DATA Converter Circuits

Data - converter
circuits A/D and

D/A
www.forumelectrical.com
A/D and D/A Converters
2
Analog to Digital Digital to

Analog
What parts of your iPhone operation Your internet access: Analog ?

are Analog ? / Digital Digital ?
3 ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process
1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog t
Signal
4
D/A Conversion
5
Normal Output from digital domain is staircase
Filtered to produce smooth Analog output
The analog samples at the output of a D/A converter are usually fed to a sample-
and-hold circuit to obtain the staircase waveform shown. This waveform can then be
filtered to obtain the smooth waveform, shown in color. The time delay usually
introduced by the filter is not shown.
6 A/D Converter Types
 Flash ADC
 Delta-Sigma ADC
 Dual Slope (integrating) ADC
 Successive Approximation ADC
7 Flash ADC
 series of comparators, each one compares

input to a unique reference voltage.
 comparator outputs connect to a priority

encoder circuit produces binary output
Flash Analog to Digital Converter
Fast
8 – but more expensive :
Single cycle - Uses many Comparators in
parallel with different reference voltages
Digital
Analog
• 2N-1 comparators for N-bits

• Each reference voltage
equivalent to a quantization
level
• Encoding logic produces word
9 Flash ADC Circuit
10 How Flash Works
 As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage

at each comparator, the comparator outputs will
sequentially saturate to a high state.
 The priority encoder generates a binary number based on

the highest-order active input, ignoring all other active
inputs.
11 Flash ADC Output
Flash
12
Advantages Disadvantages
 Simplest in terms of
operational theory  Lower resolution
 Expensive
 Most efficient in terms of  For each additional output

speed, very fast bit, the number of
comparators is doubled
 limited only in terms
of comparator and  i.e. for 8 bits, 256
gate propagation comparators needed
delays
Successive Approximation ADC
13
 A Successive Approximation Register (SAR) is added to the

circuit. It reduces the conversion time from milliseconds to
microseconds.
 Instead of counting up in binary sequence, this register counts

by trying all values of bits starting with the MSB and finishing at
the LSB.
 The register monitors the comparators output to see if the

binary count is greater or less than the analog signal input and
adjusts the bits accordingly.
Successive Approximation ADC
14
Circuit
15 Output
Successive Approximation
16
Advantages Disadvantages
 Capable of high speed and reliable  Higher resolution successive

approximation ADC’s will be slower
 Medium accuracy compared to other
ADC types  Speed limited to ~5Msps
 Good tradeoff between speed and cost
 Capable of outputting the binary

number in serial (one bit at a time)
format.
17 ADC Applications
 ADC are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal

has to be processed, stored, or transported in digital form
➢ Microphones
➢ Strain Gages
➢ Thermocouple
➢ Digital Multimeters
What is a DAC
18
 A digital to analog converter (DAC) is a

device that converts digital numbers (binary)
into an analog voltage or current output.
Principal components of DAC
19
Typical Output
20
DAC
Output typical of a real,

practical DAC due to sample
& hold
Ideally Sampled Signal
21 Types of DAC
implementations
❖ Binary Weighted Resistor
❖ R-2R Ladder
Binary Weighted Resistor
22
•Start with
summing op-amp
circuit
•Input voltage
either high or
ground
•Adjust resistor
weighting to
achieve desired
Vout
23
• Details
– Use transistors to switch
between high and ground
– Use resistors scaled by
two to divide voltage on
each branch by a power
of two
– V1 is MSB, V4 LSB in this
circuit
• Assumptions:
– Ideal Op-Amp
– No Current into Op-Amp
– Virtual Ground at Inverting
www.forumelectrical.com Input
– Vout = -IRf
24
Assume
binary
B5
inputs B0
B4 (LSB) to Bn-
B3 1 (MSB)
Each Bi = 1
B2
or 0 and is
B1 multiplied
B0
by Vref to
get input
 Bn −1 Bn − 2 B1 Bvoltage

Vout = − IRf = − Rf Vref  + + ... n − 2 + n-10 
 R 2R
www.forumelectrical.com 2 R 2 R
25 Binary Weighted Resistor
 B3 take
 Example: B2 a 4-bit B0  Rf = aR
B1 converter,
Vout = −aVref  + + + 
 1 2 4 8 
 Input parameters:
 Input voltage Vref = -2V
 Binary input = 1011
 Coefficient a = ½
1  1 0 1 1  11
Vout = − ( −2 )  + + +  = = 1.375V
2 1 2 4 8  8
 Resolution: find minimum nonzero output

Rf Vref
Vmin =
R 2n-1
Vref
 If Rf = R/2 then resolution 2
isn
 1 
and maxVVout is=
max Vref 1 − n 
 2 
Advantages
❖ Simple
❖ Fast
Disadvantages
❖ Need large range of resistor values (2048:1 for 12-bit) with
high precision in low resistor values
❖ Need very small switch resistances
❖ Op-amp may have trouble producing low currents at the
low range of a high precision DAC
28 R-2R Ladder
 Circuit may be analyzed
using Thevenin’s theorem
(replace network with B2
equivalent voltage source Rf
B1
and resistance)
B0
 Final result is:
Rf n −1
Bi
Vout = −Vref 
R i =0 2 n −i
Compare to binary weighted circuit:

Rf n −1
Bi
Vout = −Vref 
R 2 i =0
( n −1) −i
29 R-2R Ladder
 Rf Vref
Resolution
Vmin =
R 2n
Vref
n
 If Rf = R then resolution2is
 1 
and maxVVout is=
max Vref 1 − n 
 2 
R-2R Ladder
30
 Advantages:
❖ Only 2 resistor values
❖ Lower precision resistors acceptable
 Disadvantages
❖ Slower conversion rate
Common Applications:
31
Function Generators
 Digital Oscilloscopes  Signal Generators
 Sine wave generation

Digital Input
 Square wave generation
Analog Output
 Triangle wave generation
 Random noise generation
1 2

DATA Converter Circuits

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DATA Converter Circuits

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Data - converter

circuits A/D and

Analog to Digital Digital to

What parts of your iPhone operation Your internet access: Analog ?

 Dual Slope (integrating) ADC

 Successive Approximation ADC

 series of comparators, each one compares

 comparator outputs connect to a priority

• 2N-1 comparators for N-bits

 As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage

 The priority encoder generates a binary number based on

 Most efficient in terms of  For each additional output

 A Successive Approximation Register (SAR) is added to the

 Instead of counting up in binary sequence, this register counts

 The register monitors the comparators output to see if the

 Capable of high speed and reliable  Higher resolution successive

 Good tradeoff between speed and cost

 Capable of outputting the binary

 ADC are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal

 A digital to analog converter (DAC) is a

Output typical of a real,

 Resolution: find minimum nonzero output

Compare to binary weighted circuit:

 Sine wave generation

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