Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

ISSN: 1537-6494 (Print) 1537-6532 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/umcm20

Effect of various thermal loadings on buckling

and vibrational characteristics of nonlocal
temperature-dependent functionally graded
nanobeams

Farzad Ebrahimi & Erfan Salari

To cite this article: Farzad Ebrahimi & Erfan Salari (2016) Effect of various thermal loadings
on buckling and vibrational characteristics of nonlocal temperature-dependent functionally
graded nanobeams, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 23:12, 1379-1397, DOI:
10.1080/15376494.2015.1091524

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2015.1091524

Published online: 14 Apr 2016.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 558

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Citing articles: 29 View citing articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=umcm20
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
, VOL. , NO. , –
http://dx.doi.org/./..

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effect of various thermal loadings on buckling and vibrational characteristics

of nonlocal temperature-dependent functionally graded nanobeams
Farzad Ebrahimi and Erfan Salari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this article, the thermal effects on buckling and free vibrational characteristics of functionally graded Received  February 
(FG) size-dependent nanobeams subjected to various types of thermal loading are investigated by present- Accepted  August 
ing a Navier-type solution for the first time. Temperature-dependent material properties of FG nanobeams KEYWORDS
vary continuously along the thickness according to the power-law form. The small-scale effect is taken into Timoshenko beam theory;
consideration based on Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. The nonlocal equations of motion are derived thermal buckling; vibration;
through Hamilton’s principle and they are solved applying an analytical solution. It is revealed that the pro- functionally graded material;
posed modeling can provide accurate frequency results of the FG nanobeams. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity

1. Introduction in NEMS. For example, in MEMS/NEMS, nanostructures have

been used in many areas including communications, machinery,
Functionally graded materials (FGMs), a novel generation
information technology, and biotechnology technologies.
of composites of microscopical heterogeneity initiated by a
The classical continuum theory is quite efficient in the
group of Japanese scientists in the mid-1980s, are achieved
mechanical analysis of the macroscopic structures, but its appli-
by controlling the volume fractions, microstructure, porosity,
cability to the identification of the size effect on the mechan-
etc. of the material constituents during manufacturing, result-
ical behaviors on micro- or nano-scale structures is question-
ing in spatial gradient of macroscopic material properties of
able. This limitation of the classical continuum theory is partly
mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. In compari-
due to the fact that the classical continuum theory does not
son with traditional composites, FGMs possess various advan-
admit the size dependence in the elastic solutions of inclusions
tages, for instance, ensuring smooth transition of stress distri-
and inhomogeneities. However, the classical continuum mod-
butions, minimization or elimination of stress concentration,
els need to be extended to consider the nanoscale effects and
and increased bonding strength along the interface of two dis-
this can be achieved through the nonlocal elasticity theory pro-
similar materials. In the last decade, beams and plates made
posed by Eringen [6], which considers the size-dependent effect.
of FGMs have found wide applications as structural elements
According to this theory, the stress state at a reference point
in modern industries, such as aeronautics/astronautics manu-
is considered as a function of strain states of all points in the
facturing industry, mechanical engineering and engine com-
body. This nonlocal theory is proved to be in accordance with an
bustion chamber, nuclear engineering, and reactors. Motivated
atomic model of lattice dynamics and with experimental obser-
by these engineering applications, ceramic/metal FGMs have
vations on phonon dispersion [7].
also attracted intensive research interests, which were mainly
Moreover, in recent years the application of nonlocal elas-
focused on their static, dynamic, and vibration characteristics
ticity theory, in micro- and nanomaterials has received con-
of functionally graded (FG) structures [1, 2].
siderable attention within the nanotechnology community [8].
Nanobeams are one of the basic components in micro/nano
Peddieson et al. [9] proposed a version of nonlocal elastic-
electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), biomedical
ity theory, which is employed to develop a nonlocal Euler–
sensors, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Therefore,
Benoulli beam model. Wang and Liew [10] carried out the
understanding the mechanical and physical properties of
static analysis of micro- and nanostructures based on nonlocal
nanostructures is necessary for its practical applications.
continuum mechanics using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and
Nanoscale engineering materials have attracted great interest in
Timoshenko beam theory. Aydogdu [11] proposed a general-
modern science and technology after the invention of carbon
ized nonlocal beam theory to study bending, buckling, and
nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima [3]. They have significant mechani-
free vibration of nanobeams based on the Eringen model using
cal, thermal, and electrical performances that are superior to the
different beam theories. Phadikar and Pradhan [12] reported
conventional structural materials. In recent years, nanobeams
finite element formulations for nonlocal elastic Euler–Bernoulli
and CNTs hold a wide variety of potential applications [4, 5],
beam and Kirchhoff plate theory. Pradhan and Murmu [13]
such as sensors, actuators, transistors, probes, and resonators

CONTACT Farzad Ebrahimi febrahimy@eng.ikiu.ac.ir Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University,
Qazvin, Iran.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/umcm.
©  Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1380 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI
investigated the flapwise bending–vibration characteristics of
a rotating nanocantilever by using the differential quadrature
method (DQM). They noticed that small-scale effects play a sig-
nificant role in the vibration response of a rotating nanocan-
tilever. Additionally, thermo-mechanical buckling behavior of
nanobeams based on higher-order beam theory was investigated
by Tounsi et al. [14]
Furthermore, with the development of the material technol-
ogy, FGMs have also been employed in MEMS/NEMS [15, 16].
Because of high sensitivity of MEMS/ NEMS to external stim-
ulations, understanding mechanical properties and vibration
behavior of them are of significant importance to the design and
manufacture of FG MEMS/NEMS. Thus, establishing an accu-
rate model of FG nanobeams is a key issue for successful NEMS
design. Fallah and Aghdam [17] used Euler–Bernoulli beam
theory to investigate thermomechanical buckling and nonlin-
ear vibration analysis of functionally graded beams on nonlin-
ear elastic foundation. The nonlinear static response of FGM
beams under in-plane thermal loading is studied by Ma and Lee
[18]. Tounsi et al. [19] analyzed the bending and dynamic behav-
iors of FG microbeams based on new first and sinusoidal beam
theories together with the classical beam theory and using the
modified couple stress theory. The dynamic characteristics of
FG beam with power law material graduation in the axial or the
transversal directions was examined by Alshorbagy et al. [20].
Ke and Wang [21] exploited the size effect on dynamic stabil-
ity of FG Timoshenko microbeams. The free vibration analy-
sis of FG microbeams was presented by Ansari et al. [22] based
on the strain gradient Timoshenko beam theory. They also con-
cluded that the value of gradient index plays an important role
in the vibrational response of the FG microbeams of lower
slenderness ratios. Zidi et al. [23] investigated hygro-thermo-
mechanical loading effect on bending analysis of FGM plates
resting on an elastic foundation based on a four-variable refined
plate theory. They showed that this theory, which has strong
similarity with classical plate theory in many aspects, accounts
for a quadratic variation of the transverse shear strains across
the thickness and satisfies the zero traction boundary condi-
tions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using
shear correction factors. Recently, Eltaher et al. [24, 25] pre-
sented a finite element formulation for free vibration analy-
sis of FG nanobeams based on nonlocal Euler beam theory.
They also exploited the size-dependent static-buckling behav-
ior of functionally graded nanobeams on the basis of the non-
local continuum model [26]. Niknam and Aghdam [27] have
performed a semi-analytical approach for large amplitude free
vibration and buckling of FG nanobeams resting on an elastic
foundation based on nonlocal elasticity theory. They showed
that the effect of small-scale parameter decreases by increas-
ing length of the beam. Using nonlocal Timoshenko and Euler–
Bernoulli beam theory, Şimşek and Yurtcu [28] investigated
bending and buckling of FG nanobeam by analytical method.
More recently, vibration behavior of simply supported Tim-
oshenko FG nanobeams were investigated by Rahmani and
Pedram [29]. Material properties are assumed to be temperature
independent in these works and the thermal environment effects
were not considered. Furthermore, the common use of FGMs in
a high temperature environment leads to considerable changes
in material properties. For example, Young’s modulus usually
decreases when temperature increases in FGMs. To predict the
behavior of FGMs under high temperature more accurately, it is
necessary to consider the temperature dependency on material
properties.
Most of the above-mentioned studies have been performed
on the basis of Euler–Bernoulli, which neglects the effects
of shear deformation. This simple theory can be successfully
used in analysis of slender beams with a large aspect ratio.
However, influences of shear deformation may become more
considerable for moderately thick beams and plates [30, 31].
Timoshenko beam theory, also known as first-order shear defor-
mation beam theory, assumes that transverse shear stress and
strain are uniform along the thickness of the beam. An appro-
priate shear correction factor is needed in the formulations due
to the zero transverse shear stress and strain condition at the
upper and lower surfaces of the beam [32].
Moreover, from the review of the literature, it has been found
that most of the previous studies on vibration and buckling anal-
ysis of FG nanobeams, particularly in recent years, have been
conducted based on the ignorance of the thermal environment
effects. However, to the authors’ best knowledge, no research
dealing with effect of the various thermal loadings on buck-
ling and vibration analysis of FG nanobeams has been reported
in the literature except the author’s recent works in presenting
an analytical solution for the thermo-mechanical vibration of
FG nanobeams [33, 34]. Therefore, there is a strong scientific
need to understand the vibration behavior of FG nanobeams
in considering the effect of temperature changes. Motivated by
this fact, in this study, thermal buckling and vibration char-
acteristics of temperature-dependent FG nanobeams consider-
ing the effect of three types of thermal loading is analyzed.
An analytical method called Navier solution is employed for
vibration and thermal buckling analysis of size-dependent FG
nanobeams for the first time. It is assumed that material prop-
erties of the beam vary continuously through the beam thick-
ness according to power-law form and are temperature depen-
dent. Nonlocal Timoshenko beam model and Eringen’s non-
local elasticity theory are employed. Governing equations and
boundary conditions for the free vibration of a nonlocal FG
beam have been derived via Hamilton’s principle. These equa-
tions are solved using a Navier-type method and numerical
solutions are obtained. The detailed mathematical derivations
are presented while the emphasis is placed on investigating
the effect of several parameters, such as thermal loading, con-
stituent volume fractions, mode number, aspect ratio, and small
scale, on critical buckling temperature and vibration charac-
teristics of FG nanobeams. Comparisons with analytical solu-
tions and the results from the existing literature are provided
for two-constituents metal–ceramic nanobeams and the good
agreement between the results of this article and those avail-
able in the literature validated the presented approach. Numeri-
cal results are presented to serve as benchmarks for the applica-
tion and the design of nanoelectronic and nano-drive devices,
nano-oscillators, and nanosensors, in which nanobeams act
as basic elements. They can also be useful as valuable
sources for validating other approaches and approximate
methods.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1381

Figure . Geometry and coordinates of functionally graded Timoshenko nanobeam.



2. Theory and formulation z 1 p
κ (z) = (κc − κm ) + + κm ,
h 2
2.1. Nonlocal power-law FG nanobeam equations  
z 1 p
ν(z) = (νc − νm ) + + νm .
Consider a FG nanobeam of length L, width b, and uniform h 2
thickness h in the unstressed reference configuration. The coor-
dinate system for FG nanobeam is shown in Figure 1. The To predict the behavior of FGMs under high temperature
nanobeam is made of elastic and isotropic FG material with more accurately, it is necessary to consider the temperature
properties varying smoothly in the z thickness direction only. dependency on material properties. The nonlinear equation of
The effective material properties of the FG beam, such as thermo-elastic material properties in function of temperature
Young’s modulus E f , shear modulus G f , and mass density ρ f are T (K ) can be expressed as [35]:
assumed to vary continuously in the thickness direction (z-axis
P = P0 (P−1 T −1 + 1 + P1 T + P2 T 2 + P3 T 3 ), (4)
direction) according to a power function of the volume fractions
of the constituents. where P0 , P−1 , P1 , P2 , and P3 are the temperature-dependent
According to the rule of mixture, the effective material prop- coefficients, which can be seen in the table of materials prop-
erties, P f , can be expressed as [28]: erties (Table 1) for Si3 N4 and SUS 304. The bottom surface (z =
–h/2) of FG nanobeam is pure metal (SUS 304), whereas the top
P f = P c V c + P mV m , (1) surface (z = h/2) is pure ceramics (Si3 N4 ).
where Pm , Pc , Vm , and Vc are the material properties and the vol-
ume fractions of the metal and the ceramic constituents related 2.2. Kinematic relations
by:
A more refined beam theory is Timoshenko beam theory in
Vc + Vm = 1. (2a) which straight lines perpendicular to the mid-plane before
bending remain straight, but no longer remain perpendicular
to the mid-plane after bending. However, the shear correction
The volume fraction of the ceramic constituent of the beam factors are required in the analysis based on the Timoshenko
is assumed to be given by: beam theory due to the constant distribution of the transverse
shear stress with respect to the thickness coordinate [32]. The
 P
z 1 equations of motion are derived based on the Timoshenko beam
Vc = + . (2b) theory according to which the displacement field at any point of
h 2
the beam can be written as:
Here, p is the non-negative variable parameter (power-law
exponent) that determines the material distribution through the ux (x, z, t ) = u (x, t ) + zϕ (x, t ), (5a)
thickness of the beam and z is the distance from the mid-plane of uz (x, z, t ) = w(x, t ), (5b)
the FG beam. The FG beam becomes a fully ceramic beam when
p is set to be zero. Therefore, from Eqs. (1) and (2), the effec- Table . Temperature dependent coefficients of Young’s modulus, thermal expan-
sion, mass density, and Poisson’s ratio for Si3 N4 and SUS 304.
tive material properties of the FG nanobeam, such as Young’s
modulus (E), mass density (ρ), thermal expansion (α), Pois- Material Properties P0 P−1 P1 P2 P3
son’s ratio (ν), and thermal conductivity (κ), can be expressed as
Si3 N4 E (Pa) .e+  −.e− .e− −.e−
follows: α (K−1 ) .e−  .e−  
  ρ (Kg/m3 )     
z 1 p κ (W/mK) .  −.e− .e− −.e−
E(z) = (Ec − Em ) + + Em , ν .    
h 2
  SUS 304 E (Pa) .e+  .e− −.e− 
z 1 p
ρ(z) = (ρc − ρm ) + + ρm , α (K−1 ) .e−  .e−  
h 2 ρ (Kg/m3 )     
 p κ (W/mK) .  −.e− .e− −.e−
z 1 ν  −.e− .e−
α(z) = (α c − α m ) + + α m, (3) . 
h 2
1382 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI

where t is time, ϕ is the total bending rotation of the cross sec- work done corresponding to temperature change can be written
tion, u and w are displacement components of the mid-plane in the form:
along x and z directions, respectively. Therefore, according to  L  
∂w ∂w
the Timoshenko beam theory, the nonzero strains are obtained δV = NT δ dx, (15)
0 ∂x ∂x
as:
∂u ∂ϕ where N T is thermal resultant, which can be expressed as:
εxx = +z , (6)  h/2
∂x ∂x
∂w NT = E(z, T ) α(z, T ) (T − T0 ) dz, (16)
γxz = + ϕ, (7) −h/2
∂x
where T0 is the reference temperature. By substituting Eqs. (10),
where εxx and γxz are the normal strain and shear strain, respec-
(13), and (15) into Eq. (8) and setting the coefficients of δu, δw,
tively. Based on the Hamilton’s principle, which states that the
and δϕ to zero, the following Euler–Lagrange equation can be
motion of an elastic structure during the time interval t1 < t <
obtained:
t2 is such that the time integral of the total dynamics potential is
extremum [36]: ∂N ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
= I0 2 + I1 2 , (17a)
 t ∂x ∂t ∂t
δ(U − T + V ) dt = 0. (8) ∂Q ∂ w
2
∂ 2w
0 − N T 2 = I0 2 , (17b)
∂x ∂x ∂t
Here, U is strain energy, T is kinetic energy, and V is work ∂M ∂ u
2
∂ 2ϕ
done by external forces. The virtual strain energy can be calcu- − Q = I1 2 + I2 2 . (17c)
∂x ∂t ∂t
lated as:
  Under the following boundary conditions:
δU = σi j δ εi j dV = (σxx δ εxx + σxz δ γxz ) dV . (9) N = 0 or u= 0 at x = 0 and x = L, (18a)
v v
Q = 0 or w= 0 at x = 0 and x = L, (18b)
Substituting Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eq. (9) yields:
M = 0 or ϕ= 0 at x = 0 and x = L. (18c)
 L      
∂u ∂ϕ ∂w
δU = N δ +M δ +Q δ + δϕ dx,
0 ∂x ∂x ∂x 2.3. The nonlocal elasticity model for FG nanobeam
(10)
in which N is the axial force, M is the bending moment, and Based on Eringen nonlocal elasticity model [37], the stress at a
Q is the shear force. These stress resultants used in Eq. (10) are reference point x in a body is considered as a function of strains
defined as: of all points in the near region. This assumption is in agree-
   ment with experimental observations of atomic theory and lat-
N = σxx dA, M = σxx z dA, Q = Ks σxz dA. tice dynamics in phonon scattering in which for a homogeneous
A A A and isotropic elastic solid the nonlocal stress-tensor components
(11)
σi j at any point x in the body can be expressed as:
The kinetic energy for Timoshenko beam theory can be

written as:
 σi j (x) = α( x − x , τ ) ti j (x ) d (x ), (19)
    
1 L ∂ux 2 ∂uz 2
T= ρ(z, T ) + dA dx. (12) where ti j (x ) are the components of the classical local stress ten-
2 0 A ∂t ∂t
sor at point x, which are related to the components of the linear
Also, the virtual kinetic energy can be expressed as: strain tensor εkl by the conventional constitutive relations for a
 L     Hookean material, i.e.:
∂u ∂δu ∂w ∂δw ∂ϕ ∂δu ∂u ∂δϕ
δT = I0 + + I1 + ti j = Ci jkl εkl . (20)
0 ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

∂ϕ ∂δϕ The meaning of Eq. (19) is that the nonlocal stress at point x is
+ I2 dx, (13)
∂t ∂t the weighted average of the local stress of all points in the neigh-
borhood of x, the size of which is related to the nonlocal kernel
where (I0 , I1 , I2 ) are the mass moment of inertias, defined as α(|x − x|, τ ). Here, |x − x| is the Euclidean distance and τ is a
follows: constant given by:

(I0 , I1 , I2 ) = ρ(z, T )(1, z, z ) dA.
2
(14) e0 a
τ= , (21)
A l
For a typical FG nanobeam, which has been in a tempera- which represents the ratio between a characteristic internal
ture environment for a long period of time, it is assumed that length, a (such as lattice parameter, C–C bond length, and gran-
the temperature can be distributed across the thickness. Thus, ular distance), and a characteristic external one, l (e.g., crack
three kinds of thermal loading, such as uniform temperature length, wavelength), through an adjusting constant, e0 , depen-
rise, linear and nonlinear (heat conduction) temperature rises, dent on each material. The magnitude of e0 is determined exper-
are taken into consideration. Hence, the first variation of the imentally or approximated by matching the dispersion curves of
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1383

plane waves with those of atomic lattice dynamics. According to In which the cross-sectional rigidities are defined as follows:
a class of physically admissible kernels α(|x − x|, τ ), it is pos- 
sible to represent the integral constitutive relations given by Eq. (Axx , Bxx , Dxx ) = E(z, T ) (1 , z, z2 ) dA, (30)
(19) in an equivalent differential form as: A

Cxz = Ks G(z) dA, (31)
(1 − (e0 a)2 ∇ 2 )σkl = tkl , (22) A

where ∇ 2 is the Laplacian operator. The parameter e0 a is the where Ks = 5/6 is the shear correction factor. The explicit rela-
scale coefficient revealing the small-scale effect on the responses tion of the nonlocal normal force can be derived by substituting
of structures of nanosize. The value of the small-scale parameter for the second derivative of N from Eq. (17a) into Eq. (27) as
depends on boundary condition, chirality, mode shapes, num- follows:
ber of walls, and the nature of motions [38, 39]. The parameter  
∂u ∂ϕ ∂ 3u ∂ 3ϕ
e 0 = (π 2 − 4)1/2 /2π ∼= 0.39 was given by Eringen [7]. Also, the N = Axx + Bxx + μ I0 + I1 . (32)
∂x ∂x ∂x∂t 2 ∂x∂t 2
nonlocal parameter, μ, is experimentally obtained for various
materials; for instance, a conservative estimate of μ < 4 (nm)2 Also, the explicit relation of the nonlocal bending moment
for a single-walled carbon nanotube is proposed. It is worthwhile can be derived by substituting for the second derivative of M
to mention that this value is also chirality and size dependent, from Eq. (17c) into Eq. (28) as follows:
because the material properties of CNTs are widely acknowl-  2
edged to be chirality dependent [14, 40]. There is no rigorous ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ 3u ∂ 3ϕ
M = Bxx + Dxx + μ I0 2 + I1 + I2
study made on estimating the value of small scale to simulate ∂x ∂x ∂t ∂x∂t 2 ∂x∂t 2
mechanical behavior of functionally graded micro/nanobeams 2 
∂ w
[24, 41]. Hence, all researchers who worked on size-dependent + NT 2 . (33)
∂x
mechanical behavior of FG nanobeams based on the nonlocal
elasticity method investigated the effect of small-scale parame- By substituting for the second derivative of Q from Eq. (17b)
ter on mechanical behavior of FG nanobeams by changing the into Eq. (29), the following expression for the nonlocal shear
value of the small-scale parameter. In the present study, a con- force is derived:
servative estimate of the small-scale parameter is considered to    3 
be in the range of 0–4 (nm)2 . Thus, the scale length e0 a takes ∂w ∂ 3w T∂ w
Q = Cxz + ϕ + μ I0 + N . (34)
into account the size effect on the response of nanostructures. ∂x ∂x∂t 2 ∂x3
For an elastic material in the one-dimensional case, the nonlo-
cal constitutive relations may be simplified as [8]: The nonlocal governing equations of Timoshenko FG
nanobeam in terms of the displacement can be derived by sub-
∂ 2 σxx stituting for N, M, and Q from Eqs. (32)–(34), respectively, into
σxx − (e0 a)2 = Eεxx , (23) Eq. (17) as follows:
∂x2
 
∂ 2 σxz ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ ∂ 4u ∂ 4ϕ
σxz − (e0 a)2 = Gγxz , (24) Axx 2 + Bxx 2 + μ I0 2 2 + I1 2 2
∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
where σ and ε are the nonlocal stress and strain, respectively. E is −I0 2 − I1 2 = 0, (35a)
the Young’s modulus, and G = E/2(1 + ν) is the shear modulus ∂t ∂t
 2   
(where ν is Poisson’s ratio). For Timoshenko nonlocal FG beam, ∂ w ∂ϕ T∂ w
4
∂ 4w
Cxz + + μ N + I0
Eqs. (23) and (24) can be rewritten as: ∂x2 ∂x ∂x4 ∂t 2 ∂x2
∂ w
2
∂ w
2

∂ 2 σxx −N T 2 − I0 2 = 0, (35b)
σxx − μ = E(z)εxx , ∂x ∂t
(25)   
∂x2 ∂ u
2
∂ ϕ
2
∂w ∂ u
4

∂ 2 σxz Bxx 2 + Dxx 2 − Cxz + ϕ + μ I1 2 2

σxz − μ = G(z)γxz , (26) ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂x2 
∂ 4ϕ ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
+I2 2 2 − I1 2 − I2 2 = 0. (35c)
where (μ = (e0 a)2 ). Integrating Eqs. (25) and (26) over the ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂t
beam’s cross-section area, the force-strain and the moment-
strain of the nonlocal Timoshenko FG beam theory can be 3. Uniform, linear, and nonlinear temperature
obtained as follows: distributions
∂ 2N ∂u ∂ϕ
N−μ = Axx + Bxx , (27) 3.1. Uniform temperature rise (UTR)
∂x 2 ∂x ∂x
∂ 2M ∂u ∂ϕ The FG nanobeam initial temperature is assumed to be (T0 =
M−μ = Bxx + Dxx , (28) 300K), which is a stress-free state, uniformly changed to final
∂x 2 ∂x ∂x
  temperature with T . The temperature rise is given by:
∂ Q2
∂w
Q − μ 2 = Cxz +ϕ . (29)
∂x ∂x T = T − T0 . (36)
1384 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI

3.2. Linear temperature rise (LTR) Substituting Eqs. (40)–(42) into Eqs. (35a)–(35c), respec-
tively, leads to Eqs. (44)–(46):
Assume a FG nanobeam where the temperature of the top sur-    
face (ceramic-rich) is Tc and it is considered to vary linearly nπ 2 nπ 2
−Axx + I0 1 + μ ωn Un2
along the thickness from Tc to the bottom surface (metal-rich) L L
temperature Tm . Therefore, the temperature rise as a function of    
nπ 2 nπ 2
thickness is obtained as [42]: + −Bxx +I1 1 + μ ωn φn = 0,
2
L L
 
1 z (44)
T = Tm + T + . (37)   
2 h nπ 2 nπ 2 nπ 2
−Cxz + I0 1 + μ ωn 2 + N T
L L L
The T in Eq. (36) could be defined T = Tc − Tm .  
nπ 2 nπ
× 1+μ Wn − Cxz φn = 0, (45)
L L
   
3.3. Nonlinear temperature rise (NLTR) nπ 2 nπ 2
−Bxx + I1 1 + μ ωn 2 Un
In this case, nonlinear temperature rise across the thickness L L
   
is assumed. The steady-state one-dimensional heat conduction nπ 2 nπ 2
+ −Dxx − Cxz + I2 1 + μ ωn φn
2
equation with the known temperature boundary conditions L L
on the bottom and top surfaces of the FG nanobeam can be nπ
obtained by solving the following equation [43, 44]: −Cxz Wn = 0. (46)
L
  By setting the determinant of the coefficient matrix of the
d dT
− κ (z, T ) = 0, above equations, the analytical solutions can be obtained from
dz 
 dz   (38)
h h the following equations:
T = Tc , T − = Tm . ⎧ ⎫
2 2
  ⎨ Un ⎬
( [K] + T [KT ] ) − ω2 [M] Wn = 0, (47)
The solution of Eq. (38) subjected to the boundary conditions ⎩ ⎭
φn
can be solved by the following equation:
z
where [K] and [KT ] are stiffness matrix and the coefficient
1
− h2 κ (z,T )
dz matrix of temperature change, respectively, and [M] is the mass
T = Tm + (T ) h
, (39) matrix. By setting this polynomial to zero, we can find natural
1
− h2
2
κ (z,T )
dz frequencies ωn and critical buckling temperature Tcr .

where T = Tc − Tm .
5. Numerical results and discussions
Through this section, the effect of different temperature rises,
4. Solution procedures
FG distribution, nonlocality effect, and thickness ratios on the
Here, based on the Navier-type method, an analytical solution natural frequencies and critical buckling temperature of the
of the governing equations for free vibration and thermal buck- FG nanobeam will be figured out. The functionally graded
ling of a simply supported FG nanobeam is presented. The dis- nanobeam is composed of Steel (SUS 304) and Silicon nitride
placement functions are expressed as a product of undetermined (Si3 N4 ), where its properties are given in Table 1. The bottom
coefficients and known trigonometric functions to satisfy the surface of the beam is pure Steel, whereas the top surface of the
governing equations and the conditions at x = 0, L. The follow- beam is pure Silicon nitride. The beam geometry has the follow-
ing displacement fields are assumed to be of the form: ing dimensions: L (length) = 10,000 nm, b (width) = 1000 nm,
and h (thickness) = 100 nm. It is assumed that the temperature
∞
nπ increase in metal surface to reference temperature T0 of the FG
u(x, t ) = Un cos x e iωn t , (40)
L nanobeam is Tm − T0 = 5 K [42].
n=1
∞ The relation described in Eq. (48) is performed in order to
nπ calculate the nondimensional natural frequencies:
w(x, t ) = Wn sin x e iωn t , (41)
n=1
L 
ω̂ = ωL2 ρc A/EIc , (48)
∞
nπ
ϕ(x, t ) = ϕn cos x e iωn t , (42) where I = bh3 /12 is the moment of inertia of the cross
L
n=1 section of the beam. To evaluate accuracy of the natural
frequencies predicted by the present method, the nondimen-
where (Un , Wn , ϕn ) are the unknown Fourier coefficients to be
sional natural frequencies of simply supported FG nanobeam
determined for each n value. Boundary conditions for a simply
with various nonlocal parameters previously analyzed by Navier
supported beam are as in Eq. (43):
method are reexamined. Table 2 compares the results of the
∂u present study and the results presented by Rahmani and Pedram
u(0) = 0, (L) = 0, [29], which has been obtained by the analytical method for FG
∂x (43)
∂ϕ ∂ϕ nanobeam with different nonlocal parameters (varying from 0
w(0) = w(L) = 0, (0) = (L) = 0.
∂x ∂x to 5). The reliability of the presented method and procedure for
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1385

Table . Comparison of the nondimensional fundamental frequency for a S-S FG nanobeam with various gradient indexes when L/h = .

p= p = . p= p=

Rahmani and Present Rahmani and Present Rahmani and Rahmani and Present
μ Pedram [] analytical Pedram [] analytical Pedram [] Present Pedram [] analytical

 . . . . . . . .

 . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . .

FG nanobeam may be concluded from Table 2, where the results In Tables 3, 4, and 5, a comparison between critical buck-
are in an excellent agreement as values of nondimensional fun- ling temperature of the simply supported FG nanobeams sub-
damental frequency are consistent with presented analytical jected to different thermal loading (UTR, LTR, and NLTR) are
solution. presented for various values of the gradient index (p = 0, 0.2,
After extensive validation of the present formulation for 0.5, 1, 2, 5), nonlocal parameters (μ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) and three
S-S FG nanobeams, the effects of different parameters, such different values of aspect ratio (L/h = 40, 50, 60) based on ana-
as aspect ratio, nonlocality parameter, thermal loading, and lytical Navier solution method. It can be concluded from the
gradient index on the thermal buckling of FG nanobeam are results of these tables that an increase in nonlocal scale parame-
investigated. ter gives rise to a decrement in the critical buckling temperature.
In addition, it is seen that the Tcr decrease by increasing gra-
dient index and aspect ratio (L/h) and it can be stated that non-
Table . Material graduation and nonlocality parameter effects on the critical buck- locality parameter has a notable effect on the critical buckling
ling temperature Tcr [K] of a S-S FG nanobeam under different types of thermal
loading (L/h = ). temperature. As can be seen in these tables, the critical buckling
temperatures of a FG nanobeam, when subjected to linear and
Gradient index nonlinear temperature distribution, are higher than those eval-
μ Load type  . .    uated considering a uniform temperature rise.
Variations of the critical buckling temperature Tcr of the
 UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . simply supported FG nanobeams under different thermal load-
NLTR . . . . . . ing with respect to aspect ratio for different values of gradient
 UTR . . . . . . indexes and nonlocal parameters are depicted in Figures 2 and
LTR . . . . . .
NLTR . . . . . . 3, respectively. Observing these two figures, it is easily deduced
 UTR . . . . . . for a S-S FG nanobeam that an increase in aspect ratio param-
LTR . . . . . . eter gives rise to a decrease in the critical buckling temperature
NLTR . . . . . .
 UTR . . . . . . for all gradient indexes. In addition, it is deduced that the buck-
LTR . . . . . . ling temperature decreases by increasing nonlocality parame-
NLTR . . . . . . ters. Also, it can be concluded from the results of Figure 2 that
 UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . the critical buckling temperature difference of uniform temper-
NLTR . . . . . . ature rise is the lowest and the nonlinear distribution is the
highest curve.

Table . Material graduation and nonlocality parameter effects on the critical buck- Table . Material graduation and nonlocality parameter effects on the critical buck-
ling temperature Tcr [K] of a S-S FG nanobeam under different types of thermal ling temperature Tcr [K] of a S-S FG nanobeam under different types of thermal
loading (L/h = ). loading (L/h = ).

Gradient index Gradient index

μ Load type  . .    μ Load type  . .   

 UTR . . . . . .  UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . LTR . . . . . .
NLTR . . . . . . NLTR . . . . . .
 UTR . . . . . .  UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . LTR . . . . . .
NLTR . . . . . . NLTR . . . . . .
 UTR . . . . . .  UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . LTR . . . . . .
NLTR . . . . . . NLTR . . . . . .
 UTR . . . . . .  UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . LTR . . . . . .
NLTR . . . . . . NLTR . . . . . .
 UTR . . . . . .  UTR . . . . . .
LTR . . . . . . LTR . . . . . .
NLTR . . . . . . NLTR . . . . . .
1386 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI
Figure . The variation of the critical buckling temperature of S-S FG nanobeam with aspect ratios and nonlocality parameters for different material graduations and
thermal loading.
The critical buckling temperature versus the gradient index
of S-S FG nanobeam for different values of nonlocality parame-
ters and aspect ratio is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.
It can be observed from these figures that with an increase of the
beam aspect ratio and nonlocal parameter, critical buckling tem-
perature decreases. Also, in Figures 4 and 5 it is noticed that the
buckling temperature reduced with high rate where the power
exponent was in a range from 0 to 2 than that where the power
exponent was in a range between 2 and 10. It is also found that
values of critical buckling temperature in the case of linear and
nonlinear temperature distributions are larger than those of the
uniform temperature rise.
In order to investigate the vibration characteristics of the
FG nanobeam, the first three nondimensional fundamental fre-
quencies of simply-supported FG nanobeam subjected to uni-
form, linear, and nonlinear temperature rises are presented in
Tables 6, 7, and 8, respectively, which figures out the effect of
the nonlocal parameter (varying from 0 to 4), gradient index
(varying from 0 to 5), and three different values of temperature
changes (T = 10, 30, 60) for L/h = 20 on the natural frequency
characteristics of FG nanobeam.
First of all, when the two parameters vanish (μ = 0 and p = 0)
the classical isotropic beam theory is rendered. Furthermore, the
effects of temperature change, nonlocal parameter, and gradient
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1387

Figure . The variation of the critical buckling temperature of S-S FG nanobeam with aspect ratios and material graduations for different nonlocality parameters and
thermal loading.
1388 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI

Figure . The variation of the critical buckling temperature of S-S FG nanobeam with material graduations and aspect ratios for different nonlocality parameters and
thermal loading.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1389

Figure . The variation of the critical buckling temperature of S-S FG nanobeam with material graduations and nonlocality parameters for different aspect ratios and
thermal loading.
1390 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI

Table . Temperature and material graduation effect on first three dimensionless frequencies of a S-S FG nanobeam with different nonlocality parameters in the case of
uniform temperature rise (L/h = ).

T = 10 [K] T = 30 [K] T = 60 [K]

Gradient index Gradient index Gradient index
μ ω̂i  .    .    .  

  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table . Temperature and material graduation effect on first three dimensionless frequencies of a S-S FG nanobeam with different nonlocality parameters in the case of
linear temperature rise (L/h = ).

T = 10 [K] T = 30 [K] T = 60 [K]

Gradient index Gradient index Gradient index
μ ω̂i  .    .    .  

  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table . Temperature and material graduation effect on first three dimensionless frequencies of a S-S FG nanobeam with different nonlocality parameters in the case of
nonlinear temperature rise (L/h = ).

T = 10 [K] T = 30 [K] T = 60 [K]

Gradient index Gradient index Gradient index
μ ω̂i  .    .    .  

  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure . Variations of the first dimensionless natural frequency of the S-S FG nanobeam with respect to temperature change for different values of nonlocal parameters,
gradient indexes, and thermal loading (L/h = ).
indexes on the dimensionless frequencies are presented in these
tables. As seen in the tables, fixing the nonlocal parameter and
varying the material distribution parameter results in decreas-
ing in the fundamental frequencies, due to increasing in ceram-
ics phase constituent, and hence, stiffness of the beam. However,
the increasing of nonlocal parameter causes the decreasing in
fundamental frequency, at a constant material graduation index.
In addition, it is seen that the first three dimensionless natural
frequencies decrease by increasing temperature change and it
can be stated that temperature change has a significant effect on
the dimensionless natural frequencies, especially for lower mode
numbers.
Variations of the first dimensionless natural frequencies
of the simply supported FG nanobeams with respect to
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1391
temperature changes (UTR, LTR, and NLTR) for different val-
ues of gradient indexes and nonlocal parameters are depicted in
Figure 6.
It is seen from the figure that the fundamental frequency of
FG nanobeam decreases with the increase of temperature until
it approaches to the critical buckling temperature. This is due
to the reduction in total stiffness of the beam, since geometrical
stiffness decreases when temperature rises. Frequency reaches to
zero at the critical temperature point. The increase in tempera-
ture yields in higher frequency after the branching point.
There is one important observation within the range of tem-
perature before the critical temperature: it is seen that the FG
nanobeams with lower value of gradient index (higher per-
centage of ceramic phase) usually provide larger values of the
1392 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI

Figure . Variations of the first dimensionless natural frequency of the S-S FG nanobeam with respect to temperature change for different values of gradient indexes,
nonlocal parameters, and thermal loading (L/h = ).
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1393

Figure . The variation of the first dimensionless frequency of S-S FG nanobeam with material graduation and temperatures for different nonlocality parameters and
thermal loading (L/h = ).
1394 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI

Figure . The variation of the first dimensionless frequency of S-S FG nanobeam with material graduation and nonlocality parameters for different temperatures and
thermal loading (L/h = ).

Figure . Variations of the first dimensionless natural frequency of the S-S FG nanobeam with respect to temperature change for different values of nonlocal parameters,
aspect ratios, and thermal loading (p = .).
frequency results. However, this behavior is opposite in the
range of temperature beyond the critical temperature. It is also
observable that the branching point of the FG nanobeam is post-
poned by consideration of the lower gradient indexes due to the
fact that the lower gradient indexes result in the increase of stiff-
ness of the structure.
Figure 7 displays the variations of the first dimensionless
natural frequency of the simply supported FG nanobeam with
respect to temperature change (UTR and LTR) for different val-
ues of nonlocal parameters and gradient indexes (L/h = 50).
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1395
The fundamental frequency parameter as a function of power
law indexes and temperature rise is presented in Figure 8 for the
FG nanobeam with S–S boundary condition. Similarly, the vari-
ation of the first dimensionless frequency with material gradu-
ation and nonlocality parameters for different temperature rises
are depicted in Figure 9 (L/h = 20). Observing these two fig-
ures, it is easily deduced for a S-S FG nanobeam that an increase
in gradient indexes gives rise to a decrease in the first dimen-
sionless natural frequency for all nonlocal scale parameter and
temperature changes.
1396 F. EBRAHIMI AND E. SALARI
Figure 10 demonstrates the variation of the first dimension-
less natural frequency of FG nanobeam with respect to different
temperature changes with varying of the aspect ratio and non-
locality parameter at p = 0.5. It is shown that, by increasing the
nonlocal parameter and aspect ratio, the critical buckling tem-
perature decreases at a constant material distribution.
6. Conclusions
Thermal buckling and vibrational behavior of the temperature-
dependent FG nanobeams subjected to different temperature
distribution through the thickness direction (UTR, LTR, and
NLTR) are investigated on the basis of nonlocal elasticity the-
ory in conjunction with Navier analytical method. Eringen’s
theory of nonlocal elasticity together with Timoshenko beam
theory are used to model the nanobeam. Thermo-mechanical
properties of the FG nanobeams are assumed to be functions
of both temperature and thickness. The governing differen-
tial equations and related boundary conditions in a thermal
environment are derived by implementing Hamilton’s principle.
Accuracy of the results is examined using available data in the
literature. Finally, through some parametric studies and numer-
ical examples, the effect of different parameters are investigated.
The effects of small-scale parameter, material property gradient
index, mode number, temperature change and aspect ratio on
critical buckling temperature, and fundamental frequencies of
FG nanobeams are investigated.
It is concluded that various factors, such as nonlocal parame-
ter, gradient index, temperature-dependent material properties,
thermal environment, and aspect ratio, play important roles in
dynamic behavior of FG nanobeams. It is illustrated that the
presence of nonlocality leads to reduction in natural frequency
and buckling temperature. It is observed that the fundamental
frequency decreases with the increase in temperature and tends
to the minimum point closing to zero at the critical temperature.
This decrease in frequency with thermal load is attributed to the
fact that the thermally induced compressive stress weakens the
beam stiffness. However, after the critical temperature region,
the fundamental frequency increases with the increment of tem-
perature. Also, it is concluded that under temperature rise, with
the increase in the gradient index value, leads to the decrease in
frequency; however, the trend is reversed after the pre-buckling
stage is passed. Moreover, it is revealed that values of critical
buckling temperature in the case of linear and nonlinear temper-
ature distributions are larger than those of uniform temperature
rise.
References
[1] F. Ebrahimi and A. Rastgoo, Free vibration analysis of smart annular
FGM plates integrated with piezoelectric layers, Smart Mater. Struct.,
vol. 17, no. 1, art. 015044, 2008.
[2] F. Ebrahimi and A. Rastgo, An analytical study on the free vibration
of smart circular thin FGM plate based on classical plate theory, Thin
Walled Struct., vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1402–1408, 2008.
[3] S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, vol. 354,
no. 6348, pp. 56–58, 1991.
[4] S.C. Pradhan and U. Mandal, Finite element analysis of CNTs based
on nonlocal elasticity and Timoshenko beam theory including ther-
mal effect, Physica E, vol. 53, pp. 223–232, 2013.
[5] T. Murmu and S.C. Pradhan, Thermo-mechanical vibration of a
single-walled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic medium based
on nonlocal elasticity theory, Comput. Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 4, pp.
854–859, 2009.
[6] A.C. Eringen, Nonlocal polar elastic continua, Int. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 10,
no. 1, pp. 1–16, 1972.
[7] A.C. Eringen, On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and
solutions of screw dislocation and surface waves, J. Appl. Phys., vol.
54, no. 9, pp. 4703–4710, 1983.
[8] H.M. Berrabah, A. Tounsi, A. Semmah, and E.A. Bedia, Comparison
of various refined nonlocal beam theories for bending, vibration and
buckling analysis of nanobeams, Struct. Eng. Mech., vol. 48, no. 3, pp.
351–365, 2013.
[9] J. Peddieson, G.R. Buchanan, and R.P. McNitt, Application of nonlo-
cal continuum models to nanotechnology, Int. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 41, no.
3, pp. 305–312, 2003.
[10] Q. Wang and K.M. Liew, Application of nonlocal continuum mechan-
ics to static analysis of micro- and nano-structures, Phys. Lett. A, vol.
363, no. 3, pp. 236–242, 2007.
[11] M. Aydogdu, A general nonlocal beam theory: Its application to
nanobeam bending, buckling and vibration, Physica E, vol. 41, no.
9, pp. 1651–1655, 2009.
[12] J.K. Phadikar and S.C. Pradhan, Variational formulation and finite
element analysis for nonlocal elastic nanobeams and nanoplates,
Comput. Mater. Sci., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 492–499, 2010.
[13] S.C. Pradhan and T. Murmu, Application of nonlocal elasticity and
DQM in the flapwise bending vibration of a rotating nanocantilever,
Physica E, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1944–1949, 2010.
[14] A. Tounsi, A. Semmah, and A.A. Bousahla, Thermal buckling behav-
ior of nanobeams using an efficient higher-order nonlocal beam the-
ory, J. Nanomech. Micromech., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 37–42, 2013.
[15] A. Witvrouw and A. Mehta, The use of functionally graded poly-SiGe
layers for MEMS applications, Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 492, pp. 255–
260, 2005.
[16] Z. Lee, C. Ophus, L.M. Fischer, N. Nelson-Fitzpatrick, K.L. Westra, S.
Evoy, V. Radmilovic, U. Dahmen, and D. Mitlin, Metallic NEMS com-
ponents fabricated from nanocomposite Al–Mo films, Nanotechnol-
ogy, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 3063, 2006.
[17] A. Fallah and M.M. Aghdam, Thermo-mechanical buckling and non-
linear free vibration analysis of functionally graded beams on non-
linear elastic foundation, Composites Part B, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1523–
1530, 2012.
[18] L.S. Ma and D.W. Lee, Exact solutions for nonlinear static responses
of a shear deformable FGM beam under an in-plane thermal loading,
Eur. J. Mech. A. Solids, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 13–20, 2012.
[19] A. Tounsi, K.S. Al-Basyouni, and S.R. Mahmoud, Size dependent
bending and vibration analysis of functionally graded micro beams
based on modified couple stress theory and neutral surface position,
Compos. Struct., vol. 125, pp. 621–630, 2015.
[20] A.E. Alshorbagy, M.A. Eltaher, and F.F. Mahmoud, Free vibra-
tion characteristics of a functionally graded beam by finite element
method, Appl. Math. Modell., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 412–425, 2011.
[21] L.-L. Ke and Y.-S. Wang, Size effect on dynamic stability of function-
ally graded microbeams based on a modified couple stress theory,
Compos. Struct., vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 342–350, 2011.
[22] R. Ansari, R. Gholami, and S. Sahmani, Free vibration analysis of size-
dependent functionally graded microbeams based on the strain gra-
dient Timoshenko beam theory, Compos. Struct., vol. 94, no. 1, pp.
221–228, 2011.
[23] M. Zidi, A. Tounsi, M.S.A. Houari, and O.A. Bég, Bending analysis
of FGM plates under hygro-thermo-mechanical loading using a four
variable refined plate theory, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., vol. 34, pp. 24–34,
2014.
[24] M.A. Eltaher, S.A. Emam, and F.F. Mahmoud, Free vibration anal-
ysis of functionally graded size-dependent nanobeams, Appl. Math.
Comput., vol. 218, no. 14, pp. 7406–7420, 2012.
[25] M.A. Eltaher, A.E. Alshorbagy, and F.F. Mahmoud, Determination of
neutral axis position and its effect on natural frequencies of function-
ally graded macro/nanobeams, Compos. Struct., vol. 99, pp. 193–201,
2013.

[26] M.A. Eltaher, S.A. Emam, and F.F. Mahmoud, Static and stability anal-
ysis of nonlocal functionally graded nanobeams, Compos. Struct.,
vol. 96, pp. 82–88, 2013.
[27] H. Niknam and M.M. Aghdam, A semi analytical approach for large
amplitude free vibration and buckling of nonlocal FG beams resting
on elastic foundation, Compos. Struct., vol. 119, pp. 452–462, 2015.
[28] M. Şimşek and H.H. Yurtcu, Analytical solutions for bending and
buckling of functionally graded nanobeams based on the nonlocal
Timoshenko beam theory, Compos. Struct., vol. 97, pp. 378–386,
2013.
[29] O. Rahmani and O. Pedram, Analysis and modeling the size effect on
vibration of functionally graded nanobeams based on nonlocal Tim-
oshenko beam theory, Int. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 77, pp. 55–70, 2014.
[30] Z. Belabed, M.S.A. Houari, A. Tounsi, S.R. Mahmoud, and O.A. Bég,
An efficient and simple higher order shear and normal deformation
theory for functionally graded material (FGM) plates, Composites
Part B, vol. 60, pp. 274–283, 2014.
[31] A. Tounsi, M.S.A. Houari, and S. Benyoucef, A refined trigonometric
shear deformation theory for thermoelastic bending of functionally
graded sandwich plates, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 209–
220, 2013.
[32] M. Bourada, A. Kaci, M.S.A. Houari, and A. Tounsi, A new sim-
ple shear and normal deformations theory for functionally graded
beams, Steel Compos. Struct., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 409–423, 2015.
[33] F. Ebrahimi and E. Salari, Thermal buckling and free vibration anal-
ysis of size dependent Timoshenko FG nanobeams in thermal envi-
ronments, Compos. Struct., vol. 128, pp. 363–380, 2015.
[34] F. Ebrahimi and E. Salari, Thermo-mechanical vibration analy-
sis of nonlocal temperature-dependent FG nanobeams with vari-
ous boundary conditions, Composites Part B, vol. 78, pp. 272–290,
2015.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1397
[35] Y.S. Touloukian (Ed.), Thermophysical Properties of High Tempera-
ture Solid Materials, Vol. 1, Elements, Macmillan, New York, 1967.
[36] T.R. Tauchert, Energy Principles in Structural Mechanics, McGraw-
Hill, New York, NY, 1974.
[37] A.C. Eringen and D.G.B. Edelen, On nonlocal elasticity, Int. J. Eng.
Sci., vol. 10, no. 3, 233–248, 1972.
[38] S. Benguediab, A. Tounsi, M. Zidour, and A. Semmah, Chirality and
scale effects on mechanical buckling properties of zigzag double-
walled carbon nanotubes, Composites Part B, vol. 57, no. 21–24, 2014.
[39] A. Semmah, A. Tounsi, M. Zidour, H. Heireche, and M. Naceri,
Effect of the chirality on critical buckling temperature of zigzag
single-walled carbon nanotubes using the nonlocal continuum the-
ory, Fullerenes, Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct., vol. 23, no. 6, pp.
518–522, 2015.
[40] A. Tounsi, S. Benguediab, E.A. Bedia, A. Semmah, and M. Zidour,
Nonlocal effects on thermal buckling properties of double-walled car-
bon nanotubes, Adv. Nano Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2013.
[41] L. Chaht et al. Bending and buckling analyses of functionally graded
material (FGM) size-dependent nanoscale beams including the thick-
ness stretching effect, Steel Compos. Struct., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 425–
442, 2015.
[42] Y. Kiani and M.R. Eslami, An exact solution for thermal buckling of
annular FGM plates on an elastic medium, Composites Part B, vol.
45, no. 1, 101–110, 2013.
[43] Y. Fu, J. Wang, and Y. Mao, Nonlinear analysis of buckling, free vibra-
tion and dynamic stability for the piezoelectric functionally graded
beams in thermal environment, Appl. Math. Modell., vol. 36, no. 9,
4324–4340, 2012.
[44] D.-G. Zhang, Nonlinear bending analysis of FGM beams based on
physical neutral surface and high order shear deformation theory,
Compos. Struct., vol. 100, pp. 121–126, 2013.