Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution S.

Nasser, 2022/2023

Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution

Systems and Classification of Systems

1. Find the input-output relation of the feedback system shown:

Solution:
The input to the unit delay element is 𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑦[𝑛]. Thus, the output 𝑦[𝑛] of the unit delay is:
𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1] − 𝑦[𝑛 − 1]
Rearranging, we obtain:
𝑦 [𝑛] + 𝑦 [𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

2. The discrete-time system shown below is known as the unit delay element. Determine
whether the system is
a) Memoryless
b) Causal
c) Linear
d) Time-invariant
e) Stable

Solution:
a) Since the output value at n depends on the input values at n - 1, the system is not
memoryless.
b) Since the output does not depend on the future input values, the system is causal.
c) 𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛]} = 𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑦1 [𝑛 ]
𝑇{𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛 − 1] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛 − 1]
∵ 𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑦2 [𝑛]
∴ This is a linear system.
d) Let 𝑦1 [𝑛] be the output response to 𝑥1 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]. Then,
𝑦1 [𝑛] = 𝑇 {𝑥1[𝑛]} = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛0 ]

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

𝑦 [𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 − 1]
∵ 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] = 𝑦1 [𝑛] (𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑇{𝑥1[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]})
∴This is a time-invariant system.
e) Since
|𝑦[𝑛 ]| = |𝑥[𝑛 − 1]| ≤ 𝑘 → 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥[𝑛]| ≤ 𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛
the system is BIBO stable.

3. A system has the input-output relation given by

𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑻{𝑥[𝑛 ]} = 𝑛𝑥 [𝑛]
Determine whether the system is
a) Memoryless
b) Causal
c) Linear
d) Time-invariant
e) Stable
Solution:

a) Since the output value at n depends on only the input value at n, the system is
memoryless.
b) Since the output does not depend on the future input values, the system is causal.
c) 𝑇{𝛼𝑥1 [𝑛]} = 𝑛𝛼1 𝑥1 [𝑛] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝑛𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝑛 (𝛼1𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛])
∵ 𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑦2 [𝑛]
∴This is a linear system
d) Let 𝑦1 [𝑛] be the response to 𝑥1 [𝑛] = 𝑥 [𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]
𝑦1 [𝑛] = 𝑇{𝑥 [𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]} = 𝑛𝑥 [𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]
𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] = ( 𝑛 − 𝑛0 )𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] ≠ 𝑦1 [𝑛]
Hence, the system is not time-invariant (aka time varying system)
e) Let 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛]. Then 𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑛𝑢 [𝑛] . Thus, the bounded unit step sequence produces an
output sequence that grows without bound and the system is not BIB0 stable.

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

4. Consider the system whose input-output relation is given by the linear equation:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the input and the output of the system, respectively, and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the
constants. Is this system linear?

Solution:
Non-linear for all 𝑏 ≠ 0, and linear for 𝑏 = 0.

5. The system represented by T in the figure below is known to be time-invariant. When the
inputs to the system are 𝑥1[𝑛] , 𝑥2 [𝑛], and 𝑥3[𝑛], the outputs of the system are 𝑦1 [𝑛] , 𝑦2 [𝑛 ] ,
and 𝑦3 [𝑛] as shown. Determine whether the system is linear.

Solution:
It is seen that 𝑥3 [𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛 − 2]
Thus, if T is linear, then:
𝑇{𝑥3 [𝑛]} = 𝑇{𝑥1 [𝑛]} + 𝑇 {𝑥2 [𝑛 − 2]} = 𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑦2 [𝑛 − 2]

Comparing this to 𝑦3 [𝑛] :

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

𝑦3 [𝑛 ] ≠ 𝑦1 [𝑛 ] + 𝑦2 [𝑛 − 2]
Hence, the system is not linear.

6. Give an example of a system that satisfies the condition of additivity but not the condition of
homogeneity.

Solution:
Consider a discrete-time system represented by an operator T such that:
𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑇{𝑥 [𝑛]} = 𝑥 ∗ [𝑛]
∗
Where 𝑥 [𝑛] is the complex conjugate of 𝑥[𝑛]. Then,
𝑇{𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛]} = {𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛]} ∗ = 𝑥1∗[𝑛] + 𝑥2∗ [𝑛] = 𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑦2 [𝑛]
Next, if 𝛼 is any arbitrary complex-valued constant, then:
𝑇{𝛼𝑥 [𝑛]} = {𝛼𝑥 [𝑛]} ∗ = 𝛼 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ [𝑛] = 𝛼 ∗ 𝑦[𝑛] ≠ 𝛼𝑦[𝑛 ]
Thus, the system is additive but not homogeneous.

7. Consider a discrete-time system with input x[n] and output y[n]. The input-output
relationship for this system is
𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 ] 𝑥[𝑛 − 2]
a) Is the system memoryless?
b) Determine the output of the system when the input is A𝛿[𝑛] where A is any real or
complex number.
c) Is the system invertible?

Solution:
a) The system is not memoryless because 𝑦[𝑛] depends on past values of 𝑥 [𝑛] .
b) The output of the system will be 𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛] 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] = 0
c) From the result of b, we may conclude that the system output is always zero for inputs of
the form 𝛿 [𝑛 − 𝑘 ] ∀ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐼. Thus, the system is not invertible.

8. Consider a discrete-time system with input x[n] and output y[n] related by
𝑛+𝑛𝑜
𝑦[𝑛 ] = ∑ 𝑥[𝑘]
𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0
where 𝑛𝑜 is a finite positive integer.
a) Is this system linear?
b) Is this system time-invariant?
c) If x[n] is known to be bounded by a finite integer B (i.e., |𝑥[𝑛] | < B for all n), it can be
shown that y[n] is bounded by a finite number C. We conclude that the given system is
stable. Express C in terms of B and 𝑛0 .

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

Solution:
𝑛+𝑛0 𝑛+𝑛0
a) 𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛]} = ∑𝑘=𝑛−𝑛 𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] = 𝛼1 ∑𝑘=𝑛−𝑛 𝑥1[𝑛] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]
0 0
𝑛+𝑛0 𝑛+𝑛0
𝑇{𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = ∑ 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛] = 𝛼2 ∑ 𝑥2 [𝑛] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]
𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0 𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]}
𝑛+𝑛0 𝑛+𝑛0 𝑛+𝑛0
=∑ 𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛] = 𝛼1 ∑ 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 ∑ 𝑥2 [𝑛]
𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0 𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0 𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0
→ ( 1)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 ( 1):
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑦2 [𝑛]
∴ This system is linear
b) Consider 𝑦1 [𝑛] be the output corresponding to a shifted input: 𝑥1[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛1 ]
𝑛+𝑛0 𝑛+𝑛0 −𝑛1
𝑦1 [𝑛] = 𝑇{𝑥1[𝑛]} = 𝑇{𝑥 [𝑛 − 𝑛1 ]} = ∑ 𝑥[𝑘 − 𝑛1 ] = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑘 ]
𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0 𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0 −𝑛1
(𝑛−𝑛1 )+𝑛0
𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑛1 ] = ∑ 𝑥[𝑘 ]
𝑘=(𝑛−𝑛1 )−𝑛0
∴ 𝑦 [𝑛 − 𝑛1 ] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]
∴This system is time-invariant
c) If |𝑥[𝑛]| < 𝐵, then
𝑦[𝑛 ] ≤ ( 2𝑛0 + 1) 𝐵
(
∴ 𝐶 ≤ 2𝑛0 + 1 𝐵 )

9. For each of the following input-output relationships, determine whether the corresponding
system is linear, time invariant or both.
a) 𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑥 2 [𝑛 − 2]
b) 𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 + 1] − 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

Solution:
a) Consider two inputs 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛]:
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1 [𝑛]} = 𝛼12 𝑥12 [𝑛 − 2] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝛼22 𝑥22[𝑛 − 2] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝛼12 𝑥12[𝑛 − 2] + 𝛼22 𝑥22 [𝑛 − 2] + 2𝛼1 𝛼2𝑥1[𝑛 − 2] 𝑥2 [𝑛 − 2]

𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} ≠ 𝑦1 [𝑛 ] + 𝑦2 [𝑛]

∴This system is NOT linear
Let 𝑦1 [𝑛] be the output corresponding to a shifted input 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]
∴ 𝑦1 [𝑛 ] = 𝑇{𝑥 [𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]} = 𝑥 2 [𝑛 − 2 − 𝑛 − 0 ]
& 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] = 𝑥 2 [(𝑛 − 𝑛0 ) − 2] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]
∴This system is time-invariant

b) Consider two inputs 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛]:

𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛]} = 𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛 + 1] − 𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛 + 1] − 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]
𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = (𝛼1𝑥1[𝑛 + 1] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛 + 1]) − (𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛 − 1] + 𝛼2 𝑥2 [𝑛 − 1])

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 2 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

∴ 𝑇{𝛼1 𝑥1[𝑛] + 𝛼2 𝑥2[𝑛]} = 𝑦1 [𝑛 ] + 𝑦2 [𝑛]

∴ This system is linear

Let 𝑦1 [𝑛] be the output corresponding to a shifted input 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]

𝑦1 [𝑛] = 𝑇 {𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]} = 𝑥 [𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛0 ] − 𝑥[𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛0 ]
& 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] = 𝑥[(𝑛 − 𝑛0 ) + 1] − 𝑥 [( 𝑛 − 𝑛0 ) − 1] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]

∴ This system is time-invariant

10. A system is called invertible if we can determine its input signal 𝑥 uniquely by observing its
output signal 𝑦. This is illustrated in the figure below. Determine if each of the following
systems is invertible, given the inverse system. If it is, construct the inverse system. If it is
not, find two input signals to the system that have the same output.

a) 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑛𝑥[𝑛]
𝑥[𝑛 − 1] 𝑛≥1
b) 𝑦[𝑛] = { 0 𝑛=0 }
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑛 ≤ −1
c) 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]
Solution:
a) Non-invertible. 𝛿 [𝑛] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝛿[𝑛] give the same output response.
b) Invertible.
Inverse system:
𝑥[𝑛 + 1] 𝑛 > 0
={ 0 𝑛 = 0}
𝑥[𝑛 ] 𝑛<0
c) Noninvertible. 𝑥[𝑛 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥[𝑛] give the same output response.

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