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AFTER EARTHQUAKE

 Take with you all necessary items for your protection and comfort.
 Leave a message on where you are headed if you must evacuate.
 Check your self and other for injuries
 Clean up chemical spills, toxic and flammable materials to avoid any chain of unwanted events.
 Obey public safety precautions, Do not use the telephone and your vehicles unless there is an
emergency.
 Check your water and electrical lines for defects.
 Be prepared for after shocks, Gather information from a cellphone.
 Heck for fire and if any, have it controlled.
 Turn the system off in the main valve or switch

BEFORE EARTHQUAKE

 Store and secure correctly all breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials.
 Determine whether the site is traversed by a ground fracture which may cause building to
collapse.
 Master the way out of your building.
 Strap heavy furniture cabinets to restrict sliding of toppling.
 Keep materials in lower places.
 Mark places where fire extinguishes, first aid kits, alarms, and communication facilities are
located.
 Check the stability of hanging objects which may fall during earthquakes.
 Evaluate the structural soundness of the building and places where you frequently stay.

DURING EARTHQUAKE

 Stay when you are inside a structurally sound building protect your body from falling debris by
bracing yourself in a doorway or by getting under a study desk or table.
 If you are in a coastal area, head for higher grounds when sea levels shown unusual changes after
the earthquake. Under the sea earthquake can cause tsunami of giant waves.
 Get away from power lines, posts and walls.
 In crowded places like stores, theaters and malls do not go the exits, get out calmly in an orderly
manner.
 Pull to the side of the road and stop when driving a vehicle. Do not attempt to cross bridges or
overpasses which may have been damaged.
 Stop the car and stay clear from steps escarpments which may be affected by landslide if you are
in the mountain road.
  Move into an open area if you are in out side.

INTENSITY

I. Scarcely Perceptible
 Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances.
 Delicately balanced objects are distributed slightly.
 Still water in containers oscillates slowly.

II. Slightly Felt

 Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.
 Hanging objects swing slightly
 Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.
III. Weak
 Vibration is felt like a light truck passing by.
 Felt by many people indoors, especially in upper floors of building.
 Hanging objects swing moderately.
 Still water in containers oscillates moderately.

IV. Moderately Strong

 Felt generally by people indoors and by some people outdoors.
 Vibration is felt like a heavy truck passing by.
 Light sleepers are awakened.
 Hanging objects swing considerably.
 Motorcars may rock slightly.
 Liquids in containers are slightly disturbed.
 Dinner plates, glasses, windows, and doors rattle.
 Water in containers oscillates strongly
 A rumbling sound may sometimes be heard.

V. Strong

 Felt by most people indoors and outdoors.

 Many sleeping people are awakened.
 Some are frightened, some run outdoors.
 A strong shaking and rocking is felt throughout building.
 Dining utensil clatter and clink, while some are broken.
 Hanging objects swing violently.
 Small, light, and unstable objects may fall or overturn.
 Liquids spill from filled open containers.
 Vehicles rock noticeably.
  Leaves and twigs of trees shake.

VI. Very Strong

 Many are frightened.
 Many run outdoors.
 Furniture and other heavy objects are displaced.
 Wall plaster may crack.
 People lose their balance.
 Small church bells may ring.
 If on the road, it may feel like driving with flat tires.
 Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures are slightly damaged though
well-built structures are not affected.
 Limited rockfalls and rolling boulders occur in hilly to mountainous areas and
escarpments.
 Trees are noticeably shaken.

VII. Destructive
 Most people are frightened and run outdoors.
 Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple.
 Big church bell may ring.
 People find it difficult to stand in upper floors.
 Old or poorly built structures suffer considerable damage.
 Some well built structures are slightly damaged.
 Some cracks may appear on dikes, fishponds, road surface, or concrete hollow
block walls.
 Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslide are observed.
 Trees are shaken strongly.

VIII. Very Destructive

 People will find it difficult to even stand outdoors.
 Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged.
 Concrete dikes and the foundations of bridges are destroyed by ground setting or toppling.
 Railway tracks are bent or broken.
 Tombstone may be displaced, twisted, or broken.
 Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-made structures to sink, tilt, or topple.
 Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur in mountainous and hilly areas
 Boulders are thrown out from their positions particularly near the epicenter.
 Fissures and faults rupture may be observed.
 Trees shake violently.
 Water splash or slop over dikes or the banks of rivers

IX. Devastating
  Many cry and shake with fear/
 Most buildings are totally damaged.
 Bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled or destroyed.
 Numerous utility posts, towers, and monuments are tilled, toppled, or broken.
 Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken.
 People are forcibly thrown to the ground.
 Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boils are widespread.
 The ground is distorted into undulations.
 Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken.
 Boulders are commonly thrown out.
 River water splashes violently or slops over dikes and banks.

X. Completely Devastating

 Manny trees are toppled, broken, and uprooted.

 Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.
 Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and the uplifting of land forms and
many ground fissures are observed.
 Changes in river courses and destructive seiches in large lakes occur.

SEISMIC WAVES

These are the vibrations that travel outward from the earthquake fault at speeds several times per second.
Although fault slippage directly under a structure can cause considerable damage, the vibration of seismic
waves cause most of destruction during earthquake.

MAGNITUDE

During an earthquake , the amount of energy is released which is computed from the amplitude of the
seismic waves. A magnitude of 7.0 on the richer scale indicates an extremely strong earthquake. Each
whole number on the scale represents an increase of about 30 times more energy released than the
previous whole number represented. An earthquake therefore measuring 6.0 is about 30 times more
powerful than one measuring 5.0

INTENSITY
The strength of earthquake, and on the damage it caused

AFTERSHOCK
It is an earthquake of similar or lesser intensity that follows the main earthquake.

SEISMOGRAPH

Is a recording instrument used by the scientists to determine the strength and location of earthquake. It is
equipped with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by seismic waves.
Some Seismometers are capable of detecting ground motion as small as 1billion of a meter, or about 40
billionth of an inch.

SEISMOGRAM

Which is the record of the wave is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is stored and displayed
by computers.

EPICENTER

The place on the earth’s surface directly above the point on the fault where the earthquake rupture began.
It expand along the fault during the earthquake and fault slippage begins and can extend hundreds of
miles before stopping.

WAVY LINES

Are produced by a seismograph that reflects the size of seismic waves passing beneath it.

Sts
STONE AGE PH/CHINA
MAIN >BATANGAS AND PALAWA
*4000 BC
SIMPLE TOOLS AND WEAPONS OF STONE FLAKES
SEWING POLISHING OF STONES
*3000 BC
ORNAMENTS OF SEASHELLS AND POTTERY
MANUNGGUL JAR /PALAWA/BURIAL JAR
BUL UL/IFUGAO/RICE JAR
COPPER,BRONZE,IRON GOLD AND METAL ORNAMENTS

 BATAAN
 BUACAN
 CAGAYAN
 DAVAO
 LAGUNA
 NEGROS
 RIZAL
 SAMAR
 SULU
 ZAMBOANGA
IRON AGE CHINA/MALAYSIA/PH
SMELTING OF IRON FROM ORES
IMPORTATION OF COAST IRON FROM MALAYSIA OR SARAWAK/CHINA
COTTON WEAVING
LAND CULTIRATION
SPRING WATER
CARACOA FIRST WARSHIP
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI
1521 MAGELLAN DEATH
1571 “BATTLE OF BANGKUSAY” PASIG RIVER
10 CENTURY VIETNAM/PH/CHINA
TRADING AGREMENTS
BUTUAN>CHAMPA(STATE IN VIETNAM)
MA I ( 3 ISLAND IN VISAYAS)
MINDORO TRADES
BEESWAX
TORTOISE
CHINES PORCELAINS

BEFORE THE SPANIARDS

CURATIVE VALUE OF PLANTS
HERBAL PLANTS MEDICINES
BAYBAYIN/FILIPINO ALPHABET
NO CALENDAR
BAKUNAWA/ MOON EATING DRAGON(VISAYAS MYTH)
MANOMNOMAN( TIME KEEPER)

SPANISH REGIME
ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOOL

 COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO

 COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE
 COLEGIO DE SAN IGNACIO
 COLEGIO DE NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO
 SAN JUAN LAZARO HOSPITAL(MENTAL FACILITY)

17TH CENTURY
SUCCESIVE SHIPWRECKS /ATTACKS OF PIRATES
GELLEON TRA/LONGEST SHIPPING LINE
MANILA>ACAPULCO/PACIFIC OCEAN
MEXICO>
REALES DOS MUNDOS/SILVER COIN
SILVER,GOLD,SPICES,SILK IVORY,LAQUARE WARE
ASIAN SHIPPING
RICE,HEMP,TOBACCO,SUGAR,INDIGO(SILK)

18TH AND 19TH CENTURY

LEON MA GUERRERO(FATHER OF PH PHARMACY)
UST SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
(LICENCIADO EN MEDICINA)
MANILA COSMOPOLITAN CENTER

 STEAM TRANGWAYS
 WATER WORK
 NEWSPAPER
 BANKING SYSTEM
 ELECTRIC LIGHTS

Pc
COMMUNICATIONN AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNICATION AIDS
* IS ANYTHING THAT HELPS AN INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATE MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH
THOSE AROUND HIM
* ARE OFTEN REFERRRED AS AUGMENTATIVE OR ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION AIDS
OR AAC

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

1, IMBIBE LEADERSHIP ROLE IN COMMUNICATION – PROVIDING USEFUL RELEVANT
INFORMATION TO GROUP OR INDIVIDUAL
2. DETERMINE KEY MESSAGE AREAS – DEVELOPING CLEAR MEMORABLE MESSAGE AND
CRITICAL TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
DEVELOPING YOUR MESSAGE
1. IDENTIFY YOUR TARGET AUDIENCE – YOU CAN CONSIDER YOUR AUDIENCE
A.) LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS
B.) PERSPECTIVE – POINT OF VIEW
C.) POSSIBLE BARRIERS TO UNDERSSTANDING.
EXAMPLE: ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE- IT MIGHT AFFECT COMMUNICATION
2. FOCUS ON YOUR OBJECTIVE – ALWAYS REMEMBER YOUR OBJECTIVE. WHAT IS
THE PURPOSE
3. BE RELEVANT – THIS IS HOW TO BE RELEVANT TO YOUR TOPIC
 4. BE CLEAR AND CONCISE – STATEMENT YOU SHOULD BE BRIEF OUT BUT REALLY
MEANINGFUL
5. BE CONSISTENT TO THE PARTS YOU MAKE.

STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY

1. KEEP IT SIMPLE KEEP IT SHORT
2. EMPHASIZE YOUR KEY UDEAS
3. SHOW WHAT YOU CANT SAY
4. USE CLOSE UP SHOTS AND OTHER IMAGE
5. KEEP THE NUMBER OF IMAGE YOU PRESENT MANAGEABLE
6. COMBINE VARIETY WITH COHERENCE
7. USE LARGE LETTERING

THE 9 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BY (MICHAEL OSBORN 2009)

1. CLARITY MAKES SPEECH UNDERSTANDABLE
FUZZY LANGUAGE MUST BE AVOIDED SUCH AS
A.) JARGON
B.) CLICHÉ
C.) EXPRESSIONS
D.) EUPHEMISMS
E.) DOUBLE SPEAK LANGUAGE
2. CONCRETENESS – REDUCE MISUNDERSTANDING MESSAGE MUST BE SUPPORTED
BY THE FACTS SUCH AS
A.) REASERCH DATA
B.) STATISTICS
C.) FIURES
3. COURTESY- BUILDS GOOD WILL. IT INVOLVES BEING POLITE IN TERMS OF
APPROACH AND MANNERS OF ADDRESSING INDIVIDUAL
4. CORRECTNESS- GLARING MISTAKES IN GRAMMAR , THE OBSCURE THE MEANING
OF A SENTENCE.ALSO THE MISUSE OF LANGGUAGE CAN DAMAGE YOUR
CREDEBILITY
5. CONSIDERATION MESSAGE MUST BE GEARED TO TOWARDS THE AUDIENCE. THE
SENDER OF MESSAGE MUST CONSIDER THE RECIPIENTS LEVEL OF
PROFFESION,RACE ,ETHNICITY, HOBBIES,INTEREST,PASSIONS,ADVOCACIES, AND
AGE
6. CREATIVITY IN COMMUNICATION MEANS HAVING THE ABILITY TO CRAFT
INTERESTING MESSAGE IN TERMS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD CHOICE
7. CONCISENESS SIMPLICITY AND DIRECTNESS HELP YOU TO BE CONCISE
8. CULTURAL SENSITIVITY TODAY WITH THE INCREASING EMPHASIS ON
EMPOWERING DIVERSE CULTURES LIFETSLYE AND RACES AND THE PURSUIT FOR
GENDER EQUALITY CULTURAL SENSITIVITY BECOMES AN IMPORTANT STANDARD
FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
9. CAPTIVATING YOU MUST STRIVE TO MAKE MESSAGES INTERESTING TO
COMMAND MORE ATTENTION AND BETTER RESPONSE.
COMMUNICATION SERVES FIVE MAJOR PURPOSES
TO INFORM
TO EXPRESS FEELINGS
TO IMAGINE
TO INFLUENCE
TO MEET SOCIAL EXPECTATION

THREE TYPES OF COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSE

1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION- IN WHICH YOU LISTEN TO A PERSON TO
UNDERSTAND THEIR MEANING
2. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION – IN WHICH YOU READ THEIR MEANING
3. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION - IN WHICH YOU OBSERVE A PERSON AND INFER
MEANING

THE 3 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1.INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATION – INVOLVES GIVING THEM ASKIN. AS AN
INFORMATIVE
COMMUNICATOR, YOU WANT YOUR RECEIVER TO PAY ATTENTION AND UNDERSTAND
BUT NOT TO CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOUR.
IGNORANCE IS REDUCED OR BETTER YET ELIMINATED
INFORMMATIVE VALUE OF MESSAGE – MEASURED BY HOW AND RELEVANT THE
INFORMATION IS OR THE KIND OF UNDERSTANDING IT PROVIDES THE RECEIVERS
OSBORN 2009(INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATION ARISES OUT THREE DEEP IMPULSES)4
1. WE SEEK TO EXPAND OUR AWARENESS OF THE WORLD AROUND US
2. WE SEEK TO BECOME MORE COMPETENT
3. WE HAVE AN ABIDING CURIOSITY ABOUT HOW THINGS WORK AND HOW THEY
ARE MADE
2. PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION – IS AM ART OF GAINING FAIR AND FAVORABLE
CONSIDERATIONS FOR OUR POINT OF VIEW
*IT PROVIDES A CHOICE AMONG OPTIONS
*ADVOCATES SOMETHING THROUGH A SPEAKER
*USES SUPPORTING MATERIAL TO JUSTIFY ADVICE
*TURN THE AUDIENCE INTO AGENTS OF CHANGE
* ASK FOR STRONG AUDIENCE COMMITEMENT
3. ARGUEMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION – RELIES HEAVILY ON SOUND PROOF AND
REASONING .ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE LOGOS,ETHOS AND PATHOS ARE THE THREE
PRIMARY FORMS OF PROOF

LUCAS 2007 (CLAIMS TO AVOID DEFECTIVE ARGUEMENTATION,THE FOLLOWING

MUST BE AVOIDED)
1. DEFECTIVE EVIDENCE
2. MISUSE OF FACTS
3. INAPPROPRIATE EVIDENCE
4. DEFECTIVE PATTERNS OF REASONING
5. EVIDENTIAL FALLACIES
6. SLIPPERY SLOPE
7. CONFUSING FACTS WITH OPINION
8. RED HERRING
9. FLAWED PROOFS
10. DEFECTIVE ARGUMENT

TYPES OF SPEECHES
IMPROMPTU
EXTEMPORANEOUS