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GRD 8 - 0860 Computing Scheme of Work - Stage 9 - v1 - tcm143-635636
GRD 8 - 0860 Computing Scheme of Work - Stage 9 - v1 - tcm143-635636
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Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Long-term plan....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Sample lesson plans.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Other support for teaching Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing Stage 9...................................................................................................................... 5
Resources for the activities in this scheme of work................................................................................................................................................................5
Websites................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Approaches to teaching Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing Stage 9.......................................................................................................................... 6
Unit 9.1 Algorithms and data...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Unit 9.2 Computer systems and networks..................................................................................................................................................................................9
Unit 9.3 Programming.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Unit 9.4 Modelling and databases............................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Unit 9.5 System development.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Unit 9.6 End of Stage Projects................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Sample lesson 1.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Sample lesson 2.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Introduction
This document is a scheme of work created by Cambridge Assessment International Education for Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing Stage 9.
It contains:
● suggested units showing how the learning objectives in the curriculum framework can be grouped and ordered
● at least one suggested teaching activity for each learning objective
● suggested projects at the end of the stage that will consolidate learning from across the stage
● a list of subject-specific language that will be useful for your learners
● additional support for the programming content, including example code that can be used with your learners.
● sample lesson plans.
You do not need to use the ideas in this scheme of work to teach Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing Stage 9. It is designed to indicate the types of
activities you might use, and the intended depth and breadth of each learning objective. You may choose to use other activities with a similar level of
difficulty, in order to suit your local context and the resources that you have available. You may also choose to adapt the suggested activities and the
projects so that they can be embedded within the teaching of other subjects.
The accompanying teacher guide for Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing will support you to plan and deliver lessons using effective teaching and
learning approaches. You can use this scheme of work as a starting point for your planning, adapting it to suit the requirements of your school and needs
of your learners.
Long-term plan
This long-term plan shows the units in this scheme of work and a suggestion of how long to spend teaching each one. The suggested teaching time is
based on 45 hours of teaching for Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing Stage 9. You can adapt the time, units and order of the units based on the
requirements of your school and the needs of your learners.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Other suggested resources for individual units and/or activities are described in the rest of this document. You can swap these for other resources that are
available in your school.
Websites
There are many excellent online resources suitable for teaching Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing. Since these are updated frequently, and many
are only available in some countries, we recommend that you and your colleagues identify and share resources that you have found to be effective for
your learners.
To develop their broader digital and computing skills, we recommended that you provide learners with opportunities to use a range of devices, such as
desktop computers, laptops and tablets.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Outline of topic:
In this unit, learners will further develop their understanding of algorithms, using pseudocode and flowcharts. They will:
● continue to follow algorithms
● start to edit the functions within algorithms
● determine if the algorithms meet the requirements
● correct the algorithms, if required.
Learners will extend their understanding of algorithm constructs through the use of count-controlled loops, and by following algorithms that make use of
these loops. Characters will be introduced as an additional data type and learners will be introduced to the use of arrays to store multiple items of data
within a program. An additional searching algorithm will also be introduced for learners to apply. All of the pseudocode and programming activities
in this unit assume that learners will be using Python for programming activities in Stage 9.
Learners will consider the different storage units and begin to convert between these units. They will use their understanding of Boolean logic, by using the
AND, OR and NOT logic gates, to develop circuits for Boolean expressions.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Language:
● Iteration
● Count-controlled
● Loops
● Storage units
● Bit / Nibble / Byte / Kilobyte / Megabyte / Gigabyte /Terabyte
● Character
● Array
● 1-dimension
● Identifier
● Index
● Indices
● Logic circuit
● Analogue / Digital / Digitised
● Binary search
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
10
Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Change this algorithm so that if the user enters the "+" symbol, An expected answer would be:
the two numbers are added together number1 = input("Enter a number")
number1 = input("Enter a number") number2 = input("Enter a number")
number2 = input("Enter a number") symbol = input("Enter the symbol")
symbol = input("Enter the symbol") if(symbol == "*"):
if(symbol == "*"): print(number1 * number2)
print(number1 * number2) elseif(symbol == "+"):
print(number1 + number2)
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask each pair to share their corrected algorithm with the class, and to
explain the changes that they made. Hold a class discussion to
identify any differing responses or any different approaches that were
taken to correct the algorithm. This discussion will also provide an
opportunity to identify and discuss any misconceptions amongst
learners.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Display the format of a FOR loop in pseudocode, that is suitable for A count-controlled loop, or FOR loop, iterates
Python, for example: the number of times specified in the loop. Link
for variable in range (start, end): the name of the iteration to the function i.e.
code 'count' controlled means it is keeping count of
something. The variable used in the FOR
Demonstrate this format in use, with examples, and demonstrate the statements has a starting value, and then
output, for example: counts from that number to the end value.
This loop will output the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
for count in range(0, 10):
print(count)
Ask specific learners to demonstrate how they followed the algorithm
with different values, for example (5, 9). This demonstration could be
supported by questions such as:
What is the output if number 0 is changed to 1?
What is the output if number 10 is changed to 20?
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Display a flowchart with a count-controlled loop. Demonstrate how to When using count-controlled loops in flowcharts
keep track of the counter variables and how to change and check its a variable needs to be declared with a start
values. Explain that this differs from pseudocode because in a FOR value, for example: count = 0
loop the four elements are given in one line, for example: The value will need to be checked against the
for count in range(0, 10) gives end value, for example: if count = 10
● the variables (count) The value will need to be incremented
● the start value (0) (increased) each time through the loop, for
● the end value (10) example: count = count + 1
● and for indicates the incrementing
In a flowchart these need to be separated and placed in the correct
position, for example:
● the variable is declared before the loop
● the start value is given before the loop
● selection is used to check the variable value
● this then increments the value within the loop
An example would be:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask learners to create a mind map of all that they have learned during
this activity. The content of their mind maps can be informed by the
following questions:
What is repetition in an algorithm?
Answer: A piece of code run more than once
What is a count-controlled loop?
Answer: Code that runs a set number of times
When can a count-controlled loop be useful in algorithms?
Answer: When something has to happen a set number of
times
What are the key features of a count-controlled loop?
Answer: A counter with a starting value, an end value and an
increment.
Resources
● Example algorithms that use count-controlled loops, both
pseudocode and flowcharts
● Descriptions of algorithms that require count-controlled loops
9CT.08 Compare and contrast Give learners a description of a problem and then display an algorithm At this stage, care should be taken to not go too
algorithms designed for the that is supposed to solve the problem. For example: far into the comparison of algorithms. Learners
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask:
Does this algorithm meet the requirements?
Elicit that this algorithm does meet the requirement.
Repeat this with algorithms that do, and do not meet the requirements. The correct algorithm here should be:
An example of an algorithm that doesn’t meet its requirement is: Temperature = input("Enter
Problem: A program needs to take a number between -10 the temperature in celsius")
and 40 from the user as a temperature in Celsius, and convert Fahrenheit = Temperature *
it to Fahrenheit. The calculation required here is ‘multiply by 1.8 + 32
1.8, then add 32’. print(Temperature + " in
Algorithm: celsius is " + Fahrenheit + "
Temperature = input("Enter the in fahrenheit")
temperature in celsius") The yellow highlighting signifies the corrections
Fahrenheit = Temperature + 32 * 1.8 that need to be made to the original.
print(Temperature + " in celsius is " +
Temperature + " in fahrenheit")
Display a list of some elements that impact the efficiency of an When displaying these algorithms, ask learners
algorithm, for example: to identify the variables, inputs and outputs in
● number of lines of code (which impacts the file size) the pseudocode. Questioning such as this will
● number of variables used (which impacts the memory usage). help to check whether learners are following
Display two different algorithms for each feature, such as two what it is that is being explained.
algorithms that solve the same problem but where one uses many
more variables and lines of code. For example:
Problem: Take 3 numbers as input, add them together and
output the result.
Algorithm 1:
number1 = input("Enter a number")
number2 = input("Enter a number")
number3 = input("Enter a number")
value1 = number1 + number2
total = number3 + value1
print(total)
and
Algorithm 2:
number1 = input("Enter a number")
number2 = input("Enter a number")
number3 = input("Enter a number")
print(number1 + number2 + number2)
Elicit that the second program uses fewer lines of code which means
the file size will be smaller. It also has one less variable therefore,
when running, it will use less memory.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Multiple algorithms that solve problems in different ways
● Description of a problem that requires an algorithm, that can be
written in many different ways
9CS.06 Know how to convert As an introduction to this activity, display the following questions about
between storage units. binary:
1. What values can a binary number take?
2. In what format is data stored in a computer?
3. Why do computers use binary?
4. What sort of data can be stored using binary?
Ask learners to write their answer to each question on a separate
sticky note. Ask them to add their sticky notes to one of four flipchart
sheets that are labelled with the questions 1 to 4.
Read out loud some of the answers that have been stuck on each
sheet and support a class discussion to arrive at the correct answer
for each question. The agreed answers should be:
1. What values can a binary number take? 1 and 0
2. In what format is data stored in a computer? Binary
3. Why do computers use binary? They use logic gates that are
either open or closed
4. What sort of data can be stored using binary? Any and every
sort of data
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask learners to work in pairs to identify as many different units of The difference between kilobyte and kibibyte is
binary as they can. If necessary, provide two examples, such as ‘bit’ also widely acknowledged. A kilobyte is 1000
and ‘byte’. Ask each pair for an answer and to position their unit from bytes whilst a kibibyte is 1024. Learners only
lowest to highest unit. The final hierarchy should be: need to understand the kilobyte calculations,
bit which are 1000.
nibble
byte This will also make the conversions between
kilobyte units easier for the learners to calculate. 1024
megabyte is, however, still commonly referred to and
gigabyte therefore it should be mentioned that this is
terabyte. also a correct value.
Give learners a worksheet that requires them to complete the Some learners may require the use of a
multiplication conversion between each unit. An example worksheet, calculator for some conversions, particularly
with the answers completed is: those that skip units (e.g. bits to MB), but they
should also be encouraged to attempt the
calculations without a calculator and then check
them using the calculator.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Series of conversion questions for learners to convert between
● Set of computer specifications that give the amount of RAM
and secondary storage
9P.02 Identify and describe Introduce this activity by asking: If learners are not familiar with the given data
data types in text-based What data types have you used in programming? types, introduce these by displaying a range of
programs, including Integer, What is an example of each data type? different items of data and asking learners to
Real, Character, String and Learners should already be familiar with Integer, Real, String and group them. For example, putting all the words
Boolean. Boolean data types. together, the numbers, the 'true' and 'false'
together. Show learners how these are
Ask learners: grouped into the given data types.
What can be stored in a string?
Elicit that a string can include:
● lowercase letters
● uppercase letters
● numbers
● symbols.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Introduce the ‘character’ data type by explaining that it only stores one It may be useful to clarify the purpose of
single character, instead of the option to store multiple characters character vs string and the benefits - it saves
in a string. memory space. When a string variable is
declared it has memory reserved for more data,
In pairs, ask learners to think of and discuss scenarios where only one but a ‘char’ is limited and therefore has a fixed
character may need to be stored. The pairs may identify elements memory size. Learners will also need to know
such as: that not all languages support the character
● entering a choice from an onscreen menu, for example 1, 2, 3 data type, for example Python only has string.
or a, b, c
● when accessing or splitting up a string or selecting specific
characters from a string
● storing a value to compare an input to.
Ask each pair to join with another pair to make a group of four. The
group should agree their top three scenarios and share these with
the rest of the class.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Give learners a text-based program that has already been written, The answers in this example would be:
which includes different types of data. As an example, this could be a answer1 - integer
quiz program that asks users to enter different answers. Ask learners answer2 - Boolean
to identify the most appropriate data type for each data item to be answer3 - real
entered, and to write this alongside it. An example program could be: answer4 - integer
answer1 = input("What is 1 + 2?") answer5 - string
answer2 = input("An owl is a bird, true or
answer6 - string
false?")
answer7 - integer
answer3 = input("How much will I spend if I
buy 5 items at $0.50 each?") answer8 - character
answer4 = input("What is the current year?")
answer5 = input("Identify a colour that
starts with the letter P")
answer6 = input("What does RAM stand for?")
answer7 = input("How many GB is 300MB?")
answer8 = input("Answer the first letter of
your first name")
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● List of example data to be entered into a computer, at least one
for each data type
● Text-based programs that make use of data of each data type
9P.01 Explain the purpose of a Describe a scenario of a program that needs to store the first and last At this stage, learners do not need to know
1-dimensional array. names of all of the learners in a school. Ask: what is meant by a ‘1-dimensional’ array. They
How many variables will you need to store this data? should be able to use arrays with 1 dimension.
Elicit that the answer will depend on the situation within the school, for
example, a school with 300 learners will need 2 variables for each Although the programming of arrays is not
learner, one for first name, and one for last name, which will mean 600 required at this stage, it would be beneficial to
variables in total. introduce learners to the concepts of identifiers
and indices, for example Colours[0], so that
Ask: they are already familiar with these references
What problems does this many variables cause? when they need to program them in later units.
Elicit that:
● defining each variable individually will take time Hard coding means that the value of the data
● remembering the identifiers will be difficult becomes fixed.
● each variable will need to be 'hard-coded'.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Numbers:
Countries:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask each pair to swap their answers with another pair. Before
discussing the answers, each pair should compare their own answers
with those of the other pair and consider whether they need to make
changes to their own answers. Any outstanding differences should
then be discussed by the group of four and a final outcome agreed.
Each group should then share their final answers as part of a whole
class discussion. Any further differences should be discussed until
agreement over the final, and correct, answer has been achieved.
Resources
● Examples arrays with indices and data
● Set of questions to access data from given arrays
9CS.07 Know how to draw Introduce this unit by asking the following question to recall learners’ Learners may become confused by the
logic circuits for Boolean understanding of logic gates: similarities between the shapes of the AND and
expressions. What are the three logic gates? the OR gate. Explain the similarities and the
Answer: AND, OR and NOT differences, so that learners are given regular
When does an AND gate output a 1? opportunities to express their understanding of
Answer: when both inputs are 1 these two symbols.
When does an OR gate output a 1?
Answer: when one or both inputs are 1. At this stage learners do not need to be able to
When does a NOT gate output a1? create circuits that include many gates, a
Answer: when a 0 is input. maximum of 3 gates is sufficient.
What is the difference between an AND and OR gate?
Answer: OR also outputs a 1 when only one of the inputs is a
1.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Display the shapes for the three different gates in turn. For example:
Explain that AND and OR gates always have 2 inputs. NOT always
has 1 input. All gates always have 1 output.
Run a quiz: show gate diagrams and ask learners to identify each one.
Ask the class to vote, or select individuals to answer. Repeat this with
the three gates in different orders until learners can identify the
shapes.
Display a logic expression that uses one of the gates, for example: X =
A AND B. Demonstrate how to draw the two inputs, connect them to
the gate and draw the output. An example would be:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Display or give learners some logic diagrams that do not match their
logic expression. Ask learners to find which element is incorrect, and
to draw the corrected circuit. For example:
Expression: (NOT A OR B AND C)
Circuit: (which is actually NOT ((A OR B) AND C)
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Images of the three logic gates
● Logic expressions and matching logic circuits
● Logic expressions and circuits that make different uses of
brackets
● Logic expressions that require logic circuits drawing
● Logic expressions with incorrect logic circuits
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Repeat the activity by giving learners the graph paper with the labelled
axis, but ask them to draw their own sound wave. Learners record
their own sound using audio recording software and then look at the
sound wave that is produced. They should write the values at each
sampling interval on the graph template, and then give these values to
another learner, who then has to try and reproduce the sound wave
using the same software.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Credit: Xander1980
Ask:
How is a sound wave different to the data stored by a
computer?
Elicit that analogue sound wave is smooth, while digital jumps from
one number to another. Then ask:
What would happen if the height of the wave was measured
more times, or less times, a second?
Elicit that:
● More times = a more accurate sound wave
● Less times = a less accurate sound wave.
Ask:
What is meant by digitising sound?
Elicit that digitising sound is the process of converting an analogue
sound wave into a series of set values to store on a computer.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Graph paper, or equivalent, set up with time on the x axis and
values on the y axis
9CT.05 Describe and use Provide learners with a dictionary and ask them to find the definition Learners do not need to be able to write or
binary searches. for a particular word. Explain that they need to start by opening the follow an algorithm to perform a binary search.
dictionary at the centre and decide whether the word they are looking They need to know that, for a binary search to
comes before or after the word that they see at the centre. Learners be successful, the data needs to be put into an
should then repeat this until they find the word that they are looking order; this could be ascending or descending.
for. Ask:
Is this method faster than looking through the dictionary from A common misconception is that searches only
the start? Or from the end? work with numbers, because these are what
When will this search be slower than starting at the beginning are commonly used in examples. Learners
of the dictionary? should have experience of searching text.
Elicit that, if the search item is near the start, searching in this way will
be slower. Ask: Another common misconception is that all
What would happen if the words in the dictionary were not in searches are on data that is in ascending order.
alphabetical order? Learners should also have experience working
Elicit that it would not be possible to use this method because the data with data in descending order.
is not in an order. Ask:
Does this limit when this searching algorithm can be used?
Elicit that the answer is yes, because the data needs to be in recorded
in a searchable order.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Place the learners into pairs and give each pair a set of, up to 10,
cards. Use a set of playing cards. Ask the pairs to put the cards into
order, ascending or descending, and then to turn the cards face down.
Name a specific card and ask the pairs to use a binary search to find
out if they have that card.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Dictionaries or similar, such as phone books
● Playing cards, or other numbered cards
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Outline of topic:
In this unit, learners will explore the purpose and use of system software in a computer system. They will develop an insight into:
● the actions that are carried out by a processor
● the functions of an Operating System that allow a computer system to run, and that allow the user to interact with it.
Learners will also gain an understanding of some of the utility programs and how these are used to keep a computer system running.
Learners’ existing knowledge of networks will be developed further, through the exploration of the different topologies that are used to set-up devices. They
will consider how data is transmitted and the importance of protocols to lay out how to transmit data, as well as using parity bits for error detection.
The unit will require learners to apply their understanding of machine learning and autonomous processes to a range of contexts, and to consider the
benefits and drawbacks of these applications.
● explain the use of antivirus and antispyware to keep data secure while on a network.
Language:
● Operating system
● Memory management
● File management
● Security / Firewall / Anti-virus
● Utility program
● Defragmentation
● Driver
● Instruction
● Fetch-Decode-Execute
● Scalability
● Topology, including Ring topology / Star topology / Bus topology
● Parity
● Protocols
● Artificial Intelligence (AI)
● Machine learning
● Industry 4.0
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Briefly introduce each task (left -hand column of the table) that is performed
by an operating system, these should include:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources:
● Prepared list of actions performed by an Operating System
9CS.03 Describe In groups of four, give learners a set of cards where: Other examples of utility programs can also
examples of utility ● some cards contain the names of utility programs, including drivers, be discussed. These could include:
programs including security software and defragmentation ● Compression software: used to reduce the
drivers, security software ● other cards contain functions that these utility programs perform, for size of a file so it takes up less memory
and defragmentation. example: space and is faster to transmit
o moves segments of files so they are contiguous (connected to ● System update: automatically downloads
each other) updates to an operating system and
o moves all free space together. installs them without the need for user
Ask the groups to match the functions with the utility programs. interaction
● Backup: creates a copy of data (files and
Run a defragmentation program to analyse your hard disk, for example software) in case the original is lost
Windows defragmentation. You may need to search the web for instructions
of how to do this for your operating system. It is also recommended that you A common misconception is that
walk through this in advance of the lesson to check: defragmentation is used to allow larger files to
● the school system allows you to do this fit. The same amount of free space is
● you actually have a hard disk upon which to run the utility program. available before and after defragmentation.
The difference is that all the free space is
together, so that when the file is read the data
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Display an empty memory space, for example: Another misconception is that because there
is a defragmenter, there is also a ‘fragmenter’
and that this is used to purposefully fragment
a disk.
Explain that each space is worth 1 unit. Provide digital copies of this memory
Application software could include text
space to each group of four learners.
processing software, database or spreadsheet
software etc. Try and avoid the use of brand
Ask one learner from each group to shade a new file, that contains a set
names to encourage learners to think about
number of units. For example, the learner might add a file that takes up 4
the type of software, rather than one specific
units as follows:
version.
A second learner in the group should shade a further file, using a different
colour, for example to take up two additional units:
The third learner in the group should then take control and follow an
instruction to delete file 1:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask the fourth learner to add a file that takes up 7 units. Support them to
understand that this file will need to be split:
At the end of the activity, there should be a fragmented disk because the
deleting of files should create empty space, that is then filled by new files
that are separated across the memory space. Learners should understand
that, when this happens, the computer cannot run from one part of a file to
the next. They should also understand that it therefore takes time for the
whole file to be found. Learners could be supported in their understanding by
considering a bookshelf, where:
● that shelf contains books on a range of topics
● the books are ordered based upon the author’s surname
● new books are added wherever space has been created by books
that are currently in use
● the user needs to find all of the books that are about one topic, for
example Computing, in order to help them complete a project.
Learners should consider this bookshelf as being fragmented.
Share a visual image of a file system and the segmented files using colours
or symbols. This could be set-up in a spreadsheet, for example:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask each learner to move the file segments so that they are all together, i.e.
so that they are grouped by the same colour or symbol. They should also
observe that all of the free space is now also together. Learners should
understand that this is what defragmentation does and that, if a computer
starts running slow, defragmentation may be a solution.
Ask learners to list all the different security measures they have ever used to
access a computer or particular files, for example by asking:
Have you found you cannot access a computer or a file?
What did you have to do to gain access?
When discussing not being able to access a file, learners may talk about
connectivity issues, however the focus here should be on:
● usernames and passwords
● access rights
● two-step verification
● biometrics.
Collate the answers that are provided by the class and guide them towards
any that have been missed.
Ask learners to work in their groups of four to put these security measures
into an order that starts with those that offer the most protection through to
those offering the least. Ask one learner from each group to read out their
order and to justify their choices. This justification can be prompted by
questions such as:
Why will [protection method] offer more protection than [protection
method]?
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask learners to recall the security measures that can be used to protect
data, for example:
● encryption
● firewall
● antispyware
● antivirus.
Ask:
What security measures do you usually get with a new computer?
As an example answer, learners may mention Windows firewall.
What security measures do you usually have to buy separately for
your computer?
Explain that when these come with a computer, they are known as utility
programs.
Display the word ‘driver’ and ask learners to consider how people who speak
different languages can communicate. For example, by asking:
If someone walked into the room who could only speak a language
that you do not know, what would you do to understand what they
were saying?
Elicit that learners could use a translator or language dictionary, etc. Relate
these suggestions to the use of a driver as a piece of software that converts
data in one language, when it is received from an external device, to that of
the main computer.
Play a game of 'utility program or not'. Show, or read out, the name of a type
of software (utility or application) and challenge learners to identify if it is a
utility program, or not. Examples of utility software could include:
● encryption
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
In pairs, ask learners to conduct research to find a utility program that has
not yet been mentioned during this activity. Some learners may benefit from
being given a specific utility program as a starting point for their research.
The pairs should identify the type of utility program, the actions it performs
and the reason why it exists. An example that they find might be Antivirus,
which scans files to detect threats and removes them, it exists to stop data
being damaged or lost.
As the pairs are each researching a separate utility program, ask them to
report their findings back to the class. The remaining learners should make
notes, possibly by completing the following table:
At the end of the activity, learners can also add the utility programs that were
discussed earlier in the activity to their notes.
Resources
● Set of cards detailing utility programs and functions
● Defragmentation visual image, or editable version, for example,
using a spreadsheet
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Also display an example of memory with the code for the instruction in each
location, for example:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
In pairs, ask learners to create a list of instructions for their partner to follow, Learners also do not need to use 8-bit code,
similar to those that have been demonstrated above. These can be practical they can use 4 to 6. They should ensure that
actions, or mathematical operations, or anything that is sensible and can be the codes are unique.
written as a set of instructions. Ask learners to convert each instruction into
binary, with each instruction being given a unique binary number, and
provide a table that will enable their partner to translate the instructions. The
partners then need to swap their instructions and attempt to follow them.
Hold a class discussion that supports learners to reflect upon this activity.
The discussion could be prompted by questions such as:
Was your partner able to convert your instructions accurately?
Did you make any mistakes in your binary?
How easy is it to follow the binary numbers?
Learners could also produce a flowchart that includes the three stages of the
FDE cycle and illustrates the cycle element by returning to the top at the end
of the sequence.
Resources
● Lists of instructions for learners to follow
9DC.03 Explain the Introduce this activity by asking: Scalability can be limited to factors including:
scalability factors that Have you ever found an area where you have a strong wireless ● Distance data has to travel
should be considered signal? ● Amount of data to be transmitted
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Repeat the process with a larger channel, for example a wider pipe, and link
this to how increasing the bandwidth allows more data to be transferred at
the same time.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Introduce a further learner as a signal booster, who will stand between the
router and some of the devices. The router sends the data to the booster
who then throws it onwards, allowing the data to arrive at its destination.
Discuss learners’ reflections on this activity by asking:
What is the role of a router in a network?
Answer: To receive and forward data, to connect a network to the
Internet
How does a signal booster help transmit data in a network?
Answer: It allows devices that are further away to connect with the
network
Why is a signal booster sometimes needed in a network?
Answer: Because the signal does not reach far enough, or because
obstacles are in the way.
Ask learners to consider the cost factors that need to be considered when
designing, or adding to, a network. Elicit that:
● wi-fi might be cheaper than cable because new devices can be
added without adding more cable but this might create security
issues or the need for additional boosters.
● a wi-fi network might have limited bandwidth therefore whole new
networks might need to be created to reach other areas within a
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Items to act as data for transmission such as pipes, ropes or balls.
9DC.05 Explain the Display the following questions and ask learners to consider their responses When discussing encryption, learners may
choices that should be for a short period: consider that only private data, such as login
made when What security do you have on your own computers? details, payment details etc., should be
implementing network What does a firewall help to prevent? encrypted. It is important to discuss whether
security, including How can you stop data being intercepted during transmission? all data should be encrypted, especially over
accessibility, cost and In pairs, ask learners to discuss their responses and to agree an answer to wi-fi, because it might contain other data that
the relative security the second and third questions. Ask each pair to share their answers with can also be misused. This data could include
requirements of different the class. Elicit that a firewall prevents unauthorised access through the a range of private information.
data sets. Internet and that you cannot prevent data from being intercepted, but you
can use encryption to stop it from being read.
Ask each pair to join one other to form a group of four. Give each group a list
of data items to be transmitted. These should include a range of data, with
some needing to be secure and others not. Examples could include:
● a social media post
● log-in details for a bank account
● an email with a piece of homework attached
● a video being downloaded from a website
● a novel being emailed to a publisher
● an upcoming exam paper that is being emailed to schools
● credit card details to purchase an item
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Review each item from the highest security down and ask learners to vote
on whether they think encryption should be used during transmission.
Welcome different opinions and ask learners to justify their choices by
asking questions such as:
Why should encryption be used during transmission?
Why is encryption not needed in this scenario?
Is this data important or private enough to use encryption?
Should all data always be encrypted?
There is not necessarily a correct answer to whether all of these should use
encryption. Some of the examples, such as log-in details and exam papers,
should always be encrypted but others, such as a piece of homework, could
be argued as not needing encryption.
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Resources
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Support learners to represent each of these networks in turn, starting with There are many more topologies, and quite
the ‘star’ network. When simulating the star network, one learner will need to often networks are made of many different
act as the server. This learner will receive all messages and then forward topologies joined in different ways (to avoid
learners thinking that these are the only
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Repeat this with each topology, so that star, bus and ring are all considered.
Resources
● Network diagrams
9DC.04 Understand the Play a game where one learner is given a 15-bit binary number and has to Common misconceptions about errors in
role of parity bits in error whisper it to the next person. The number continues to be passed until it transmission and parity bits include:
detection. reaches the last person, who can then compare the first number with the one ● that the parity is even if there is a 1 in the
that has arrived. parity space, and odd if there is a 0 in the
parity space
Explain that a parity bit, 1 or 0, is appended to each 7-bit binary number, to ● that the data is transmitted correctly if
make a byte, and to make the total number of ‘1’s odd or even. This is so, there is a 1 in the parity space, and
that when the receiving device receives the data it can check whether there incorrectly if there is a 0 in the parity
is still an odd or even number of ‘1’s. If the match is not correct, the receiving space
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Give learners a set of bytes, each with 1 bit being the parity bit, and
confirmation of whether odd or even parity was used for each. Ask them to
identify if there is an error in each byte by working out whether the number of
‘1’s matches the parity. Ask leaners to compare their answers with a partner
and to identify any they got different answers for, and to find the correct
answer.
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources
● Series of bytes and parity bits
9DC.02 Explain the role As an introduction to this activity, place learners into pairs and ask one Learners need to understand the purpose of
of protocols in learner to write a word to send to their partner in binary. The learner should protocols, and in general what TCP/IP and
transmitting data, know what their binary means but their partner should not. Do not give the HTTP are for. They do not need to know
including TCP/IP and learners any input about: in-depth how these work or the different
HTTP ● what the binary should represent functions they allow, for example the use of
● how it should be written layers.
● how many bits there are per character, etc.
Ask the first learner to pass on the binary message, and for their partner to
try and work out what it is. The partner should find that this is not possible
because there is no basis for what the binary means, such as what binary
number represents each character.
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Introduce learners to HTTP as the protocol, or set of rules, that dictates how
HTML webpages are requested by web browsers and transmitted by web
servers.
Show learners a list of actions that take place over the Internet, for example:
● watching a video
● opening a webpage
● emailing a file
● downloading a file from a server.
For each item on the list, ask learners whether:
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To capture their learning from this activity, ask learners to create a mind map
with the word ‘protocol’ written at the centre. They should then make a note
of all that they have understood from this activity, including:
● definitions
● purpose of having protocols
● examples of protocols.
9CS.10 Describe a Introduce this activity by asking different learners to explain what is meant by Learners do not need to understand the
range of scenarios ‘machine learning’. The first learner should provide their definition and this benefits and drawbacks of machine learning,
where machine learning should then be challenged or built upon by other learners. Elicit that machine but this does not prevent a discussion taking
is used. learning occurs where a program is able to change its own programming or place. Learners are likely to have opinions on
rules. the use of AI and machine learning and this
would be a suitable opportunity to discuss the
Discuss what it means to 'learn' something by asking: benefits and drawbacks.
How do you learn something new?
Support learners to place their responses into the context of the agreed
understanding of what machine learning is.
Introduce a generic application of machine learning, for example: Machine learning and artificial intelligence are
● image recognition terms that are often used interchangeably.
● voice recognition These terms should have been covered
● a game learning how to play something, such as chess. previously, but it may be necessary to remind
Ask: learners that machine learning is one part of
Have you ever used this application? artificial intelligence, so that they do not
Learners may identify how they log onto a mobile device using image confuse the terms. This could be supported
recognition or how smart devices, such as speakers use voice recognition. through examples of applications, making it
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Ask each pair to join with one other, to make a group of four. Give each
group a newspaper article, or online report, about how machine learning is
used in a specific scenario. Ask each group to write a summary of the article
including:
● the machine learning used
● why it is used
● the benefits it brings
● the drawbacks.
This could be presented in a variety of forms depending on learners’ own
choice, for example it could be a presentation, a written report, a poster etc.
Ask the groups to present their findings to the class, encouraging other
groups to ask questions about their findings, for example:
How was machine learning used in the scenario?
How did machine learning improve the actions?
Were there any problems?
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Resources
● Articles or reports about machine learning
● A visit to or from an organisation that uses machine learning, or
videos of machine learning in action.
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Resources
● Video of a manufacturing or industrial process
● Description of contexts that make use of computerisation
● Positive and negative statements about the impact of
computerisation
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Outline of topic:
In this unit, learners will implement algorithms using pseudocode, flowcharts and a text-based programming language. They will explore further
programming features in a text-based language to extend their learning from earlier stages. This will include the implementation of count-controlled loops.
Learners will need to make use of pre-existing subroutines to write programs, and will be introduced to string manipulation features, including length,
uppercase and lowercase. They will also be introduced to accessing data from arrays.
Learners will also explore the use of compilers and interpreters, including their role in the translation of program code, and the specific features of each.
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Language:
● Iteration
● Count-controlled loop
● Subroutine
● Lowercase / Uppercase
● String length
● Array
● Index
● String manipulation
● Translator
● Compiler / Interpreter
● Executable file
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
In pairs, ask learners to write a pseudocode algorithm to solve this A pseudocode solution to this problem would be:
problem. Each pair should then swap their solution with another, week = input("Enter the amount
and test whether they work. To support their testing, provide of money you get a week")
learners with some input data, for example: totalMoney = week * 4
● the amount of pocket money received each week product1 = input("Enter the
● a list of items and their costs. cost of the first item you
bought")
Hold a class discussion to summarise this task. This discussion product2 = input("Enter the
could be prompted by the following questions: cost of the second item you
Did your solutions solve the problems? bought")
Did you find any errors? product3 = input("Enter the
What were the errors? cost of the third item you
How did you solve them? bought")
How did you test whether your solution solved the problem? product4 = input("Enter the
cost of the fourth item you
Resources: bought")
● Set of flowcharts for learners to convert to pseudocode totalLeft = totalMoney -
● Set of pseudocode algorithms for learners to convert to product1 - product2 - product3
flowcharts - product4
● Set of problems showing algorithms print("You will have ",
totalLeft, " money left")
9CT.04 Know how to use Display the term ‘sub-routine’ and ask a learner to explain their
predefined sub-routines in understanding of its meaning. Ask other learners to add to the
flowcharts or pseudocode. answer until a suitable definition has been achieved. Elicit that:
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Remind learners that these are subroutines and help them to recall
the definition that was agreed earlier in the activity. Explain that a
sub-routine is:
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Ask learners to work in pairs to follow the algorithm. Ask one pair to
demonstrate the steps they followed, by explaining which instruction
they followed.
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Resources:
● Set of instructions to follow including one or more
subroutines
● Flowcharts that use subroutines
● Pseudocode that use subroutines
● Algorithms in flowchart or pseudocode that include
pre-written subroutines
9CT.06 Understand and use Gather learner's existing knowledge of count-controlled loops by
iteration statements, limited asking the following questions:
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Resources:
● Problems that require the use of count-controlled loops
● Help sheet that provides the syntax for count-controlled
loops in text-based language
9P.04 Know how to access Display an array as a table, for example: Most arrays start with index 0, learners will need
data from an array using a reminding that the first element is in index 0, the
text-based language. second in index 1, etc.
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Give the pairs a list of questions that requires them to write code to
produce an answer, for example: This would then need further code adding to enable
Output the second element in the array. it to do something with the value, for example:
Solution: print(myArray[1]) ● to output it: print(myArray[0])
Output the data in index 0 in the array. ● to store it and perform a calculation with it:
Solution: print(myArray[0]) myVar = myArray[0] + 2
print(myVar)
Gradually increase the complexity of the questions, for example by
requiring a combination of elements. Example questions include:
● Output the value in index 0 added to the value in index 5.
Solution:
print(myArray[0] + myArray[5])
or
firstNum = myArray[0]
secondNum = myArray[5]
total = firstNum + secondNum
print(total)
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Give each pair a program that makes use of two arrays, for
example one with text and one with numbers such as:
numberArray = [10, 5, 22, 100, 55, 82, 1]
colourArray = ["red", "purple", "blue",
"green"]
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Resources:
● Array as a table with indexes and data.
● Program with a numeric array, and list of questions for
learners to write code
● Program with two arrays (one numeric and one text-based),
and a list of tasks that require learners to write code.
9P.05 Know how to develop Display a set of words stored in variables, for example:
text-based programs using word1 = "programming"
string manipulation, word2 = "MANIPULATION"
including length, upper case, Discuss the following questions:
and lower case. How many letters are in word2?
What would the data in word1 look like if it was all in
capitals?
Discuss the need for string manipulation by asking: Learners may need prompting, for example with
Why do you need to change any words entered into a scenarios such as entering a password to help
computer? them identify when these may be needed.
Answers could include:
● to access only certain characters
● to split an address
● to check what has been entered.
Why would you need to find out how many letters were in a
word?
Answer: To make sure it was the correct length, to check if
a word is entered.
Display the text-based programming language code for:
In Python these would be:
● finding the length of a string len(string)
● converting a string to upper case
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Resources:
● Print-out of string manipulation syntax
● Programs with strings assigned and list of tasks to
complete
9CS.04 Understand that To introduce this activity, place large sheets of paper around the
there are different types of room. Each sheet should contain one of the following questions:
translator, including the main In what language does a computer store data?
characteristics of compilers In what language does a computer need instructions, to
and interpreters. execute them?
In what language is a text-based programming language,
such as Python?
What has to happen for a computer to run the program you
write?
Ask learners to discuss their answer to each question in pairs and
to write their agreed answer on a sticky note and at it to the
appropriate sheet of paper.
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Resources:
● large sheets of paper, each displaying a different question
● sticky notes
● cards containing features of compilers and interpreters
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Outline of topic:
In this unit, learners will explore modelling through examples and simulations. They will analyse these models to determine the benefits and drawbacks
associated with each. Learners will extend their knowledge of spreadsheets, through the introduction of functions including min, max, count and if
statements. They will also make use of a spreadsheet to create a model to meet a set of given requirements.
Learners will also extend their knowledge of databases. They will gain an understanding of the need for multiple linked tables and will implement these for
a database. They will also create queries that make use of two or more criteria, by making use of Boolean AND and OR conditions.
Learners will consider the term ‘Big Data’ and will relate this to the amount of data that is generated every day, and how this needs to be analysed to make
it useful.
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Language:
● Model
● Minimum / Maximum
● Selection / IF
● Count
● Relational database
● Relationship
● Linked
● Boolean comparison (AND, OR, NOT)
● Criteria
● Big Data
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Ask each group to present their findings and check the class understanding of each
example by asking:
When would this model not be appropriate to use?
Can the model predict every possible factor that can influence the outcome?
In pairs, give learners a spreadsheet that has a specific purpose. Limit the total The spreadsheets may need to be
number of spreadsheets, so that some pairs are working on the same document restricted so that learners can only edit
and can combine their findings. Examples could include: specific cells, e.g. lock the cells that have
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Ask the pairs that analysed the same spreadsheets to share their findings with
each other. Then ask each larger group to present their overall findings. Their
presentations should answer the following questions:
Does the spreadsheet do what it is supposed to do?
Which parts of the spreadsheet work really well?
How easy is the spreadsheet to use?
What would you do to improve the spreadsheet?
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Support learners to work individually to capture their learning from this activity, by
producing a mind map or infographic. The content of this could be informed by their
answers to the following questions:
What is a model?
When is it appropriate to use a model?
What are the benefits of using models?
What are the drawbacks of using models?
Resources:
● Scenarios that make use of models, descriptions, videos etc.
● Spreadsheets that model systems, that have faults of limitations
9MD.02 Know how to Display a set of data, for example:
use functions in
spreadsheets to
analyse data,
including if, min, max,
count
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Place learners into pairs and give each pair a spreadsheet containing a range of
data and a list of tasks to complete that make use of the min, max and count
formulae. For example:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Give learners access to a copy of the spreadsheet and ask them to complete the
remainder of the formulae. Remind them how to copy a formula from one cell to
those below it.
In pairs, give learners a prepared spreadsheet with a set of data entered, and that
contains cells where IF formulae are required. Example spreadsheets could
include:
● a set of data for a shop
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Ask the pairs to work together to complete the formulae in the spreadsheet. They
should then compare their answers with another pair, identifying any differences or
errors.
Support learners to recall their learning from this activity by asking the following
questions:
Which formula finds the smallest number in a list?
Answer: MIN
Which formula finds the largest number in a list?
Answer: MAX
Which formulae counts how many items are in a list?
Answer: COUNT
Which formula do you use to find the highest number of sales?
Answer: MAX
Which formula do you use to find how many records are in a spreadsheet?
Answer: COUNT
What are the similarities between an IF statement in programming and in
spreadsheets?
Answer: They both have:
o the same key word
9MD.03 Create Introduce this activity by holding a discussion to help learners to recall their prior
spreadsheets that understanding of spreadsheets. Base this discussion around the following
model real-life questions:
systems. What is the purpose of spreadsheet software?
Answers will include: to enter numerical data, to perform calculations
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Ask the pairs to compare their spreadsheets with another pair, and to test whether
they get the same results. Where the results differ, the group should discuss the
changes needed to create a final version of each spreadsheet.
Resources:
● Description of a model for a spreadsheet
o a condition
o a process that runs if the condition is true
o a process that runs if the condition is false.
9MD.05 Know how to Display an example set of data that contains many repeated values. For example,
create relational data regarding user's logging onto a website, and the posts that they make:
databases with two or
more linked tables.
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Ask learners to imagine that this data set was a large quantity of data, for example
with millions of rows. Ask:
What are the potential problems with this volume of data?
Discuss the learners’ responses and, in particular, elicit the following:
● it will take up a lot of memory because the same data is stored many times
● there is more likely to be a mistake if the same data is recorded multiple
times.
Display the term ‘Primary Key’ and ask a learner to explain, from their prior Learners do not need an understanding
knowledge, what it is and why it is needed in a database. Elicit that it is a unique of the term ‘foreign key’. The foreign key
identifier for a record, so that records that contain some of the same data can be is a field within a table that is the primary
differentiated. key in another table. Learners do need to
understand that this field is in both tables
Give learners the same set of data as above, but this time split into two tables. as it joins the tables together.
There will need to be a primary key in one table that is also present in the second
table, for example:
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Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing (0860) Stage 9 Scheme of Work
Provide learners with a set of questions that they should answer using this data.
Ask:
Identify the title of all the posts by Fred.
What is the earliest date post of the user who joined in 2017?
Learners need to gather the information in one table, and then use the linking field, At this level there is no requirement to
which in this case is ‘Username’, to find the results. Explain that this is what is understand that there are different types
meant by a relational database, because there are links, or relationships, between of relationship. Learners are also not
the tables. expected to achieve normalised
relational databases. However, the use
Elicit the importance of the primary key field being in both tables, as this is what of carefully chosen scenarios will make
allows a user to find the matching data in both tables. sure there are clear links between the
tables.
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Display the following questions and ask learners to discuss them in groups of four.
Why is it sometimes better to have two linked tables rather than one table?
Why is the amount of data being stored reduced?
What do both tables need to contain, for them to be linked?
Ask one group to share their answer to the first question and then ask if any of the
other groups disagree or have further detail to add. Repeat this for the remaining
questions but choose a different group to offer the first answer on each occasion
Resources:
● Set of data with repeated data items
● Same set of data but split into two related tables
● Set of questions to find answers to from the related tables
● Print-out of data for learners to enter into their database
9MD.06 Know how to Display a table of data, for example: A complex query could make use of AND
create complex (both criteria are required), or it could
searches for data in a make use of OR (only one of the criteria
database using two or is required).
more criteria
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In pairs, give learners a database and a list of questions about the data that make
use of complex queries. The database could include:
● a list of items that are sold in a shop, for example computer games
● a list of books available in a library
● a list of learners in a class and their grades
Ask the pairs to write queries to answer each question. They should compare the
results of their queries with another pair, and work as a group to identify the reason
for any differences. Review the answers by asking specific learners to give their
answer to each query in turn. Address any differences or misunderstanding.
Display a database table alongside multiple complex queries, that are displayed
one at a time. Also display four possible answers of what is returned by the query.
Ask learners to vote for which is the correct answer. Ask the following questions to
specific learners before allowing other learners to speak:
Why is this answer correct?
Why is this answer not returned?
Display a database table with complex queries that are incorrect, the queries
should be displayed one at a time. Ask learners to discuss in pairs why the query is
incorrect. Ask the following questions to specific learners before allowing other
learners to speak:
What is the error in the query?
How can we correct the query?
Demonstrate how to setup a query across two tables, for example by adding both
tables to the query and then selecting fields from both tables. Give each pair of
learners a database with two linked tables, for example a relational database that
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Remaining in their pairs, ask learners to revisit the relational databases they have
created in previous activities, such as that related to users and their media posts.
Ask each learner to give their partner a set of queries to answer. The partners
should then write the queries to answer the questions before discussing and
agreeing the solutions with their partner.
Display the following questions and ask learners to create written answers, based
upon what they have learned during this activity:
What is a complex query?
Answer: A query that has more than one criteria, or that is across two
database tables.
What is the difference between AND, and OR in a query?
Answer: AND requires both criteria to return a value, OR requires one or
both.
How do you make a query across multiple tables?
Answer: Add both tables to the query and then the fields from each.
Discuss the answers as a class and encourage learners to either add to, or change,
their written answers based upon what they learn during the discussion.
Resources:
● Example database table and prose-style questions
● Database and list of queries to write
● Set of example database tables and queries that are correct, and that are
incorrect
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Ask learners to speculate about how many people have access to the internet
globally. Lead them to understand that the answer is in excess of 4.5 billion. Ask
them to consider the amount of data that this generates based upon the fact that
information is gathered from every online input, including clicks, personal
information and searches.
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Ask each group to present their data and to explain how each could be used.
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Resources:
● Example organisation and data that it could collect
● Table for groups to complete
● List of scenarios that could collect and make use of big data
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Outline of topic:
In this unit, learners will extend their understanding of the testing of systems by considering the different types of test data that should be used. They will
also understand how testing can be planned and documented in a systematic way, through the use of a test plan.
Learners will consider the different types of error that can occur when they are programming and they will look at examples of these. They will also make
use of trace tables to:
● follow algorithms
● find and correct logic errors.
Learners will gain an understanding of iterative development and make use of this to develop a solution to a problem. They will also evaluate their own,
and other, systems against a range of criteria including accessibility, user experience and ergonomics.
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Language:
● Ergonomics / Accessibility
● Prototype
● Test data, including normal, extreme and invalid
● Trace table
● Syntax error / Logic error / Runtime error
● Iterative development
● Emerging technology
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Give learners access to a program and ask them to test it using their test data and
to record the results. This could be done with a working program, or with a program
that contains an error. As an example, the following program does not check for For this example, normal tests could
invalid data entry, beyond invalid numbers: include:
number1 = input("Enter a number") ● 10 20 +
if(number1 < 0 or number1 > 100): ● 5 100 -
print("Invalid") ● 89 22 /
else: ● 33 1 *
number2 = input("Enter a number") Extreme:
symbol = input("Enter + - / or *") ● 0 20 +
if symbol == "+": ● -1 50 /
result = number1 + number2 ● 100 2 *
elif symbol == "-": ● 101 66 -
result = number1 - number2 Invalid:
elif symbol == "/": ● Ten 20 +
result = number1 / number2 ● 22 one -
else: ● 11 99 multiply
result = number1 * number2
print(result)
Ask learners to select a program that they have previously written and to develop a
test plan for that program. Ask them to swap with a partner to evaluate their test
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Summarise the learning from this activity by asking learners to reflect on the
following questions:
What are the three types of test data?
Why do we test a program with normal data?
Why do we test a program with extreme data?
Why do we test a program with invalid data?
Would happens if a program is not tested thoroughly?
Learners should make personal notes in response to these questions but can
choose their own format for these notes, such as ‘question and answer’ or a visual
representation.
Resources:
● Example program
● Test plan template
9P.10 Identify a range Introduce this activity by asking: The syntax errors will depend on the
of errors, including What errors do you make when you write a program? programming language that is being
syntax, logic, and Can you recall any of your programs that did not work first time? What did used. As pseudocode does not have a
runtime errors. you do wrong? set syntax, syntax errors are not easily
Ask learners to make a note of up to three separate errors that they can recall. identifiable.
9P.11 Use trace tables They should answer the above questions for each of their errors on a separate
to systematically sticky note.
debug text-based
programs. Introduce and explain the following types of error: Learners need to understand runtime
● syntax - when the grammar of the programming language is broken, such errors, but it is not always possible to
as using ‘pint’ instead of ‘print’ simulate these, the most common ones
● logic - the program runs but it does not do what you intended, such as include invalid input data without
writing ‘+’ instead of ‘*’ validation, so that the program crashes.
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Place three large sheets of paper around the room with one labelled ‘syntax’,
another labelled ‘logic’ and the third labelled ‘runtime’. Ask learners to review the
sticky notes that they created at the beginning of the activity and to place them on
the sheet that is relevant to the type of error that they identified. Hold a class
discussion to review the errors that have been listed and to identify any that have
been identified against an incorrect error type.
Place learners into pairs. Provide each pair with a program that contains multiple
syntax errors and ask them to identify, and then correct, those syntax errors. For
example:
total == input("Input the first number" * 2
for count in rnge(0 to 100)
value 2 = input(Enter the second number")
total = total+ value2
average = total / 100
output("Total is " * total, " average is , value2)
Discuss learners’ findings by asking the pairs to provide one syntax error. They
should also explain the correction that they made. The errors in this program are
highlighted in the version below:
total == input("Input the first number" * 2
for count in rnge(0 to 100)
value 2 = input(Enter the second number")
total = total+ value2
average = total / 100
output("Total is " * total, " average is , value2)
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In pairs, provide learners with an edited version of the last program, for example
where the numbers are input instead of stored and give them multiple sets of input
data to trace the algorithm. Ask the pairs for the outputs from the program for each
set of input data and discuss any differences.
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Now provide each pair with a program that includes at least one logic error. As an
example, the following program should output the smallest number entered and the
largest number entered: A completed trace table for this input
smallest = 100 data would be:
largest = 100
for x in range(0, 10):
number = input("Enter a number between 1 and 100")
if(number > largest):
largest = number
elif(number < smallest):
smallest = number
print("The largest is ", smallest)
print("The smallest is ", largest)
Give the pairs a set of input data, such as 98, 44, 82, 4, 18, 41, 27, 91, 3, 22. Ask
them to complete a trace table for the program to:
● identify the logic error The logic error is that the largest does
● then identify how to remove this error. not work, it would need to be initialised to
a small value, for example: -1
Support learners to make personal notes based upon what they have understood
from this activity. The notes can be presented in a format of their own choosing but
should be informed by the following questions:
What are the three types of programming error?
Answer: Logic, syntax and run-time
What is an example of a syntax error?
Answer: A spelling mistake in a keyword
What happens when you have a logic error?
Answer: The program runs but does not produce the correct output.
What happens when you have a runtime error?
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Resources:
● Sticky notes
● Large sheets of paper
● Program with syntax errors
● Program with at least one logic error
● Example trace table with program
9P.12 Know how to Ask learners to think about the following questions: If a programmable device has not been
program physical Do you always program a solution to a problem correctly first time? used before, or a new device is being
devices to use data to If not, what do you do when it goes wrong? introduced, explain and demonstrate the
solve problems. Ask for a small summary of learners’ reflections on these questions and elicit that, commands that can be used. Learners
when errors occur, they make changes and improvements to their programs. may need time to program the device to
9P.06 Use iterative perform simple tasks to learn the syntax.
development on Explain how this process of improvement is called an iterative development. Display
software prototypes to the word ‘iterative’ and link the term to iteration in programming. Explain that both
produce solutions to uses of the word mean ‘repeating’. Describe iterative development as the process
problems. of continually adding to, and amending, a program until it meets the requirements.
9P.07 Evaluate the Recap learner's existing knowledge about a programmable device that they have
processes that are used before, such as the micro:bit. Ask learners:
followed to develop What commands can you use with this device?
programs. How can you control this device?
What can the device be programmed to do?
Place the learners into groups. Give each group a device and a description of a
problem. Explain that the groups need to write a program for the device that will
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Ask each group to present their solution to the problem, and to nominate one of
their members to give their evaluation of the process that they followed.
Ask each learner to consider the following questions about this activity and their
experience of working in their group:
How did you approach the problem?
How well did you work as a team?
Did you split tasks between yourselves, or did you all contribute to each
part? Did that method work?
Did you make use of iterative development?
Was the iterative development naturally occurring, or did you have to stop
and make sure you were using it?
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Resources:
● A set of devices for learners to program
9CS.01 Identify Introduce learners to the factors that can be used to evaluate a program design, for Learners may need some support in
improvements to the example a prototype. Example factors could include: thinking about the requirements of other
design of computer ● User experience; is the system appropriate for users who have never seen people. For example, in terms of
devices based upon a it before? Is it intuitive? Are there suitable instructions? accessibility, learners may be unaware
prototype and upon a ● Accessibility; is the system appropriate for users who may have difficulty in that some people find specific coloured
range of factors using certain tools? For example, is the text clearly readable? Is there an text easier to read than others.
including user option to change the colours? Is there an option for audio output? Does the Responses to this particular issue could
experience, system require particular motor skills? be demonstrated by showing a website
accessibility, ● Ergonomics; how well does the system fit its purpose and the conditions in that contain accessibility options for
ergonomics and which it will be used? Are the physical inputs suitable? Is the size users to change the layout, colour
emerging ● appropriate? scheme, font size etc.
technologies. Ask learners to consider a device that they use regularly, or display a device such
as a smartwatch or smartphone. Ask the learners to work in pairs to consider the
three factors that are listed above. Review each of the three factors in turn, by
asking the pairs for their evaluation of the system against each one. Whenever a
negative point is identified, ask learners to identify what they would do to improve
the design.
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In pairs, give learners access to a device or piece of software, for example: It will be necessary to either develop
● an interface for a system that has not yet been programmed these examples or to source them. Key
● an outline of a computer game without any graphics or content features that could be presented to
● the design for a device, for example a robot or a new piece of wearable learners include:
technology. ● physical items that are designed to
Ask the pairs to consider the prototype and to identify the positive elements as well be small, but may present issues for
as any problems. Ask them to suggest how the prototype could be improved. Ask those with sight or motor issues
each pair to present their system and to identify how they would improve it. ● onscreen items that are designed to
be vibrant but that could rely on
Give learners a problem to solve. This could either be: colour or upon flashing images.
● they design a program or interface
● they design a device
that will be suitable for use by a person with a selected accessibility issue while
attempting to retain many of the design requirements that are expected of modern
digital devices, such as sizing and portability.
Each learner should swap their solutions with a partner to evaluate their designs.
For every point that the partner identifies, they should also explain what they would
do to improve the system.
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End this unit by holding a class discussion to consider the following questions:
Why is it important to evaluate a prototype or idea for a system?
Answer: To make sure it meets the requirements and is appropriate
Why should you look for areas to improve?
Answer: To make the best product possible
What are ergonomics?
Answer: The layout and design of an item in terms of how a human uses it
How can you make sure a system is ergonomically designed?
Answer: Test it with a range of people with awareness of a range
requirements
Why should you take into account user's experience when designing a
system?
Answer: Experts may want shortcuts, novices may need more instructions
How can you make sure a system is accessible?
Answer: Give it to a range of people to test with acknowledgement being
made of a range of requirements
Encourage learners to make their own notes about the key messages and their own
reflections about the discussion.
Resources:
● Example device for learners to evaluate
● Prototype for a device or software
● Scenario for a device, system or software
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Outline of topic:
This final unit provides you with five projects to offer your learners. These are:
Project 1: Shopping trends
Project 2: Adventure game
Project 3: Programming guide
Project 4: Spreadsheet
Project 5: Networks
The projects have been designed to consolidate and build on learning already covered in the previous units. They have also been designed to give you
guidance about:
● what you should expect learners to do independently, as individuals or within pairs or groups
● how you can support learners during each project
● what outcomes are expected to support you in your teacher assessments.
The total number of hours for all the projects may be greater than the hours you have available. There is no expectation to teach all of the projects. You
are able to pick and choose the ones that are most relevant for your learners and that you can fit into the teaching time you have remaining for Stage 9.
You can also edit and change the projects, including giving learners more time or less time for each project. You can also use the suggested projects as
templates for developing ideas of your own. Whichever projects you use, they should consolidate the learning and could build on other aspects of your
curriculum.
While the projects have been provided in this, final, unit you are able to use the projects throughout the year where you feel appropriate.
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● the data the company would need to collect, or buy, from other sources shops, to be sufficient to analysis that will
identify trends.
The shop also needs a database to store data about each order that they receive. Provide the groups Provide learners with the outline that allows
with an outline for the different tables that will be needed, for example: them to focus on the different items of data that
● a table about its customers, each customer will need a customer ID as a primary key they need within each table, instead of how the
● a table about each order, each order will need an order ID as a primary key, and will need the tables are going to interlink.
customer ID linked to it
● a table about the items in each order, this will need an ID as a primary key, and will need the The order data can include the date of the order
order ID linked to it. and the total cost.
The groups need to create a design for each table, identifying the fields and requirements of the data
for these fields, for example the data type. The item data will consist of one record for
each item ordered. This setup allows for one
The groups also need to consider the data that they need to record to use alongside the Big Data. As order to have lots of different items ordered.
an example, if they want to identify what products people under 21 are purchasing, then they will need
to capture their customer's date of birth. There can also be a fourth table about the
items in stock, but this simplified model will be
more accessible.
The groups need to create the database that they have designed. They will need to: Following the outline above, the following links
● set up the database tables using appropriate field names and data types should be made:
● join the database tables ● Customer ID linked between Customer
● populate the database tables with some sample data and Order
● Order ID linked between Order and
Items
Learners must fully setup the database before
populating it with data, otherwise they may be
unable to set up the relationships because
there might be orders for customers who do not
yet exist.
The groups need to pose up to three questions that they can find the answers to using their database.
They should refer back to the information they have identified the shop uses when deciding on these
questions.
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These questions should include at least one multi-table query, for example:
Find all of the items ordered in the order with ID 123
at least one multi-criteria query, for example
Find all the customers who made orders on the 3/2/2022 with a total cost of more than $40.00.
The groups then need to write a query to answer each of these questions.
The groups should then create a presentation to give to the shop owners. This needs to include:
● how the shop can make use of Big Data
● the database design, including the data they will be storing in the database
● a demonstration of the database, including the results from the queries, and what these will
show the shop.
The groups should then deliver their presentation to the rest of the class.
Expected output
● A database with 3 tables, populated with data and set of queries
● A presentation that summarises how the shop can use Big Data and a walk through of the database that the group have designed
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● it is a narrative game where the user has to make choices based upon a series of prompts that words to make choices. Other languages may
are presented as text. These choices determine what happens next in the game. provide interfaces for learners to develop.
● the game should start with the following output:
"You wake up on a small boat in the ocean. There is an island a hundred metres away and you This is only a prototype, and therefore only part
want to row there, but the boat has a hole in the bottom and is sinking. You look around and of the game should be developed to outline
there is a bucket, an oar and a plastic sheet. Would you like to try and row to shore?” how it works and what it will look like. This can,
● the game must give the user options to select from, each of which leads to another option, or for example, be limited to 4 different choices to
ends the game. The player can have a set number of attempts at completing the game before it be made, and what happens in response to
ends. each of these.
The pairs will then design a test plan, and the associated test table, for their prototype. They will
identify normal, extreme and invalid data where appropriate. They then need to test the program by
completing the test table with the results.
Ask each pair to present their prototypes to the class. Their demonstration should explain:
● how their prototype meets the requirements
● how they have made sure it is appropriate for its intended use
● how they made sure it is fully working
● their evaluation of the iterative process that they followed.
Expected output
● A plan for the prototype
● A programmed prototype for the game
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Ask pairs to test their instructions, questions and answers by swapping their guides with another pair.
The second pair should read through the guide, by carefully following the instructions and by writing
answers to the challenges to make sure they are accurate. Each pair should feedback to each other
and agree, and make, changes to each of the guides.
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Expected output
A guide that explains how to produce flowcharts and pseudocode that make use of count-controlled loops and string manipulation functions.
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The school would like to make a charity donation of $2000 and they would like some different models
of how they could achieve this, for example by considering different: These findings should be presented by saving
● charges two versions of the spreadsheet, one for each
● number of shows different scenario, or by using a screenshot of a
● estimated number of people attending completed scenario and using this within
● estimated number of people who buy food and drink. another document.
Learners need to work in pairs to develop a spreadsheet that will allow the school to model the costs
and income from the event. The costs are set, but the school needs may change:
● the number of people attending
● the number of shows
● the amount to charge for a drink and for cake.
The pairs summarise their findings by presenting at least two different scenarios to the school,
detailing numbers and prices, for the school to choose from. They also need to evaluate their model by
identifying the positive features, its effectiveness, and any further improvements that can be made.
Expected output
A spreadsheet to model the event costs.
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● decide on the topologies that will be used in different areas of the school, and how these will be
joined together. There should be a central server room that contains the servers and also has the
connection to the external internet. Costs are to be estimates but learners should
● draw a layout for the school including the rooms, devices and connections. research the potential costs of cables, access
● identify where wireless access points will be located to support wireless access throughout the points etc. and provide an approximate cost,
school premises not including labour.
● identify the security that the school should have in place
● estimate the cost of the new network
● justify all of the recommendations that are made.
The groups can choose their own method for presenting their information but should consider that the
school’s representative is very busy and will therefore need all of the information to be presented
clearly and as briefly as possible.
An adult will need to act as the representative from the school. This can be you, another teacher or a
network technician. The representative should be available to answer any questions from the pairs, for
example by providing clarification on:
● the number of computers
● the type and level of security required.
This representative will also make the decision as to which proposal to support.
The groups need to present their layout and justify their choices to the school representative. The
representative should ask questions to elicit the reasons for their choices. The representative then
needs to decide which proposal to support, or if they would like to combine aspects from different
proposals, and to explain the reasons for that decision.
Expected output
A network design including a layout of rooms, devices and topologies. A report of cost, security and justification for choices.
Depending on time available, a presentation of the proposal.
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Sample lesson 1
CLASS:
DATE:
Learning objectives ● 9CS.07 Know how to draw logic circuits for Boolean expressions.
Lesson focus / Learners are able to:
success criteria ● convert a Boolean expression into a series of logic gates.
● be able to draw a logic circuit for a given Boolean expression
● explain their thinking to a partner and to the class as a whole
Prior knowledge / ● Know that a computer is made up of logic gates that are represented by
previous learning Boolean logic
● Understand the role of logic circuits in a circuit, including AND, OR and NOT
● Complete truth tables for AND, OR and NOT gates
Plan
Lesson Planned activities Notes
Introduction Starter question: Encourage learners to
What are the names of the three logic gates (AND, define the functions in
OR and NOT) and what is the function of each? terms of inputs and
Ask learners for their answers, and write the correct outputs, using the binary
definitions of each on the board. values 1 and 0.
Main activities Explanation: Some learners may need
Display the three different shapes of logic gate and the support with the
name of each. Ask learners to make a copy of the gates in mathematical context, for
their books, taking careful note of the shapes. Draw example displaying maths
attention to the fact that AND has a straight back and expressions with brackets
rounded front, OR has a rounded back and pointed front, such as (1 + 2) * 3 vs 1 +
and NOT is a triangle. (2 * 3) to emphasise the
importance and the role of
Demonstration: the brackets.
Start with a small Boolean expression that only uses two
gates, for example (A AND B) OR C. Ask learners what
brackets mean in mathematics and discuss how the content
within brackets have precedence. Demonstrate how to first
draw the circuit in the brackets and then add the exterior.
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Reflection
Use the space below to reflect on your lesson. Answer the most relevant questions for your lesson.
Were the learning objectives and lesson focus realistic? What did the learners learn today?
What was the learning atmosphere like?
What changes did I make from my plan and why?
If I taught this lesson again, what would I change?
What two things went really well (consider both teaching and learning)?
What two things would have improved the lesson (consider both teaching and learning)?
What have I learned from this lesson about the class or individuals that will inform my next lesson?
Next steps
What will I teach next, based on learners’ understanding of this lesson?
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Sample lesson 2
CLASS:
DATE:
Learning objectives ● Describe a range of scenarios where machine learning is used
With an introduction to:
● Describe the benefits and drawbacks of the computerisation of traditional
manufacturing and industrial practices, for example Industry 4.0
Lesson focus / Learners will understand the practical applications of machine learning in different
success criteria contexts.
Prior knowledge / ● Know that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a simulation of human intelligence within
previous learning computer systems.
● Know what is meant by machine learning.
● Describe how autonomous programming and AI is used in robotics
Plan
Lesson Planned activities Notes
Introduction Display the following questions: Encourage learners to
What have you learned recently? consider a range of
How did you learn it? learned items including
Lead a class discussion about something they have both mental and physical,
recently learned and how they did this. Support the at school and externally.
discussion so that learners are able to consider:
● what it means to learn It is unlikely that learners
● whether they are always aware that they are learning will have considered how
● what it is they are learning they learn before.
● how they approach their own learning. Therefore, they may need
support to contextualise
their thinking in this area.
Main activities Place learners into groups and give each group a different The given scenarios are
scenario from: generic, some groups may
● image recognition benefit from a more
● natural language processing specific example, such as
● voice recognition Image recognition to
● computer game AI identify people entering a
● medical diagnosis. building. AI to play the
game of chess.
Ask the groups to research how machine learning is used in
this area and to create a short presentation that includes: It may be helpful to
● an example of the use of AI provide the groups with a
● a description of how machine learning is used starting point, for example
● a description of the reasons why machine learning is a link to a textbook or
used in this area. website that includes
The groups will primarily use the web for their research but information on their
should be encouraged to seek a range of sources, specific scenario. Make
including: sure that these are
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Reflection
Use the space below to reflect on your lesson. Answer the most relevant questions for your lesson.
Were the learning objectives and lesson focus realistic? What did the learners learn today?
What was the learning atmosphere like?
What changes did I make from my plan and why?
If I taught this lesson again, what would I change?
What two things went really well (consider both teaching and learning)?
What two things would have improved the lesson (consider both teaching and learning)?
What have I learned from this lesson about the class or individuals that will inform my next lesson?
Next steps
What will I teach next, based on learners’ understanding of this lesson?
132
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