Words to ponder

NETIQUETTE- is a set of rules for behaving properly online.

Core Rules of Netiquette

Rule 1: Remember the Human

Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life
Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace
Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth
Rule 5: Make yourself look good online
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control

Flaming / Flame Wars

The act of posting or sending offensive messages over the internet. It is
also the act of posting or sending offensive
messages over the Internet is flaming. These messages can be posted in an
online discussion, forums, newsgroup or sent via email or instant messaging
applications.

Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy

Rule 9: Don't abuse your power
Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

Internet addiction is a growing epidemic

characterized by a compulsive desire to
interact online through internet gaming,
gambling, cyber activities, social networking
or compulsive surfing of the web.

Cyber Bullying is posting, sending, or even forwarding

unkind, harmful, negative, or embarrassing images or texts on the
internet, social networks, or on cell phones. There are two forms
of cyber bullying:
1) Direct in which one person makes fun of or intimidates another and
2) Bullying by proxy when others join in the bullying of another person.

The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 (RA 10627)

Republic Act No. 10627 is an act that requires All Elementary and Secondary Schools
to Adopt Policies to Prevent and Address the Acts of Bullying in their Institutions. This law
finds applicability in school-related bullying, student to student bullying in particular, which covers those
uttered in social media.

WHAT IS DIGITAL DIVIDE?

When we talk about a gap between demographics and regions
that have access to modern information and communication
technology, and those don’t or have restricted access is called Digital
Divide. It is the inequality between groups to ACCESS, KNOWLEDGE
and USE of Information and Communication Technologies.

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
When we do the research and we seek information to various
sources and media, any idea we get should be acknowledge
appropriately.
The Dictionary.com defines plagiarism as “a piece of writing
that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being
your own work.” It is also “the act of plagiarizing; taking someone’s words or ideas
as if they were your own.”
THE USE OF FAIR USE
Fair Use means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for
certain purposes. These include:

 Commentary
 Criticism
 Reporting
 Research
 Teaching

Guidelines for Fair Use

 A majority of the content you create must be your own.
 Give credit to the copyright holder.
 Don't make money off of the copyrighted work.

A. COPYRIGHT

Copyright is simply taken from the words, “copy” with “right”.

A legal term used to describe the rights that creators have
over their literary and artistic works.

WHAT IS PIRACY?
When we talk about piracy, it is simply the unauthorized reproduction or use
of a copyrighted book, recording, television program, patented invention,
trademarked product, etc. (Dictionary.com, LLC, 2020).

Philippines Republic Act 8293

The RA 8293 also known as the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”
is an Act Prescribing the Intellectual Property Code and Establishing the Intellectual
Property Office, mandating its Powers and Functions which took effect on January
1, 1998.

Media and Information Languages

codes are known as a system or collection of signs which

when put together creates a meaning.

Types of Media Codes

There are three types of media codes: symbolic codes, technical codes, and
written codes.

Symbolic codes are audience-based. The meaning of the product is not based
on the product itself but on the interpretation of the audience. For example, a film
with a scene waving a white flag symbolizes “retreat” or “surrender”. In reality, the
audience who sees someone waving a white flag may interpret it the same way. The
symbolic codes in media include setting, mise en scene, acting and color.
 Setting refers to the time and place of the narrative or a specific scene.
 Mise en scene is a French term that means “everything within the frame”. It
describes all the features (set design, costume, props, staging) within a frame
of media products.
 Acting refers to the portrayal of the actors in creating media products.
 Color considerations are highly connotative when it comes to interpretations.
It is also usually associated with cultural aspects.

Technical codes refer to codes specific to a media form alone. The knowledge
and connotations of different camera angles and shots make sense when looking at
films and photographs but mean nothing outside those forms. The technical codes
include camerawork (camera operation, positioning, and movement for desired
specific effects), editing (the process of selecting, operating, and ordering images and
sound), audio (expression and utilization of sounds), and lighting (the manipulation
of light based on the target mood).

Written codes are the formal written language used in creating a media
product. It includes the printed language (the text visible with the media frame which
is the text you can see within the frame) and the spoken language which includes
the dialogues and even the lyrics of the song.

Media and Information Sources

 1. Indigenous Knowledge

IK is owned, controlled and managed by indigenous peoples in

order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate
information in the languages understood by the community by utilizing
indigenous materials and resources, reflecting community needs and
interests, visions and aspirations, and independent from vested
interest groups.

2. Library
As defined in Cambridge Dictionary, A library is “a building, room, or
organization that has a collection, especially of books, music, and information that
can be accessed by computer for people to read, use, or borrow.”

3. Internet
As defined in the Oxford Dictionary, the Internet is “a global computer network
providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.”

Types of Media

Text Media
A type of print media which is a simple and flexible format for conveying ideas,
whether handwritten or printed. Not all text media are print media. Text media may
also be displayed on-screen as part of broadcast media, multimedia, or new media.

Visual Media
A type of print media that refers to pictures, photos, images, and graphics
used to channel communication using the sense of sight.

BROADCAST MEDIA
A type of media that reaches target audiences using airwaves as the
transmission medium. Examples of broadcast media are radio and television.

Audio Media
A type of broadcast media that uses audio or voice recording as a medium in
the delivery of information. These are devices that appeal to the auditory sense.

New Media
A term used to integrate the different technologies emerging on one digital
platform to organize and distribute content. Some examples are podcasts,
augmented reality, video games, blogs, and wikis.

Evolution of Traditional to New Media

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA

1. Inform Citizens of what is happening (Monitoring Function)

Today, we have more outlets than ever before to get our
news. Any of these have fundamentally changes how mainstream media options such as newspapers and
television stations distribute news stories to us. Before
we can watch updates on news through our television
but today, we can have the same broadcast on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.

1. There will be a free vaccine in your barangay, but you are not sure where
exactly the location is. You check on the poster and you find out the direction
through Internet. This is an example of which media role?
A. inform C. public voice
B. platform D. public educator
2. Educate the audience (meaning and significance of facts)

Media offer awareness and information. They try to educate people directly or indirectly through different
forms of content. However, media can become an instrument for the dissemination of false and
inflammatory messages and values that do not promote respect or well-tempered dialogue

Teaching the public on proper hygiene and frequent hand washing as part of
the New Normal setting. What kind of media role is this?
A. channel for advocacy C. watchdog
B. inform D. educate

3. Provide a platform for public discourse (public

opinion and expression of dissent)

Mass media and other forms of information have a

huge impact in influencing public sentiments and
underlying feelings. Newspapers, televisions and radio
are all essential source of basic knowledge about other
people and different locations.

Rina wrote an article in social media about her opinion on ABS CBN
Shutdown. What media role does she employ?
A. inform C. educate
B. platform for public discourse D. channel for advocacy

4. “Watchdog” role of journalism

The notion that the press works
independently of the government is
fundamental to this position. The watchdog is
designed to prevent government from taking
too much control from the people and violating
their limits. The media also specializes in
investigative reporting, which can reveal the
risks of wrongdoings that the media may then disclose in order for the public
to demand reform.

example of watchdog role of media

 Interviewing President Duterte about the rising cases of COVID-19 patients

in the Philippines

 The Evolution of Media from Traditional to New (Digital) Media.

Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700)

 People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged equipment or
weapon through stone, bronze, copper and iron.
 Example forms of media: Cave Painting (35,000BC), Clay tablets in
Mesopotamia (2400BC), Papyrus in Egypt (2,500BC)
Industrial Age (17005 to 19305)
 People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron
production, and manufacturing of various products (including books through
the use of printing press).
 Example forms of media: Telegraph (1830), Typewriter (1800), Telephone
(1876), Printing Press for Mass Production (1900s), Motion Pictures (1890)

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

 People harnessed the power of electricity that led to electrical telegraph,
electrical circuits and the early large scale computers. In this age, long distance
communication became more efficient.
 Example forms of media: Transistor Radio (1947), Television (1941), Mainframe
Computer (1960), OHP and LCD Projectors.

New (Digital) Age (1900s-2000s)

 The use of microelectronics in the development of personal computers, handheld
devices, and wearable technology advanced. In this era, the Internet paved the
way for quicker communication and social network development. Furthermore,
voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.

 Example forms of media: Portable Laptop (1980), Friendster (2002), Internet

Explorer, Skype (2003), Google 1997, Smart Phones, Digital Technologies.

Computer-Mediated Communication
(CMC) is a paraglider term referring to human communication through computers.

In dealing with computer-mediated communication always remember the following:

 Some contexts of computer-mediated communication, like comments on

blogs or social media, wikis, electronic discussion groups, and instant messaging, are public. You
should, therefore, conduct yourself as you would
in public.
 Do not type in all capital letters, unless the emphasis is called for, as in
emergencies. All-caps messages are considered rude.
 Do not spam or send annoying emails or messages.

Spam
1. send the same message indiscriminately to (large numbers of recipients) on the internet.

Information Literacy

What is information? Information is defined using the below definitions:

• Data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in order to be presented
in a useable form.
• A broad term that can cover processed data, knowledge derived from study,
experience, instruction, signals or symbols. In the media world, information is often
used to describe knowledge of specific events or situations that has been gathered or
received by communication, intelligence, or news reports.

Technology Literacy
Bautista et al (2016) from the Department of Education in Colorado (2009)
describes technology literacy as "the ability to use effective technology to interact,
solve problems, navigate, handle, incorporate, analyze, develop and generate
information to improve learning in all subject areas, and to gain lifelong knowledge
and skills in the 21st century."

Media Literacy
Bautista et al (2016) from New Mexico-based Media Literacy Project (MLP) describes
media literacy as the “accessibility, review, assessment and media development.
Media literacy is the method by which media content is dissected for critical analysis.
To do so, it is important to look at the underlying meanings of media content, its
ownership and control, as well as how they are portrayed.

What is Communication? Communication is taken from the Latin word

commūnicāre, which means “to share” or “to divide out”. Communication is a process
of sharing ideas and opinions about issues, people, events and places between or
among persons through various channels to gain common understanding. It is an
interactive process that allows sharing of meanings about texts, images and people’s
actions and behavior.

Which of the following is an act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or

behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas,
thoughts, feelings to someone else?

PARTS OF THE COMMUNICATION MODEL

a. Source or Sender – One who sends or delivers a message, and

who initiates the communication process.
b. Message – The information or the verbal and nonverbal message
conveyed to another person or a group of people.
c. Medium – Media is the plural of “medium”, or ways to
communicate information. It is also the channel through which the
message is coursed.
d. Receiver – This part of the communication process receives the
message. The communication process is considered successful when the
receiver responds the way the source intended.

However, the communication process does not end here. The effect of the message
and the feedback of the receiver should also be noted in order to know the result of
the communication process.

e. Effect – Response of the receiver after getting the message from

the source.
f. Feedback – An important product of the communication
process. It tells the source how effective the selected message and
channel to the receiver. Feedback confirms whether there is mutual
understanding between the source and the receiver.

The communication process is not always ideal. Interference can occur when the
source sends a message. This is called:

g. Noise or Barriers – These are the disruptions in the

communication process. In the workplace, noise can be common
especially when people who are not familiar with each other
communicate.

News, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are

disseminated through this communication component, which means to bridge
or connect.
channel