Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

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A power series for vibration of a rotating

nanobeam with considering thermal effect

M. Ghadiri, S. H. S. Hosseini & N. Shafiei

To cite this article: M. Ghadiri, S. H. S. Hosseini & N. Shafiei (2016) A power series for vibration
of a rotating nanobeam with considering thermal effect, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and
Structures, 23:12, 1414-1420, DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2015.1091527

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MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
, VOL. , NO. , –
http://dx.doi.org/./..

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A power series for vibration of a rotating nanobeam with considering thermal effect
M. Ghadiri, S. H. S. Hosseini, and N. Shafiei
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this article, the equation of motion for a rotating nanocantilever has been developed based on the Euler– Received  March 
Bernoulli beam model, which includes the effect of temperature, small scale effect, and centrifugal force. A Accepted  August 
power series method has been employed to obtain the exact solution of the natural frequencies. The results KEYWORDS
also compared with other solutions of exact and approximate differential quadrature method. The effects Rotating nanocantilever;
of temperature, angular velocity, and small scale in the vibration characteristics of a rotating nanocantilever temperature effect; angular
beam are investigated. It is shown that the effect of temperature plays a significant role in the behavior velocity; small scale effect;
of the vibration of a rotating nanocantilever. Nondimensional frequency increases in the first mode with power series
increasing the nonlocal parameter while it is inverse for the second and third modes of vibration.

1. Introduction frequencies and mode shapes for rotating beam. They compared
their results with other approximate solutions. Du et al. [13] pre-
In recent years, subsequently to synthesis and fabrication of car-
sented a convergent power series expression to solve analytically
bon nanotubes [1], investigation of various behaviors of this
the motion equation of rotating Timoshenko beam. Besides, the
materials have outreach in the scientific community. These
effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation on the dynamic
nanomaterials possess superior mechanical, thermal and electri-
characteristic of rotating beams were studied [13]. In develop-
cal properties [2, 3]. Therefore, various nanostructures are being
ment of solution methods, Banerjee et al. [14, 15] employed the
synthesized and used as the building blocks in the appearing
Frobenius method and the Wittrick–Williams algorithm that is
field of nanotechnology. Some of these nanostructures include
used as a solution technique to compute the natural frequencies
nanobeams, nanowires, nanorods, nanoplates, nanoribbons and
and mode shapes [14, 15]. In 2007, Fazelzadeh et al. [16] used
nanorings.
differential quadrature method (DQM) as a numerical method
For research of behavior of the nanostructures, experiments
for vibration analysis of rotating thin walled-beam blade made
are one suitable way but experimental efforts may be formidable
of FGMs under the aerothermoelastic loading [16].
and expensive at the nano-scale. Therefore, theoretical and
And on field of nonlocal elasticity theory, in 2011, Naren-
mathematical modeling becomes an important issue concerning
dar [17–19] studied the mathematical model of rotating SWC-
its nano-engineering applications as a result of continuum mod-
NTs and investigated behavior of wave propagation and vibra-
els of nanostructures have thus received more attention. The
tion them. Pradhan and Murmu [20] and Murmu and Adhikari
continuum theories are therefore necessary for proper predic-
[21] applied a nonlocal beam model to demonstrate the flap
tion of the behavior of nanostructures.
wise bending-vibration characteristics of a uniform rotating
In other hand, the small-size scale with nano technology
nanocantilever. The nonlocal natural frequencies were obtained
become prominent and consequently the local continuum the-
using the DQ method. They also discussed the effects of the non-
ory cannot predict the behavior of the nano-scales structures.
local small-scale, angular velocity and hub radius on vibration
As it is known, in classical or local continuum theory, the
characteristics of the nanocantilever. Ruiz et al. [22] investigated
stress at a point depends only on the strain at the same point.
the flap wise bending-vibration characteristics of a nonuniform
However, in the nonlocal elasticity theory developed by Eringen
rotating nanocantilever considering the true spatial variation of
[4], the stress at a point is a function of strains at all points in the
the axial force due to the rotation against Pradhan and Murmu
continuum. This definition of the Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity is
[20] that assumed the flap wise bending displacement is small. In
based on the atomic theory of lattice dynamics. Hence, nonlocal
addition, Ruiz et al. [22] developed a new boundary conditions
theory of elasticity widely is used to analyze many problems
to the free end of the nanobeam with involving nonlocal effect.
involving nanostructures such as beams [5–7], rods [8, 9], and
In the present work, a nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam model
wires [10, 11].
is developed and employed to study the vibration characteristics
On field of classical or local continuum theory and inves-
of a rotating nanocantilever employing Eringen’s nonlocal elas-
tigation of vibration behavior of rotating beams, in 1982,
ticity theory. In addition, a power series expression is employed
Wright et al. [12] used method of Frobenius to solve the exact

CONTACT M. Ghadiri ghadiri@eng.ikiu.ac.ir Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin
-, Iran.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/umcm.
©  Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1415

to solve analytically the ordinary differential equation and to where w is deflection and I denotes moment of inertia (I =
obtain natural frequencies of the rotating nanobeam. The main ∫A y2 dA). It is noted that the nonlocal parameter (e0 a)2 is the
objective of this article is to investigate effects of temperature small-scale effect and when (e0 a)2 vanishes, Eq. (5) is reduced to
including low and high values, angular velocity and small classical elasticity theory. On the other hand, we describe Euler–
scale in the vibration characteristics of a uniform rotating Lagrange’s relation as [20]:
nanocantilever.  
∂ 2M ∂ ∂w ∂ 2w
+ N − ρ A = 0. (6)
2. Nonlocal continuum theory ∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂t 2

In the nonlocal continuum theory presented by Eringen [4], the The rotation of the nanocantilever generates the centrifugal
stress at a reference point is considered as a function of the strain tension force N. The force N(x), at a distance x from the origin
at every point in the body. Based on the nonlocal continuum (Figure 1), is expressed by:
theory [4], the constitutive relation of the nonlocal elasticity can
L
be presented with the form of the integral equation as [4]:
N (x) = ρA2 (r + x) dx, (7)
σkl,k = 0, x

      
σkl (x) = α x, x , μ τkl x dV x , which can be written as:
V
1  1  
εkl = uk,l + ul,k , (1) N (x) = 3LAρ2 (L − x) (L + 2r + x) . (8)
2 6L
where σkl is the nonlocal stress tensor; εkl is the strain tensor; Here,  is the angular velocity and r demonstrates the dis-
u is the displacement vector; τkl is the classical (i.e., local) stress tance from the origin of rotation (Figure 1). According to
tensor; α (x, x ) is the kernel function, which describes the influ- thermo-elasticity theory, the axial force NT can be obtained as
ence of the strains at various locations x on the stress at a given [24]:
location x and V the entire body; and μ is a material costant Eh
that depends on material characteristics, e.g., lattice spacing, NT = − α T, (9)
1 − ν2
wavelength.
Further, μ is defined (e0 a/l) [23]. The term e0 a is the scale in which NT, α, ν, T are the thermal force, the coefficient
coefficient, which denotes the small-scale effect to be deter- of thermal expansion along x direction, Poisson’s ratio, and the
mined from experiments or other methods. To solve constitu- temperature change, respectively.
tive equations (1), a simplified form of differential equation is Consequently, Ntotal can be presented as:
used as a nonlocal constitutive relation [23]:
  Nt = N (x) + NT. (10)
1 − (e0 a)2 ∇ 2 σkl = τkl , (2)
With substituting the second derivative of M from Eq. (5) in
∂ 2
∂ 2
in which ∇ 2 = ∂x 2 + ∂y2 is the Laplacian operator. The non-
Eq. (6), we have:
local constitutive relation (2) can be considered into one-  
∂ 2w ∂ ∂w ∂ 2w
dimensional (1D) form for Euler–Bernoulli beam as: M = −EI 2 + (e0 a)2 − Nt + ρ A 2 . (11)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂t
∂ 2 σ (x)
σ (x) − (e0 a)2 = Eε (x) , (3) Further, with substituting Eq. (11) in Eq. (6), we obtain:
∂x2
   
where E is the Young’s modulus. ∂2 ∂ 2w ∂ ∂w ∂ 2w
EI − N t + ρ A
∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂t 2
 
3. Equation of motion ∂ 2
∂ ∂w ∂ 4w
+(e0 a)2 2 Nt − ρ A 4 . (12)
We consider a beam with length L along the axial coordinate ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂t
x and constant thickness h. The beam is fixed at point (x = 0) Equation (12) presents the relation for the vibration of rotat-
to a rigid hub with radius r and rotates around axis at constant ing nanocantilever. Finally, with substituting Eq. (10) in Eq. (12),
angular velocity  as demonstrated in Figure 1. we obtain the governing differential equation for the vibration of
Rotating nanocantilever is modeled as a Euler–Bernoulli rotating nanocantilever:
beam. We consider a resultant bending moment as:
 ∂ 4w ∂ 4w ∂ 4w
EI + ρ A − (e 0 a) 2
ρA − ρA2
M = z σxx dA, (4) ∂x4 ∂t 4 ∂x2 ∂t 2
  2
A ∂w L2 x2 ∂ w
× (−r − x) + rL + − rx − + NT
where A is the cross sectional area and σxx is the normal stress ∂x 2 2 ∂x2
in the x direction. Using Eqs. (3) and (4), the following nonlocal ∂ w2
∂ w
3
moment relation can be expressed as: +(e0 a)2 ρA2 −3 2 + 3 (−r − x) 3
∂x ∂x
  4
∂ 2M ∂ 2w L 2
x 2
∂ w
M − (e0 a)2 = −EI , (5) + rL + − rx − + NT = 0. (13)
∂x2 ∂x2 2 2 ∂x4
1416 M. GHADIRI ET AL.

Figure . Configuration of a rotating nanocantilever.

For the solution of Eq. (13), we can use: 4. Exact solution

w (x, t ) = W (x) eiωt , (14) In this section, a power series method [13, 25] is employed to
solve analytically Eq. (16) for the natural frequency.
in which ω is the natural frequency of vibration. Introducing the This solution can be presented as a power series in variable
dimensionless parameters as: ξ:
x W e0 a r ρAL4 2 ∞
ξ = , w= , μ= , δ = , β4 = ω ,
L L L L  EI
 u (ζ ) = ak ζ k = a0 + a1 ζ + a2 ζ 2 + a3 ζ 3 + . . . . (19)
ρAL4 2 Nt L2 NT 1 − ν 2 k=0
γ4 =  , F= , NT = . (15)
EI EI Eh With substitution of Eq. (19) in Eq. (16) and equating coeffi-
With substituting the solution (14) in the governing equation cients of like powers of ξ , we obtain the recurrence relationship
and employing values of the dimensionless (15), we have: as follows:
  
C1 + C2 ξ + C3 ξ 2 W (ξ ) + (C4 + C5 ξ ) W  (ξ ) C2 k+C4 C3 k (k − 1)+ C5 k + C6
  ak+4 = − ak+3 − ak+2
+ C6 + C7 ξ + C8 ξ 2 W  (ξ ) C1 (k + 1) C1 (k + 4) (k + 3)
+ (C9 + C10 ξ ) W  (ξ ) + C11W (ξ ) = 0, (16) C7 k + C9
− ak+1
where C1 (k + 4) (k + 3) (k + 2)
 
γ4 C8 k (k − 1) + C10 k + C11
C1 = 1 − μ2 (1 + 2δ) + N T , C2 = −μ2 γ 4 δ , × ak k ≥ 0 (20)
2 C1 (k + 4) (k + 3) (k + 2) (k + 1)
C3 = −μ γ , C4 = −3μ2 γ 4 δ ,
2 4
Here, we have four arbitrary constants in Eq. (19), which are
C5 = −3μ2 γ 4 , C6 = −3μ2 γ 4 + μ2 λ4 a0 , a1 , a2 and a3 ; with using constants, we can obtain four
 
1 4 1 linearly independent solutions, u0 , u1 , u2 and u3 , by selecting
− γ (1 + 2δ)− N , C7 = −δγ 4 , C8 = − γ 4 ,
T
the four arbitrary constants as follows:
2 2
C9 = γ δ , C10 = γ , C11 = −λ .
4 4 4
(17) For u0 , a0 =1 and a1 = a2 = a3 = 0;

Henceforth, a prime ( .) denotes the derivative with respect For u1 , a0 =0 and a1 = 1, a2 = a3 = 0;
(21)
to dimensionless variable ξ . The boundary conditions for a For u2 , a0 = a1 = 0 and a2 = 1, a3 = 0;
clamped-free nanobeam can be written in the dimensionless val- For u3 , a0 = a1 = a2 = 0 and a3 = 1.
ues:
In which these four linearly independent solutions are:

W (0) = 0; W (0) = 0;
C11 C2 + C4 C11
W  (1) + μ2 λ4 W (1) − μ2 γ 4 (1 + δ) W  (1) = 0; u0 (ζ ) = 1 + ζ4 + ζ5 + ...,

24C1 2C1 24C1
W (1) − μ2 γ 4 W  (1) − 2μ2 γ 4 (1 + δ) W  (1)
C9 C2 + C4 C9
+ λ4 W  (1) = 0. (18) u1 (ζ ) = ζ + ζ4 +
24C1 2C1 24C1
These boundary conditions are presented by Ruiz et al. [22]
for nonlocal beam theory. Note that these conditions are not C10 + C11
+ ζ5 + ... ,
equivalent to cancel the second and third derivatives of the dis- 120C1
placements [22].
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1417

Table . Comparison of nondimensional natural frequency with results of exact lar velocity in (μ = 0, 0.5) between results of the present and
solution in the first three modes and nonlocal parameter μ = 0.
DQM solution of Ruiz et al. [22]. To obtain the natural frequen-
Frequency β1 4 β2 4 β3 4 cies, Ruiz et al. [22] used a pseudo-spectral collocation method
based on Chebyshev polynomials. In other words, results are
Angular velocity γ 2 γ2 = 0 γ2 = 0 γ2 = 0
Present . . .
compared in both local and nonlocal models. For a local or clas-
Exact [] . . . sic model, the nonlocal parameter is assumed to be zero. These
results are in good agreement with those presented by Wright
et al. [12] and Ruiz et al. [22].
In Figures 2 and 3, nondimensional frequency changes
C6 C2 + C4 C6 with increasingly nonlocal parameters. μ is assumed to be
u2 (ζ ) = ζ 2 − ζ4 +
12C1 2C1 12C1 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. Furthermore, with an increase of
the nondimensional angular velocity, the nondimensional nat-
C7 + C9 ural frequency also increases. The increased frequency with the
− ζ5 + ...,
60C1 increased angular velocity is a consequence of effect of the cen-
trifugal force and it is proportional to the square of the angular
C4 4 C2 + C4 C4 C5 + C6
u3 (ζ ) = ζ 3 − ζ + − velocity. In addition, results are obtained from Figure 2 without
C1 2C1 C1 20C1 changes of temperature ( T = 0).
ζ5 + .... (22) The material properties for rotating a nanocantilever beam
are taken from [26]. Furthermore, the coefficients of thermal
The linear combination of the above solutions is the general expansion for the low and high temperature are used from [27].
solution of Eq. (16), and the solution can be written as: The coefficient of thermal expansion for the low and high
temperatures are considered as α = −1.1 × 10−6 1/k and
W (ζ ) = λ0 u0 (ζ ) + λ1 u1 (ζ ) + λ2 u2 (ζ ) + λ3 u3 (ζ ) ,
α = 1.6 × 10−6 1/k , respectively. Also, material properties are
(23)
selected as E = 1765 Gpa, ν = 0.3, ρ = 2300 kg/m3 .
where λ0 , λ1 , λ2 , and λ3 are constants and should be obtained
From Figure 2a it is observed that the nondimensional funda-
by using boundary conditions. To calculate the natural frequen-
mental frequency (first mode) increases with nonlocal param-
cies of vibration of the rotating nanocantilever, we employ a sys-
eter μ for different values of angular velocity, γ 2 , whereas in
tem of the matrix in the form as:
Figures 2b and 2c with an increase of nonlocal parameter, the
[Y ] {λ} = {0} . (24) nondimensional natural frequency decreases corresponding to
the second and third modes. Nonlocal parameter values μ,
Here, the terms of the matrix [Y ] are defined from Eq. (18). are assumed in the range of 0 − 0.5, which similarly has been
To obtain the natural frequencies of vibration, the characteristic employed by Pradhan and Murmu [20] and Ruiz et al. [22].
determinant of the coefficient matrix [Y ] vanishes. The values According to Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c, it is observed that nondi-
of the natural frequency are obtained when the determinant is mensional frequency (fundamental frequency) increases in dif-
zero. Besides, to obtain the natural frequency, we do not need to ferent values of the nonlocal parameter for high temperature val-
calculate the coefficients λ. ues in angular velocity 0, 2, and 5, while it is reversed for low
temperature values. In the other words, with increasing temper-
5. Results and discussion ature in high temperature values, frequency arises whereas it is
reversed for low temperature values. Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c also
In this article, the natural frequency of the rotating nanobeam show the effect of low and high temperature values in the behav-
is determined with using an exact solution. Before presenta- ior of rotating nanocantilever vibration. It should be noted that
tion of graphs, we will compare exact solution results with other this behavior for clamped and simply supported boundary con-
approximate and exact solutions. Table 1 demonstrates compar- ditions is converse [28, 29]. In other words, in a beam with dif-
ison of the results of the exact solution of Wright et al. [12] and ferent boundary conditions, including simply supported-simply
the present investigation results. Note that the results of Wright supported, clamped-clamped, and clamped-simply supported,
et al. [12] are at the square of natural frequency ( i.e., ω2 ) and nondimensional fundamental frequency decreases with increas-
results are also compared in the local model (μ = 0). ing of nonlocal parameter, whereas in clamped-free boundary
Table 2 shows the comparison of the variation of nondimen- condition with increasing nonlocal parameter nondimensional
sional fundamental frequency β with nondimensional angu- frequency (fundamental frequency) increases [30].

Table . Comparison of fundamental natural frequency with results of approximate solution [] in nonlocal parameter μ = 0, 0.5.

Frequency β

Angular velocity γ2 = 0 γ2 = 1 γ2 = 2 γ2 = 3 γ2 = 4 γ2 = 5
Nonlocal parameter μ=0 μ = 0.5 μ=0 μ = 0.5. μ=0 μ = 0.5 μ = 0. μ = 0.5 μ=0 μ = 0.5 μ=0 μ = 0.5
Present . . . . . . . . . . . .
DQM [] . . . . . . . . . . . .
1418 M. GHADIRI ET AL.

Figure . (a)-(c) Variation of the first, second, and third modes of vibration with Figure . (a)-(c) The influence of low and high temperature in behavior of the vibra-
nondimensional angular velocity without considering effect of temperature for dif- tion of the rotating nanocantilever beam for the first mode in nondimensional angu-
ferent values of the nonlocal parameter. lar velocity γ 2 = 0, 2 and 5, respectively.

Figure . Variation of the nondimensional fundamental frequency vs. effect of low
and high temperature with considering nondimensional angular velocity for high
temperature in plot (a) and low temperature in plot (b).
Figures 4a and 4b show the variation of nondimensional fun-
damental frequency, λ, with considering both the effect of tem-
perature and nondimensional angular velocity γ 2 and nonlo-
cal parameter μ = 0. Figure 4a shows that with an increase
of temperature and angular velocity values, the fundamental
frequency increases, while in Figure 4b, with an increase of
temperature, natural frequency reduces for different values of
angular velocity γ 2 . In summary, these two plots (4a and 4b)
demonstrate the difference between high (α = 1.6 × 10−6 1/k )
and low (α = −1.1 × 10−6 1/k ) temperature values in rotating
nanocantilever with clamped free boundary condition.
In general, the investigation of the temperature and angular
velocity behavior provides helpful information in the design of
nanoturbine blades [20].
6. Conclusions
In this article, the equations of motion for a rotating nanocan-
tilever have been developed based on Euler–Bernoulli beam
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1419
model, which includes the effect of temperature, small scale
effect, and centrifugal force. A power series method has been
employed to obtain the exact solution of the natural frequen-
cies. The results were also compared with other solutions of
exact [12] and approximate (DQM) [20, 22]. The results showed
that, at low temperatures, the natural frequency reduces with
an increase of small-scale effect, whereas in high temperatures
with increasing the small scale effect, the natural frequency
also increases. This behavior in the rotating nanocantilever
beam is the main result of this work. Furthermore, the differ-
ence between the natural frequencies calculated, including the
effect of temperature in comparison with the natural frequencies
without considering the effect of temperature, is considerable.
Besides, nondimensional frequency increases in the first mode
versus an increase of the nonlocal parameter while it is inverse
for the second and third modes of vibration.
Moreover, to improve the precision and convergence of
results in a power series method, we can raise the number of
terms in series while the approximate solution of DQM depends
on the numbers of grid points. Finally, results of this work would
provide helpful information in the design of nanoturbine blades
[19, 20].
Funding
This work was supported in part by the Department of Mechanical Engi-
neering of Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU).
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