by rotor resistance
control..
Apparatus :

Sl Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

No
1) Ammeter
2) Voltmeter
3) Auto Transformer (Variac)

Electrical Machine Specifications:

Power Voltage current Speed

Synchronous
Machine:

DC Motor

Theory :
Slip ring induction motors are usually started by connecting starting resistance in
the secondary circuit, which are shorted out as the motor speed up. If the ohmic
values of these resistances are properly chosen and if the resistors are designed
for continuous operation, they can serve dual purpose i.e. starting and speed
control. This method of speed control has characteristics similar to those of dc
motor speed control by means of resistance in series with armature.
Torque developed by an induction motor is given by
When the speed is very near to synchronous speed Ns i.e. when sip is very low
the value of the term s2 X22 is very small and can be neglected as compared to
R22 and torque developed become proportional to s/R2. So it is obvious that for a
given torque, slip s can be increased or speeds can be reduced by increasing the
rotor resistance. In this method speed can be control only below the rated
speed. If step of external resistance is larger speed control is smoother. In this
method efficiency is largely reduced at low speed. The curve of speed vs.
resistance is shown in Fig below.

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.

2) Switch ON the power supply.
3) With the help of external rotor resistance starts the induction motor.
4) Vary the rotor resistance and note down the various speed.
5) Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the motor.
6) Measure the external rotor resistance in each step by multimeter.
7) Draw the speed vs. rotor resistance curve.
.
Observation Table:
RESULT : Draw the speed vs. rotor resistance curve of slip ring induction motor.

11.Speed control of Slip Induction motor

Aim: To perform load test on single phase induction motor to obtain the
performance characteristics.
Apparatus :

Sl Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

No
1) Ammeter
2) Voltmeter
3) Wattmeter
4) Auto Transformer
5) Tachometer

Electrical Machine Specifications:

Power Voltage current Speed

Synchronous
Machine:

DC Motor

Theory :
The load test on induction motor helps us to compute the complete performance
of induction motor means to calculate the various quantities i.e. torque, slip,
efficiency, power factor etc at different loading. In this test supply voltage is
applied to motor and variable mechanical load is applied to the shaft of motor.
Mechanical load can be provided by brake and pulley arrangement. The input
current, input voltage, input power and speed of motor are observed from the
experiment and various performance quantities are calculated as explain below.
Slip :
Due to the single-phase ac supply given to stator of an induction motor, a rotating
magnetic field of constant magnitude is set up in the stator of the motor. The
speed with which this rotating magnetic field rotates is known as synchronous
speed and is given
by
P =no of poles on the stator of the rotor.
The actual speed of the rotor Nr is always less than the synchronous speed. So
the slip of the motor is given by following equation. This value of slip at full
load lies between 2 to 5%.
Where f =supply frequency.
Torque :
120 𝑓
=
𝑃
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟
𝑠 =
𝑋 100

𝑁𝑠
be obtained from the readings of the two spring
balance i.e. S1 and S2 Net force exerted on drum,
𝑊 = (𝑆1 − 𝑆2)

𝑇=
Where d = effective diameter of brake drum in meter.
Output Power :
The output power of induction motor can be calculated as
2 𝜋 𝑁𝑟 𝑇
𝑃=
60
Where Nr is speed of motor in rpm.
Input Power :
The input power can be determined from the readings of wattmeter connected in the
circuit.
Pi = W

Power Factor :
The power factor can be calculated from the two wattmeter reading using following
relation
𝑷𝒊𝒏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 =

𝑉𝐼
Efficiency :
Efficiency can be calculated using
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
N= 𝑋 100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Circuit Diagram :
Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.
2. Set variac for minimum voltage and brake pulley arrangement is set for no load.
3. Switch ON the power supply and start the induction motor.
4. Now gradually increase applied voltage by varying the variac very slowly
up to the rated voltage.
5. Increase the mechanical load on motor step by step and note down the
reading at each step.
6. Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the motor.
7. Calculate the various quantities and draw the various curves as stated above.
Observation Table :

Input Input Input Force (Kgf) Speed

S Voltag Current Power Nr
L eV I (amp)
W (rpm)
N (volt) S S F = S1 –
O (watt)
1 2 S2
1
2
3
4
5
Diameter of pulley, d = m.
Calculation :

Input Total Output Output Power Efficienc

SL Power Force F Torque Power Slip (%) Factor y (%)
N Pin (Kgf) T (Nw- Po cosΦ
O (watt) m) (watt)
1
2
3
4
5

Precautions:
1. All connections should be neat and tight.
2. Special attention should be given for cooling of the break pully,
otherwise the wearing out of belt may be very rapid.
3. The current ratings should be-given special care while selecting wattmeters.

Result : Draw the following curve of three-phase slip ring induction motor
a) Efficiency vs. output power.
b) Torque vs. output power.
c) Line current vs. output power.
d) Power factor vs. output power.
e) Slip vs. output power
f) Torque vs. slip
 12.LOAD TEST ON 3-PH ALTERNATOR

Aim : To Study Load Test on Three Phase Alternator.

Theory

The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial
purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An alternator works as a generator
when its rotor carrying the field system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is
DC shunt motor. The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load.

Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate
an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The
generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field excitation and the power
factor of the load.

As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the
magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in direct proportion to the
current. However, with progressive increases in DC field current, the flux will eventually
reach a high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron
means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC field
current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it
can be used as a measure of the degree of saturation.

When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-
circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents
drop off rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an
alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no load this flux is
established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation.

Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and
the ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive
force) of the rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors
assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it.

Load test of an alternator provides the information about the efficiency and regulation. It
is performed by driving the alternator at its rated speed and increase the field excitation
till the armature voltage reaches to its rated value. Increase the load on alternator
terminals during this process alternator armature current will increase, terminal voltage
will vary according to the type of the load. By observing the input and output of an
alternator at each load we can calculate the corresponding efficiency and regulation.
 Procedure

Load Test on Three Phase Alternator

1) Close DPST (double pole single throw) switch connected to the DC shunt motor and
apply voltage in steps till desired speed of the alternator is attained.

2) When desired speed is reached, turn on DC excitation to synchronous generator field

winding so that rated value of terminal voltage of alternator in open circuit condition is
reached. Now DC excitation will be held constant hereafter
3) To test the machine on load, we insert the resistances from resistive load bank.
4) As we go on inserting resistances, the terminal voltage of 3 phase alternator will reduce
and also the speed
5) Store this data by clicking “Start Storing Data”
6) Now again increase the load by closing another load switch.
7) Store this data by clicking “Start Storing Data”
8) Go on repeating this procedure till all load are connected and data is stored.
9) Now display the data by clicking “Show data”. For Ex

Vfa=field voltage of alternator

Ifa=field current of alternator
Vin=input voltage DC motor
Iin=input current of DC motor
Vt=terminal voltage
Vry,Vyb,Vbr=line voltage

10) As load is increased, the DC input to the motor will also be increased to bring back the
speed of alternator to synchronous speed. Due to voltage regulation effect even though speed
is restored drooping characteristics are observed for terminal voltage against line current of
alternator.
11) Remove field excitation of sync alternator with DPST switch.
12) Switch off the resistances from circuit of generator
13) Cut off the supply through DPST (double pole single throw) of the for DC shunt motor
after making all applied quantities zero.