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Active sensors are instruments that emit EM

radiation and then detect the radiation returning
from the target object or surface. E.g of active
sensor:A camera with a flash unit, Laser, Radar
Passive sensors measure reflected solar or
terrestrial radiation.E.g of passive sensor:A camera
without a flash unit, Landsat TM, AVHRR, Spot,
MODIS, IKONOS, Quickbird
 Remote Sensing Vs GIS
• GIS (Geographic Information System) is a kind of software that
enables The collection of spatial
data from different sources (Remote Sensing being one of them).,
Relating spatial and tabular
data, Performing tabular and spatial analysis, Symbolize and design
the layout of a map. A GIS
software can handle both vector and raster data (some handle only
one of them).
• Remote Sensing In the broadest sense, the measurement or
acquisition of information of some
property of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is
not in physical or intimate
contact with the object or phenomenon under study; e.g., the
utilization at a distance (as from.
• aircraft, spacecraft, or ship) of any device and
its attendant display for gathering information
• pertinent to the environment, such as
measurements of force fields, electromagnetic
radiation, or
• acoustic energy. The technique employs such
devices as the camera, lasers, and radio
frequency
• receivers, radar systems, sonar, seismographs,
gravimeters, magnetometers, and scintillation
• counters.
Remote Sensing data belongs to the raster type,
andusually requires special data manipulation
Procedures
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Polar orbiting satellite
Polar orbit has an inclination of 90 degree they run
North to South
Considered Low Earth Orbiteers (LEO), which orbit
the Earth at an altitude of approximately 600 km
and 1000 km.
Many of these satellite orbits are also sun-
synchronous such that they cover each area of the
world at a constant local time.
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Geostationary Satellite
Satellites at very high altitudes (36,000km), which
view the same portion of the Earth's surface at all
times have geostationary orbits
Geostationary satellite turns with the Earth and
remains over the same fixed point of the planet at
all times.
Allows the satellites a full-disc view at a stationary
position.
Weather and communications satellites commonly
have these types of orbits.
Q4
Geographic coordinate
The latitude (f) of a point is the angle between the
ellipsoidal normal and the equatorial plane.
Latitude and longitude represent the geographic
coordinates (f, l) of a point with respect to the selected
reference surface.
Geographic coordinates are always given in angular
units.
Geocentric coordinates (X,Y,Z)
An alternative method of defining a 3D position on the
surface of the Earth is by means of geocentric
coordinates (x,y,z), also known as 3D Cartesian
coordinates.
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 The system has its origin at the mass-center of the Earth with the
X- and Y-axes in the plane of the equator.
 The X-axis passes through the meridian of Greenwich, and the Z-
axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation.
2D Cartesian coordinates (X,Y)
2D Cartesian coordinates (x, y), also known as planar rectangular
coordinates, are used to describe the location of any point in a map
plane, unambiguously.
•The 2D Cartesian coordinate system is a system of intersecting
perpendicular lines, which contains two principal axes, called the X-
and Y-axis.
•The horizontal axis is usually referred to as the X-axis and the
vertical the Y-axis (note that the X-axis is also sometimes called
Easting and the Y-axis the Northing).
•The plane is marked at intervals by equally spaced coordinate lines,
called the map grid.
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The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection uses a
transverse cylinder, secant to the reference surface.
•The UTM divides the world into 60 narrow longitudinal zones of 6
degrees, numbered from 1 to 60.
Components of gis
Data is information in digital form
Software is a tool to manage data
A Map is a format for presenting data
A GIS is a system (hardware + database engine) that is
designed to efficiently, assemble, store, update, analyze,
manipulate, and display geographically referenced
information (data identified by their locations).

A GIS also includes the people operating the system and the
data that go into the system.
GIS Definition
 Map Projections Types based on some the earths
preserved during projection can be classified as:
1.Conformal Projection
2.Equal-Area projections
3.Equidistant projections
Conformal Projection

1.Conformal Projection
Angles and (small) shapes are correctly represented.
i.e. can preserve local shape
Has drawback in that the area enclosed by a series of
arcs may be greatly distorted in the process.
No map projection can preserve shapes of larger
regions.
 Equal-area /Equivalent Projection
Areas are correctly represented, i.e. it preserve the
area features.
other properties shape, angle, and scale are distorted
are distorted.
For smaller regions no visible effect.
3. Equidistant Projection
Distances from 1 or 2 points or along certain lines are
correctly represented, i.e preserve the distances
between certain points.
Scale is not maintained correctly by any projection
throughout an entire map.
However, there are in most cases one or more lines on
a map along which scale is maintained correctly.
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