1.1 WHATISTORT LAW? ‘A conrte canopy closes ap fais ento he pavemest belo, isjring pastas ang passing motors. A passaged when mi bssverves out ofeonol and rsh, Fuel losses ar steed wien unk sta el risky cia producto unsopisied Investors witout informing tem of th nue of he prods and the ated iss. A Pate! ser injury ae being ested wih the wrong dr. Passengers aed and “drowned when fre clide inh ou. A einen lege wrong arrest an py shusby polices Aloft peeing events a, unfrtnily, faiiarocirnes fn Hong Koog, With its crowded hosing ese, congeted roads, cramped development sls busy arbour, and is genera as paced nd high-esUving eavronmen, Hoe ong isan accident prone sce. Vins of sch acide ae ily wo want 0 sek expen and so, wil fro tet av in der to do a ‘Ofcourse. noe ofthis expan ery wel what etait otha mater, wat tots Sons pene remarks wl epi intacae he aujetAtortisa kind of wrong ean ‘int reuls ina bal conseeene, mally eso inury or rope damage. Ter ‘std ofl ash gover the varios to aetins that an be broophtin he eve of psu inary dame Put acter wy, ot lw defines he Hs of pense undetin or sok nd provides eal eafreale remedy forse whore ined impermissible conae. poets gat merece tat ess in esol ny nd propery damage and eran eer rms of danage eh th reputation) piel ‘rough an der fer compas. Tr a protects thse who slr jury o amps by reqiiag te wrongdoer op compensation Yo te injured person, and is hoped) prt verone els Hees the teste ving pay compensation sould scourge Pens rm nrg oes ‘Thar is homers, an important quaifeion: in gene ot aw wil ony prvie compensation othe person safer nur or damage if the ns easing the farm ast fait ong. Tht why ato deserted as farm of weal cand Int ey, Saas ene ake teen ihera foe reasonable cae forthe safety of ther ce thir property Fan lenin 16 enue uted boly contactor interference wih Proper ‘Where tort we does recognise thigh to compensation that ight is eaforeale by be injured person trugh el court atin gant the pon wh caused the damage: he Injured pesoa can su te wrongdoer “The pcp imeessprteey lor laware peso (bly) safes phys sey of ne propery, thier of oe repuation, and some economic ners Whee th inrerenesitentional es angilenees, chs eedom of movement and feed fom ceria ems ofan malo be rte a genea het sony ied a lay prottion for purely economic interests and for me sue pesnal tress, chs the righ wo privacy andthe ight bees om emotion disress. “Tot aw as eve aug he eases oe a pig of entries an ody, aber an oasis obec and raion sof pepe ering the ight an th nae and ete of ened fo one wh hs seed injury or damage, it consis of an ures, ‘Gap pick of roles tt ae romeimes contradictory ad tt cna aye be rebedon prove jt oreo rei inal cates, Nonethles,togh an anayis ‘nd lose tamination of oI sem ean be mae to undetand and impose ene order on thes rls, ano expan them a eaheret bay of fw, ‘aa consists of many ort ation tai ihto seein a an abongh ren beep, each ort sco is concerned wth fleet kindof human cond. Ea ot fine mst be consered according ois ove cosinet cleat Is peton has een ined orbs propery dmape rare of wong endel be mus prove te existence fal teclements fe partsar ort ston lid onda ecover compensation aterthn proceeding fom the renis, os the vii deserve compensation? Or shold ‘beneagdoer nar esponsiiy fre daagebe has cus? Tela of ass: Dothe fs ofthese come within a eegnsed to action a threes, warn ede fr ‘onpewaioa? Ts, tbe basi ts of tt etna ater an “at endeavour. far 5 posible eso the peso ale inry or omage to ‘depo tht ke would have been nad ota ben coe, Alou i my sem 4 smerbatunealisie objective (severed nb canot be repos) is iment i fomalyauempied tough an tard of copensatn lee 1 8 kv 35 doneps. ‘easily nose rae cass where the ton iscontouing bef oat iste th sgpopnteromaly is an uron a ode of he cout wich eis te pon ‘rain the tort oop tears at. ‘Alloa compensations tough by many to bee pear action of ety Hong gts freton hs bea overtaken, toa cosine exe by pvern=a iste fit enpesation stanes, pial ioe werk pace a 1 a les dog, by {reams sposored soil welfre. Moreover ais ineesisten in chieving the omens ejetivevenwheritmay aves lee i. Asai ndzod ues inate acon depends in general on proof fuk Yet inthe joy efecieeats, fl «aol te proved and tr aw serves sf papas. oreo beter ndestand what a sts oie singuishit em ose sence ofthe aw with which tbe some seman, taney conta! iw drial Particle servic or predot.Soch a person may havea ight ss fr compensation der Tela conc if te contact ws at pefomed scorag is ems To a cat ‘ocd with shod of gh. Tot aw ences cates incepenceat of pomises. The ‘eho se nor sot dependent on prior agreement oreo ris payment of money. “Apesonnaysfferinjury or propery Sxmgeasa reso ofa ilonofthecrinial aw. ‘Tis dof eons is fen very saul to ht of sme ons However, imal I is ior concerned with deteting such cond and punishing 2 wroegdoer eu he neston ofa prison sentence or ter ea Tr aw ist rar conered whan) ‘these, bt with eampenstin of th vet or heinury or dnage sled Although he ‘oxsinen clement ofsome crimes aresiarta seem tors netll tse ines. Alan te, even for tos rs hat ar exes, he rcedigs int forth oe of «compensation forthe damage sured ar septs mand uconeeedtoany rin! w eeeings that may ave ben intted ‘esto seon do end themselves tbondshssificon an thxe nderconsdesion ints book wil, where pose be pooped unde ese esfations, Negigece, ot ‘ocemed wih anv cased njry oda iby the mont imparan of ett ‘cons and wil be considered fis. This wil be ellowed by are fread to cos, ‘yeas those smo and cormon lw regimes in HongKong that closely suport Scanned with CamScanner4¢-ryrmopucrion ‘supplement te negligence ot, at inthe sittin amd apportionment fii, Suter eampessaton for worked injures and iscace wil also be considered, te intention os corned agai the pean pincipally trespass, wl b onic, ‘Thestonsaresosledbecasethementlaspectof he wrongdoer condut hsanelenen, ofatntion, Those stone enced whnereence wth land wl fen be etanine, Fal the tort of aration wl be case, nique song the torts ins Far a5 iti oncered nt with ys injury and dxage, bu with damage ro repuaton, 1.2. SOURCES OF TORT LAW IN HONG KONG HongKong tor aw desives fom as lw nd lesion. Therefore, the ese oth Hong Kong cours andthe sation enced bythe este in ong Kongarethe majorsouce, of Hong Kong ott These wl ste most rominal i this book "Engl ease le al provider sou fr HongKong trt This cts consequence of Hong Kong Historia status a¢ a Brish olny. Baie 1 July 1997, 51) of by ‘Appleton of Eaglsh Lav Ordinance (Cop $8 provide tha ‘te common andthe res fey salen force in HongKong. fra they are ppiableo he cleus, of Hong Kong ois inabitas." ‘Ae I July 1887, the aplication to Hong Kong of English case la comin setvitsnding he rater of sovereignty othe People’s Repu Chin. The Base Lay, Hoag Kong mis-consttaton, effective 1 July 1997, sas tht “he lws peice fee. heconeonav.shallbemainaied "(art 8) Thee the common ailesof English i, caring, fous, themporan English casey, otis 9p Hong Kong ‘cesional reference wil be mad in HongKong eourt to cases om ter commer Inv justo. Important cases from te highest carts ofthese jurisdictions ae of esse vale in Hong Korg ang eee, wl be considered inthis book ‘Thelegisaionof Hong Kong isasopateredon tha of Eglan,andso mast treated Hog Kon lesion wl fin 2 coumerprt wih vicwally ates content in En ower, Hong Koog bas ended to lg behind England in ems of statutory refers ad ‘here re umber of reas where Hong Kong doe not (yt) have a comparable ice of eto hat of Eland The Detetve Praises Act 1972, the Osopir Lily Ae 1984 he Torts (Inefreace with Goods) Act 1977, the Consumer Protection Act 1987 an ‘he Protein fom Hanssen Act 1997 tbat oof theexrples fo whic ers 0 ‘ong Kong equalet. Nonetheless, most of the English case lw interpreting Eaglsh lepisaton (vt hasa Hong Kong eulen) wil be eleva fer or purposs. ‘sts isa study of Hong Kon or lav te engin tiroughout wil bon Hong Kons asl and ein ineerin areas, moraine willbe lacedon English example, tat of dty of car in neligece, where abstract princpes formulated in he gies English court bave gee been dil and ural pied in Hon Kens (forse, allen under consideration erika of HongKong. FINCTIONSOFTORTLAW 5 1.3. PARTIES TO A TORT ACTION—WHO CAN SUE AND BE ‘SUED? Befrcemburking om sy oft kv and india tort etn ecpiedn ores system itl bbl to now who te aries ot actin ar, and whee he are ty erin on wh on bes party fos osm "As general rl, sone who has been the vt oa, whether an nial, carport, othe govcuea, can se it ot. Tht psn is ao she lal For indulge nla determining fit albough somaya mine il be required tosuethouph his nent ea” normaly the pare ee O80 oe Rules of he High Cou (Caps, SabLe) Evens prion wh is injured befor birh ca se. If peso stor ‘ihe ae es of an event ocurng ore bith, hase gt orig ‘etn in tort agaist he person who caused hse ables (ee $228 of the Lar ‘Anenéncal and Reform (Consaldation) Ordinance (C2) ‘Similar, anyone may be sed in ton, whebe am india, x corporation the govt (253 and 4 ofthe Crowe roceengs Onin (Cp.300), Tht esa is roomate dfenan. Ags, herein farm intinposed forte ibility oops the out may dese tat a chil of very tender years oes nt ave the ment apa for tatty Thareisale no robion pining family mambers Forex ber ‘ans sonin or, and eiation exes provides tt the pres oa mariag ean soe ‘cholera torte 1 of th Mared Peron Stas Orne (Cap.182), ‘Ntehovore th oicerportdasocaons ach asparaenipesrentrcngie ss bavig lel pesoaly and thee can acter se ner be sud. Oly he dvds smembes of th pararsip hve such tuning. Howse, nic Hong Kang’ pocedsal ‘este prteri im’ ame maybe eed When we mor pres suo ae being, ‘uel (O81 2 ofthe Rae ofthe High Coe). ‘Acormon ay the vim of tot did before hvig sed the wrongs, no cas of stn survived. Hower, hs peston ws hanged yeti Whee te visi det ‘velo te Fatal Accidents Ordinance (Cup.22) lon depends ft deceased ‘owing an atn against the wrongdoer fo damages fr sof dependency. By vie of 120 ofthe Law Amendment and Reform (Consiaion) Once, te deceased’ xe ‘my tntan ay acon hth decease may hav nd in respect ofthe acide Ao by virus ofthe Law Amendment and Refo (Costin) Oriane, persons who had ‘utanding lms agains a dacesredat thin ofthe easy mainsinanscton agit Ihedecrared eae, 14 FUNCTIONS OF TORT LAW ‘Acunterofponblefncton ofthe aw system cn beni bough thes ere of ‘ring sigleanee nd in some case tila canbe ovbiedalogete: Moreover, Theoletint raw can played arto at any ano wil pend vey meh ‘onthe eltence and fonction of ether ntsions in soy, sch se sil wef ‘tom leave nd sdministative mechani forth enforcement ey sanded, ‘he compalsory insane eine, te heal eae te, aoe thes, Indio he ‘den wich rt nan ly easing wil depend on sich prcical mars as {te con of tg, sd te bility of he wrong po. Scanned with CamScanner6 nernopucrion 141 Compensation “The most widely aknowedged fection of tt aisha of eompensaton fr inj an mage. Conpenane fe nj sthe expression of eoretve juice. When on person ‘ns been wrongly nue by aot the wrongdoer must mak he injured party Wil, Aitouph competion sa semenat naovty defined function, sit ease oly on he immedi concers ofthe pare tthe scien which eautd th jay, there canbe 9 od hat ts impran an aecsary 1 get nase compension it the hand of he ‘tin eft to soon as pose Hoveve, shuld be aoted tht det the high eons ligation and moe sisal the egies th th vi must prove Fal on the put of te pson casing ir damage, tea systems able provide compensa {wcnlyamizriy of Hoog Kenge vin. Ther isalsa practical mater—evenit fiuteanbe proved he wongoemaynathave the ands pay anavard of compeasaton, ‘Moreover oa eonpenstion mechanism must be viewed in ration teehee compensation mecianisia Hong Kon. The reality is tht a person injured though ‘cio or eters i Uhl fo seek and obsin compensation not trooph the tr ‘syste, bt heh one ofthe government administered no-fault schemes, sch a se ‘Siused wade he Empayest Compensation Orlane (C3p28), th Pieomoconnss fad Mesaiions (Conpesao) Oninance (Cop.360), the Occipational Deas (Conpensuce) Orzanes (Cap 469}, and te sonsaulory Tic Accident Vis Compson Scene (funded by the Trafic Accident Vickie (Asstace Fond) (Orasee(C1p.229)) end rina an Lav Enforcement Injres Compenstion Schone, “Thess under them felt schemes re mich anesthe hose iypeally made inate se but th clamat sented tot leas some compensation, des nt have to eonateee ‘cou action, and tas bltion prove aul. Inadtion te shew just mented it sbould ot be frgoten that aside ves nde depenies igh tra the goverment andsexkestance into frm fo ‘lire Bnei, honeser noch thi form of asisance ie fa rm erin or exit ‘own ober aseagen Hoog Kon an ied a tit the vse of govern pales Albogh i widely aged that compensation for injury or damage is the pi ftcion af tnt a seen cine for ling ia hs acon. The main ttt ‘deems tat tot nw iserae snd unvelbleiapeeorminghecompesation faction lstecnialies is requirement ht fal be prove, ands high com ners ofboth ine ‘snd nail eens of hgaton, men that many are dissuaded fom resorting ott far compensation, wile oles simply do aot quali, Esen those who gully may be ‘eed sce an cut-out setlement fr mach es th the lot sulted spl ‘Wo the ones an apse of ot iain “Aliough no cmpeensive review’ ofthe ert bw sysem in Hong Kang ha ever ben ndeake,otlav asa chars forasient compensation as been th subject off ‘deve by ceri oferszas nv reform bodies and comisions. These ses ae rae ‘aed havingbenundenake during th 1970-19505, bu teres ood reason to thisktht ‘ther rmia findings contiou o apply today. Noubl son he outcomes of hse evens ‘were the Unied Kinglom's Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Liabiliy and ‘Compensation fr esomlnjuy, Cun 7084, 1978 (he Pearson Commision Report and ‘New Zealand’ Report fle Rey Const of Ing into Compensation for Fes ‘aj (te Woodhouse Commision Repo). The empieal aasn Findings contained ie tee topors ae laniotng, sé demons he gree fo which tort fle fn edoming ks majo facion ef eompsation ‘Tot a isan expensive compensation meciaisn. The earn Commision extn itt te open! cass of the on sytem wer a ret the amma ont in ompensation (se Pearson Conmisson Report ome 2,p.207, Table 15) nterasof he abe ofaeciden vie tart, a compte teal aber sede iis in Sore tn fort of melgece has veyed sess at. The Peason Commision itd iat oly tou 65% ocidnt visi inte United Kingsom acl reeied pension unerthsotysem ee Pawson Comaision Report value, p.2) Thee ‘ao reasoa wo believe tat those gues woud be mch renin Hong Kon, gen be sini net, andthe at tha Hong Keg’ esl syste smote the English ‘eS however mac empenson ny be sid bee pimay Been foo, ‘cay does nothlp the as ear f vn cdet They must ook elawbereo pt (Firat party) azide, halts se ie israel the wih the foresight and ‘romacestohive obanedi othe sail welesthnmes (or whichotll wil pai and ih tan rte, wil no provide nhng ear “ll eompensaton” ofa, sing hatter occured incieumsaress ling wiintheanbitebe scheme, one ofthe of compensation schemes operating ia Hoa Kong (le fling varying degre shat i conpenstn). est the obvious igs ft aw asa mean of aiet compensation can be cspetliathway ofcargsinke ose faa Aouphsome sepa earn ‘sien proposed (and where rela wil be consisted in his bol), sok propostls se generally preted wih snterety less and more than nd no acn sake ‘we implement them. At any ae, bere no evidence in Hong Kong of widespread isatsficton withthe sums qoo amongst leslaors o, fer that mat, the gzeral uiton Thee ha ot in HongKong bso ey spun tata wholes ve of {eceat ompersation la i i ote, a5 has happened o varying degre ot nga fn “Aas Gee te Review ofthe Law of Nels 2002 and the eat Ci ibility ‘Act and ir subtia efors resting neliene bili, summarised by Josie Sigemsn at hepfwwruceurise asegovewtklyprene, coun scasfpged '300-sperch sigelnan 16070, sd the Unitd Kingdom (see the Repo of te ConsituaalAMars Comte Inquiry ito Coapeastion Cults, cling ate very modest Compensation Act 2006—ere wr lepton ocauipgy0062 totem), The only recent fos fr efor in Hong Kang wee died at improving tbe adninistion of cil justice gene His sil oo early to judge wheter the inmotion of fom to thc ute syste 209 (Ci sce Reform weit stwrciijstie gov) are mere ect delivering compensation ot iin, bat legs rom ove dy werent that ronisng—is stay epored thatthe veg tine ‘om commencunet of ci ation olathe Court of Fit stance vast vr 10D aye (ee The Fir Yer Implemeninen ofthe Chl JriceRefrm,Leiatve Cos ae on Adminstration of Justice and Lepl Services, Table 6. at ware. souhby0-Venglishpaelillpspeni!22182713-- pd ‘Mor tothe pit the to system snp tc careshed and too cumbersome an instant be suscep sevious wholesale reform And thse who Bee wos fem is ‘ret configu, the insane inst and ie el poeso, consti a power Tobby at sky ores ny stemptstwheleslelorm, Tt awa we earl kaow ‘tl be around in Hog Keng for sone ine cba. Scanned with CamScanner142 Deerence _Aaniherposibefnconofoawiethat of terce Acero his vw, pope wll ‘etmor crf ity know th ey wb eared pay Ig sums of money forth age tt hy ee, This ton als of uncer sipnfeane, in tht most trios canduetievlesafaineo tok reannale care, a vgaeand pry defined concept tats ‘often of i assoc in utinghunanbebvow: Moret, he standard of reasnle ‘ar imposedby tnt avis someimshigh tan wht many peopl can elisa hops achieve anyon. AS vel wih the compuioyreqirenent for insane in the mos scien roe cvs sch as transportation an wk, thee maybe ss incentive ober ‘one candct because i net he wrondae that wl be elle onto pay any avd of ‘amass, but an nse company. Prhermors, oth extent tha mh otis cond ‘xnaleobe css inal rquns-ernial, thao be conceded thal the paishmen ‘exeeque! upon cael fra emilee is more Hkaly to be the sauce of any feseenee The eosequncs of erinizl cancion afer a greater incentive for st tetasoarthana damages avr Forhis reason te dete fet ofr aw shold ot be ‘vested Fal probably fits tht in some acide causing activites, sch thes of motor veils, ple are mre ily o be mothe tact safely by a ses of se preservation aber than a concer fore ort I cosequeees ofthe ston, 1A3 Los dstrbation ‘thas ben aged by some scholars that an important ole of tort avi tos distin rls speating function. Tats, since most jury and damage isthe neil by-product fsb but anges, ctv, forinstance motorized anspottion orinfastuctra devlapnes, he speading of the lois over a wider group of people can prevent ie ‘ansrophicansequnes of an acident filing on the shoulders ofan unlucky person ee eons who kapen to beefed by heel sysem athe wrongdoer. This fiction enon a prt of lime form of stb jase, ence med wih be ‘hr stibuton of wealth among mene of sity geerly. However, evidence of his Js dsb fneton can be sen in oly afew ofthe Hairy resin tort aw eww ini, dnueed in Chpter 11, an eit and several lib, ecaed in (Chaper12)-This fonction is more evident in sysems of no-fult compensator, acd ie compulsory insane regime ht has grown arcud th rt law system. 144 Beamon eieney Acorn tsnther more controversies iene ined approach, tt ew cab viewed a an agent for economie efficieaey. This approach also eis onthe principle of erence in order to being about an economically efficient ust of resources. The ‘ort oprah ean economies contend ta the common lai ely efi “ecorigtoitscurrent configuration, while th norma approach concedes tha tt rs ‘ot elicit and rather aks “Wt nds of tort lw rles woud et achieve cconone {gle The ecanomic perspective on the of torts, impart the queon of how ‘orth does or should achieve econoiecjetves,wllb considered in eter prt ofthis book. Obstacles that eominae to hinder he widespread seceptnc of his mol ince ica question of how pesos can make he comet economic decision when heya the necessary informatio, ad haw plac an ecenonic vale on human, Quit snp ‘ormany people, enone efficiency oes oot ays ant justice. 1AS Lester functions ost et awe ape Finan? Thee arseme wh arg tha val funciona law istpanish wrongdoer causing, Honewe itil be sez tha in Hong Kong 25 inland hs onto tas on dasa ack yes hw that Tins he aaaity ‘ot ple danages to voor ice te bd nowy defines enters Morr, Aeabtl whee poishment is rope 2 faction oft aw anyway sine, as has alendy eon pointed ou, punsheat sora the pray fusions te crminal lw. Cri, ‘rwongoer oblgnon py comeesntonta vei caotbe viewed pansies, weer much ty somtines fel hat wy othe one Ts psa ora psjeholgiel rl fort an. Tats, aw may prvi 2 mechan fr pul vindeaton of he iin cous si te wrongdoer cord. ‘This fusion was expres mentioned byte Hous of Lords elevate he une in seats ofexcense use of lice ore (Ashe » Chi Cone of Suse Pali (2008) AC 92 cued fart in Chapter 16 blow) Adon it may provide apse reanofiebution of"pting ra’ ‘xpaaed as reirbuiejstice Hone, gen th igh ot oft ‘ieand money nd emotion, is fina oferta cama be considered angen oe Fal ort aw may serve id of publ iguyfrcta tata eases aang sts in whieh the ene pblichas on interest. Cases involving evroneetl olin, trite procedures acted bythe ainisrtor of hospi rhe storage oie ving tops, o he anfetymosmues adopted by 2 manulaturer of consumer goods sch 38 futons, might be examples. The Iigaion my uocver sous and wiespeid {etc in the wrongdoer’ aces, an rl ins peel irovement inane ‘at il bea th publ general: Hove. wil osten trough areadingefihe css, ths fetion severely rested bythe sop of ti tt ition ng oti sis to rscluton ofthe nar iss befor the cour. The cut snot fe to exis ‘nvesgnion beyond the. 146 Fal principle 1 Hong Keng, asin other common In jin, fal as coe to be the min vermin Hib in moder rl An arietvcin can obtain compensation "rough the trate only ihe can pov toate prof he person eg be amt itt the wrongdoer was eer caso ended o cas th ar. The seven ha thee who do wrong stele made ope seo a = popu mal ‘peal However it gives isto maber fej. ‘As moral proposition theconept oo ably witout flit nel coining, pret the postion of those who ease bar very wel ba wha about iia? Why sit thatthe ianacent vicinal sede is at jut etd to compensation asthe ‘aim of fal? Morera intr iv mos ole cose earesens, hich ei ‘seen, doesnot invalve asst of min, but fail o reach an bjs, rasoable sind This shady amoral sue. nso eases he leo each thelea sel standard oeeos not trough nck of trying, bt Bae he acta, yng eve est singly nt capsbeof aching hat sandr. “Te randomness ofthe flcased sysem ean be demonsted in anther way A worgcer only sly at lt who eases caasvoplc damage i egled 0 pay ax somoes damages ava The pial example is where the vei of te wrongder> -menentary caresses hapers tobe avery wel person whos nr recline Scanned with CamScanner1 netHopucrios lacome loses. Arter woogder, geist fat but who canes itl ono damage (resample, his tin ears eon income) i assemble for only tiny amount fanage Thor lite of mri these ei. ‘fol-asd system's pb for anther esn. Prof of fut is ime-consuig, spend rer, Ifsonpeniain rt ws most important fenton, he se ef i wihallofisevidenry problems sould notbe permite getinth way of vii” ede, ‘Alhogh Hong Kong hs implemen ot compensation sebemes for woe jie ands, hs does ct sig a evelping end. tay rt, o-auts fa fom 1 pert system Ii were ahs, ts implenentaton would be moe widespread. Ina evil system ius of enstincanot be vide, dteence of acide is ced onesie sles thn el and sich sess res ange, are inten the bape air cons eng it the resources aval for compensation payments is ‘sneer teen he Pearson Commission’ sol recamumendation of substarce—fors ‘fil sem be apd to mote veil inuries—was never implemented. Ths, ‘caret formas Trt wil catia o equi proof of uta th deteitng coon. Tis meas tnt the proces foe otning compensation wil inevishly be ‘pea time coring ad acer ine el a Hong Kong. a ype tort acien ‘ta posed i wil ke atest reo four years om date of acient canta ‘couse, nny chert acins wll bested before tal, and ot aw’ olen ringag stout och stents snl be acknowledged. However, equally, many injured pesos ‘ilnot etal tes ofthe dais inherent in or fa-based sytem. ‘Analemaiphbeasytm of sri ably A system of sic ably would ipa che person causing he ary oda, an obligation to ay whether fmt te pense asa fi, Sacha syste weld pare easire moe prompt compensation, ashe tine nd expense of proving fl would e avoided However, there would stil be une tung rig fom the cusion sue. For lnsune, inthe case ofa fein a estat ‘nanagsing Heng Kong bung wich resus inthe dss of he capa, wht ore totheei who, sth eas? sith head cha pesing the coker, the manufrs the pony wad cocker, he development company Ut coasectd the highly Nammatie ‘ing wi ei exis the goverment author thats otnspected and closed dome ‘he bulla ote ranger of e prams who ha alloed thse codons ope Mores ibility approach goes theft hat rary accents ar the fein lyr of thers desl civics, fo istane, motersed plc ansportation Ping il espns o he psoa who caused the aeident may tpt eau te amet of ompeasais,btiimay ge riss toto much detenenc, completely iahiMiag ‘Hecesinbe acti Forte resins, theconmonlaw has atembriced sit ibid ‘wht examples rein ae been realy ted 147 Rote and intone abil insurance “ovodentand aw andthe ay topes win thelepal system, some undasianinge ‘tet of tid yay Gilt) insane and is impact on ot lw is necessary Linliy insurance is wef devi, nha i serves protean inv fom he tarsecoomieconsqteces(alare damages avr) resin fom the kind of momenta laps inconeniaon haces mostaccden wleensuings dexp pol of money ott hich toil inj lait canbe compen. Where 8 thicd-party Ub insrance ole iin lc, he aiden can be shows to bave bee causod by he al ofteinsred he insurance company ter tae the indivi weoagdoe wil bea tecompenst th vin fr hi ues, Neat ire in Hong Kong over in a fev pasar aod soil dese acti. a 201, use of motor ves eed in 20,381 lures 39 increas ever 2014 122 dats (HKSAR Police FeeeTrifie Report 2015, pr.) Werke mishaps ‘eae in 5,852 ocupatoal iar (oeupaonlijres deiaedas ary exesseiing ‘fom warkacedens resting in death orinepaiy fr ware thee as), and 77 es (Censpatioa Safety and Health Satisics 2015, Labour Department 3). Net supa, thet pary bility insaces compar fo exes of motor ells se sl) of be Motor ees Inuanee (Thitd Paty Riss) Oxstes (Cop272),cosdere in Chpler 6 and acident neue for employees is compulsory for employer (ae 0 ofthe ‘Bape’ Compessaon Orme, cose in Caper 1. Mereove, th ust of ‘insane is prevalent though orally option) in wary eke avis. ‘The proalenes of ail insrance hasan impact on the way hat rt cas re ged, spas on the ay that some esos ae resale, Aceeding oo UK-bsted ermal, ‘nsaespay ou 94% of eampeaaton att ass, anda inoue case insane company ithe real dfendn(Levis(200) ts ikl tat the guests in ong ‘Kong Sine the presen ofisuanecovenge mean that wrengoe does at uy eta his own pocket, any detect eft of «damages avard tat might be exarted oa his ‘etait wil be bled. Alough stad acide reed my led o an nee in mance premiums te incentive oactesrofly wil teas pets when be onpsoe ust bear fill spas forte paymeat of compensation oh vic. Sin he sence of iasursce will ave an ee ante way tat ass ae gar Ia ely {elioug notin form) twill he insurance company tt conducts tedfec, wile te Insured wrongdoer merely co-peates wi the insurance company forthe purposes fhe ligation Moreover ti ommenly held view amongst sade a leg profesor tit th oucome of ase may be inenced (even unconscious where tele oes ‘ton ofthe paresis ise (and eee wl at beahe eaeia bade aig he ‘ex Howey, lite or no convosing empirical data i avaiable o suppor the Intex sternaion, 18 PERSPECTIVES ON TORT LAW -Acomon pasion of et law sof pragma, rle based system dvd of plied ‘onsen. This san impression nol easy wai partly sine thre iso mich outta tan and win tbe span of aw cou ora textbook its ico ough iy Notte it sa pave gait wrong toaproach ‘he dy of torn wie consiering he ude poli and economeales and tssmption tha ve informed and contin to infor thet ye, Ine Iter decades ofthe 2h cena, particulary in the United Ses, but iin Coda, Eoland and escwiere, eral analysis of tort fw was meused according © clr pests exposing may ofthe weakness in he wot av system that ad ‘weously gone unoied or unacknowedged—cenaialy by judges, if at by amie fommenatos. The fist of hee employs theoreti, rds approach, sd applies econorsicemalss to lw. The work of American tot Solas ofthe la and economics seo, such sCalabresi (1970 and Poser (2011), change he way hat sone Scanned with CamScannertow teaches ia fc eatin shal. spree aching and ty of in pati tat a. By appljingeconnie hear ert a lw eiceais and some of ‘eatncon are neoe nd aerate apache o those historically adoned by nes tied oecorting 1 udtonal common lw rues, are proposed, Some of te ‘nips willbe considered in Chapter 3 on reach of iy ‘nthe meantime ober tesreteal approaches exjyed some popularity. Sthlin associated wth te Ctl Lega Sues (CLS) movement redhat law isindtermine, ‘atthe jude ncn is plea! (honever much the judges will agree wi is ‘secon, and ht Inv perptnes ey and nequalty. La oeading tet a, cane “uapacid” to xpos pail biases and non-dsmocricimpules favouring on repo sate (ee Fizgtick and Hun (187), Conagan and Mansel (1999). ‘More recent an ang court the analy shools mentioned inthe preceding pgp, isthe socal ight-based naif tot a (see Stevens (207), Bee (200, nd Nolan and Roberson (2011). This apreach ergues ta tot law i ot lnsent of saci poy bis consermd with interpersonal juste, founded on bate! ‘eden o mor igh. Trt aw i explained a5 simply the ights we ave asst oe note AL sexes ds aprach would empty at aw of mach ofits social ply oat wth he enpass placed on te principled reasoning of jules. Case lav and {ndonents become paramount Nonetheless and desis desial fa plicy-makngroe ie fot a saya analy! soa st polly neutral. Is ese ‘zune imps a oarowe eoneption of tort lone in which judges should sick Iweclen and penile without reference to the social implications of jude ‘sn. maing—annbereny conservative view of tot aan he judiciary isl. ‘Asan paced wih be soy oto Ins impo ot tobe alert to theunspoken, ering pola mtaons nthe cases and arguments under consideration Asastded {deseo te ln itisimportat tobe aware ofthe oil oli implictons of thereat ‘eta being advanced oy o evant tort ain the comet in which itis beng appli, snd opyprclrateaon whe qusion of whos interests ate being served. 1.6 TORT LAW IN HONG KONG 1visimpoant oundestnd tort aw sit happens in the place where ii being ste and whee it wil be praise. Hong Kong isa unigee place with is oun dine Charcerses, ia wich acidens and oer treated events ceca n ways peur Hong Keng. The pages ofthe daily newspapers eval a story of life in a commen this shaped by is unique geographical, demographic and extra conions. Des pled mighbouroods,high-islivng, busy walerays, and crowded suets rode ects. Tonamebuts few examples (hereadermay thik of ter) in ong Kae Suet, major dels to psi saay cme nt only fom vehicular tai bt fen ‘Shove—inore than 00 ides af be lingo roped from above ae rept 9 the pli each year (here ae bound to be vas more inedets that go arene) (e lie data pin go eoera/200911/2/P200911250130-0130 S924. Berweee 2010 and 2015, 31 pesos wee keds result of fling objets (Cerca Report, Acide Det (it by Faling Objet), 2010-2015 busied pebleninsorenerseporps2016p). On the oud, where most people have 0 ‘ice butt esate pele transport in a cy where te cost of owning and oping 2 private vehicle i prohibitive, sks are exacerbated by the proliferation of mi bass widely knw tobe die in compete and profitmaimising ey, reign 2 hey dpopoinsle member of casakie, more thon 1755 in 2015 aloee (@ip?wndgovbilemargeecotet 475718 4p). Not suprising, legion Is nw unr eonsieaion specially tring mines (ee preg gon srlelnglihfrloed06-12-¢ pa, The sky devin ele ofcourse ees beyond ‘inser isevennitosied ina Road Us Code that ereorges nares {ole th ordinary rales of ter in overtaking vebices (= ch 7 ofthe Code Inlet gouhkentond_asyond_ ses endclindindex en), again sang in 1 dspoperinsie number of scien, $ anes 0s many as hat of phate vies ‘Otpnetgwtdenanagefencotent 4751/5. p wih Les amy dats 1 pre car dives (aps gov bllensnepedolonte ATT pa) deste beta cuumberedby private cs by 810 rat Saly yl cients area becoming omaeplaceas cyt compe with motaised veils foaled ited roa space in ‘lily ered environment in which the uo of nt opin and te easly ‘te otinast lin (10 denis 2nd 259 inure in 2015s Transport Deprinent ‘pcbite Fig 34 at hupsfwwnadgohlflemanogetl coma 47S713Apa)- On 2 salscle but ooethless an unernstely allo conan sightin Hong Kong ecy ‘persons ashing bndcers onthe highvay, hander hay leaded with crdourd and ‘ec rejlbl produ hese impoverished but indus etzens ry teams vn Tn 2015, there were 14 acdets involving bandas and meter veils (hp gorblemanagefenfeonten 475710 Apd nyt aot pci, in Hong Kong. ‘ial tetment eles roel Chinese medicine in aon fo wate meine (Ghar aught ne universes). This complica ail isue in mee oeghgence ‘arr bt als allows fo eampensaion in pasa ir cases a eludes erave fam of medial tesment In HongKong cul bls aresuch tat open eso the sue, biog sacri "oney” and eveainresdeata buldagsbursiog ies toward ‘spi, ae commen and aecepe, bt asa producing risk of row, lntisevroamen although oes tt nw cas atoces wil insroive and sil {orth foundation oft nial tothe lore aw tone mast oa sedersniiag of Hong Koga. Scanned with CamScanner16 NEGLIGENCE: PRODUCTION ‘Nels i by fr tat mpi of al he or aeons It potent he intrest persona say, ese adn of property anda lesser exten pel Fnac Ines. ess eal when thos intrest ar terfeed with ough neligen or wt tight be beady desebed cares behvow It provides the remedy forthe form ot ‘wong cardi est commonly rings about injury or damage: fret bec, ‘Assoc isthe tort a smest alt be commited wheter by erinary persons ory those eogugrdin specie wdealingsinseves, nds transportation or eames, ‘Nex supesigy the. elence is by far he mst commonly gated ofall ofthe ‘eas in Hoag Kg. ‘Theis of inj by exit isan ceed ft of ie in Hong Kong. Ths input ‘omeoese of Hong Kong’ tinted space, extremely high population densiy and ‘rfl. th else presi wich Hong Keag$ cites conduct thir various civ, (etkestets end ron cngsion sent th worstinthe world whether pestis motor veils, reign eounlesessidet (fe gopic destin ofthe sealeot the ole se Cain Yu "Mean Streets No Stole Pedestrians", SCMP23 October 206,25). On develo ses, he consretion of highrise fie and residential owes ‘quer int gt pte af ld wil ite room for manoeuvre equ pve ie ‘eclens, eprint woes and oers ono net he ste. Moreover, bn densy ‘eauibuts the sof epidemics, as winessed lathe 2003 aubeak of Severe Ae Ropar Syme (SARS), where Heng Keng experince the worst ofthe SARS ‘nae. These fics eoorbut ond esure he inportancs ofthe nepligenes tort ection Hang Ko’ el sem. “Tre teplgence ot aie impel or snoter reason Negligence bili Nok ta te pcp of wich ner the costet ofa nanberof her tort actos. nyo ‘hese ort aeons nara eigen lw ences. clase sudy of nelgece ‘hrf, eon understanding of tt a 1 HISTORY Tieton of eliensis ofa reset vga, Porto the 19th ceamy he procedu system kuna the os of ection eure the isvanes of specif, formal wii el ‘io esomence and mania 2 lp! cn, Litilty was promised more onthe basso ‘sation thc the queso off. Trspars was th remedy fr alfred inet iy bere eso, nd or goods of heli, wile ction ashe ‘ese provided a remedy whee te injury ws only consequential ire). nan ofcied econ va shat "ia maa fares thos log nto the highs and in htt thts me my isan espass erase isan immediate wong; but fast es te, Trumble oe tand ecco injry, Ist ving an stn on thease ease ial ruil in conequence” (Reynolds v Clare (1724) 1 Str 634, 53 ER 767) The Setndats tse ate oe nadverere) wa sppaely of no mpotce. By the mi-h eny, ame, with teense of iusilstion, the si fom unl ‘own ving adhe telopment of mtarsed and mass tansporation te nidence of sec inryand damage was onthe sie. l this huang and increasingly comple. ‘vironment even fend sting early anthro injury toes Under tho Inwlmolvig the frmsf aon of regs and fas te defeat might be bey ages dept hving bez carl This ste of oes was een sun, as wells is rt normaly 2 cones isio—afer al, why would 3 phn wate ine and resources sh red no injury or daags? (@ InCarsadgeElpting & Sons Led(1963) ACS, Lord Re eld ta he xe sfaeon negligence is camplete where he nurysfere is "beyond what ean erga as nelle" Intheamecase, Lod Evshed spoke ofl amg din rom purely minimal damage. tn Page v Sith 1586] AC 155 (52.21 below), aneligens action, Lerd Loyd proposed tat working defiton of personal injry, If eeded, oud be funda 381) ofthe Limitation Act 1980, ‘hich i worded identaly 1 52() ofthe Linton Ordaane (Cop347 paronal ire’ inclodes any dice and say inpuirment of persis lial ar mesa eoedion, and jaye eonsraed accodigly™ These ‘Shservations are ceil les than sini, bt sve as einer tht some damage ia necessary pecorino negligence acon. (6) None, here wl be cases where th very exon damage ino. is wll esablished tat anxiety or depresion short of meialy diaposble sybian injury i not onl a negligence: Lam Ching Show ¥ Of ‘ocevr [2008] 5 HKLRD 278. As sated by Depuy Judge Mati in Tv Kan A ‘Leung 2002} | HKLRD 29, “serow does ot sound in anaes. ithe oe bat fesings which el from anion nth cass, muito eed at a rest of oe 2zalos seat iil. (6 Soo wih anxiety or depression gee by a genie fro ys ny ‘reared bythe daendats wrongdoing. In Rthel»Chemia dang Co 22008) 1AC28, te plait developed perl plagues (changes in eu sue as a resut of exposure oases while eplyed by the eed The pings were symptmlss, dnt nerf withthe pais hea bat hele presente indicted sul ost of develpaganasbesesrehteddseweia fur. The pao seed ansety and depression a a sul. The Hous of ‘ors el tht risk of damage was ot he same as damage, and ees he nis epigenc action. Scanned with CamScanner20 NEGLIGENCE: INTRODUCTION (1) A result similar to that in Rothwell was reached by the English Court of Appeal in Greenway v Johnson Matthey Plc [2016] 1 WLR 4487. The mere risk of allergy caused by the employer negligently exposing employees to platinum salts was not actionable damage. But the issue is not clear of subtleties. Rothwell was distinguished by the English Court of Appeal in Carder v University of Exeter [2017] ICR 392. Carder died of asbestosis, a dose-related disease, caused by exposure to asbestos at his various places of work. The defendant's contribution of 23% of te total exposure to asbestos was considered sufficiently material. In the court’ view, it was enough thatthe plaintiff was “materially worse off”. Scanned with CamScanner