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Lecture Notes-I
Lecture Notes-I
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,.... is said to converge to a limit point l , if for every positive (no matter
how small, but not zero), we can find an integer M such that un − l for all n N .
Here l is called the limit of the sequence, and we write it as lim un = l or un → l . This
n →
definition of the limit of a sequence means that for n N , each term u n lies between l − and
l + . At the most only, a finite number of terms of the sequence lie outside this interval.
Definition:
A sequence un of real numbers is said to converge to the limit point l , if for given any
i.e. lim un = l
n
Example: -2
n
Let, un = , n = 1, 2,3,....
n +1
n
Then lim un = lim =1.
n n n +1
For given 0
n 1 1
un − l = −1 = provided n − 1.
n +1 n +1
1
Thus, for a given 0 , there exist a N = − 1 such that
Dr.R. Meher
Lecture Notes (Existence Uniqueness-I)
n
−1 for all n N .
n +1
Which implies that the given sequence converges to the limit point 1.
Definition:
Let fn be a sequence of the real functions that is defined for all x on a real interval
real functions as f n ( x ) .
interval a x b , and the function f thus defined is called the limit function of the sequence
of functions f ( x ) .
n
Example: -3
0 x 1 by
nx
fn ( x ) = , 0 x 1.
nx + 1
The first three terms of the sequence of functions are the function f1 , f 2 and f 3 defined
by
x 2x 3x
f1 ( x ) = , f2 ( x ) = , f3 ( x ) =
x +1 2x +1 3x + 1
Dr.R. Meher
Lecture Notes (Existence Uniqueness-I)
the limit 0.
nx
For every x , such that 0 x 1 , the corresponding sequence of a real number is f n ( x ) =
nx + 1
nx
Since lim f n ( x ) = lim = 1 , So For every such x , we can see that the sequence fn
n n nx + 1
Thus the sequence f n converges pointwise on 0 x 1 , and the limit function is the function
f defined by f ( 0) = 0 , f ( x ) = 1 , 0 x 1 .
x 5x 10 x
f1 ( x ) = , f5 ( x ) = , f10 ( x ) =
x +1 5x + 1 10 x + 1
Figure-2
Dr.R. Meher
Lecture Notes (Existence Uniqueness-I)
Discussion:
Suppose that each term of a sequence f n of real functions which converges pointwise
on a x b is a continuous function.
Question:
Can we conclude from this that the limit function f will also be continuous on a x b ?
Ans: No.
Remark:
continuous. We shall need a stronger type of convergence than mere pointwise convergence.
Dr.R. Meher