ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

MATH & NATURAL SCIENCES

CHM 1103 - LAB 4

Laboratory Acid-Base Titration

Exercise Number Laboratory Title

Course Code CHM 1103 Course Title Engineering Chemistry

Student ID Student Name

24/10/2023
Term 202310 Date

Instructor DR. Mohamed Ghazzali

Group No
Group Rashed Alhammadi H00513007
Members
Saoud Alkazeeri H00392071

Abdullah Almansoori H00384614

Aisha Alhmoudi H00394193

Note: Students are expected to refrain from all forms of academic dishonesty as defined in the
college policies and as explained and defined by college policies, procedures, and directions from
teachers or other college personnel. By signing this cover page, you are stating that the work
presented is yours and yours alone. The work includes all figures, tables, calculations, data and text.
Please note only reports that include a signed cover sheet will be graded.

I hereby state that all work submitted in this report is mine and solely mine.

Signature of Report Writer:

1. Objectives:

1. To demonstrate the basic laboratory technique of titration

2. To learn how to calculate the concentration in molarity based on acid-base titration (strong
acid strong base).

2. Theory:
Titration is a chemical technique, which has been used to determine the unknown concentration
of a known solution. In acid-base titration, an unknown concentration of a base can be
determined by titrating it against a volume of a known concentration of an acid which is known
as standard solution. Such type of reaction is a known as neutralization reaction, where salt and
water are produced.

Acid + Base Salt + H2O

HCl + NaOH NaCl +H2O

The indicator is a chemical substance that has different colors in both acidic and alkaline media.
The colour change depending on the pH of the solution. The pH indicator colour change will be
shown when the reaction has completely neutralized (neutralization point or equivalence point).
This point, will be reached when all acid was consumed and there is no excess of base. When
the equivalence point is reached, we will be able to determine the concentration of the unknown
acid using a series of calculations normally three titrations and average the trials.

Phenolphthalein is a chemical substance which is widely used as indicator in acid-base titration. It

undergoes a distinct color change at or near the equivalence point. The point at which the
indicator changes color and the titration is stopped is called the endpoint. Ideally, the endpoint
should match with the equivalence point. Phenolphthalein is colorless in both acidic and neutral
solutions, but a vibrant pink or reddish violet in a basic solution. The higher the pH (adding more
base) the stronger the pink color. The equivalence point will be reached when the color is a very
faint pink color. Thus, to easily recognize the endpoint it is always recommended Keep your flask
with acid and indicator over a white piece of paper to ensure you can see the color change.
The below terms help you to understand the terminology used in the titration experiment:

1. Molarity (M) or molar concentration is the unit for measuring the concentration of solutions. It
is defined as the number of moles of solute in a liter of solution.

2. Titrant: The solution of known concentration and is also called the standardized solution. In
This lab, the titrant is HCl solution.
Burette pipette/pipette bulb Erlenmeyer
(conical) flask titration setup

3. Burette a long, cylindrical glass that can be used to determine accurate quantities of a solution
and it is controlled by a Teflon or a glass stopcock.

4. Volumetric pipette/pipette bulb: is a thin glass tube used to accurately measure a specific
volume of liquid.

5. Indicator: is the chemical substance that has different colors in both acidic and basic solutions.

Apparatus and Chemicals:

• 50‐mL Burette
• Phenolphthalein indicator
• 250‐mL Erlenmeyer flasks
• funnel
• 250‐mL beaker
• 10 mL volumetric pipette
• Graduated Pipette/Pipette bulb
• 100 mL beakers
• Distilled water (H2O)
• 0.105 M HCl solution
• Unknown concentration NaOH solution
• 100 mL graduated cylinder

Safety Notes:
a. Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the lab.

b. Gloves should be used wherever necessary.

c. All chemicals are hazards (They can burn your skin, eyes, clothes), and treat all chemicals
as toxic.

Lab_04_Acid-Base Titration Page 3

 3. Procedure:

1. In this experiment, you are required to determine the molarity of the unknown concentration
of NaOH solution. Use NaOH solution as a analyte and standard acid HCl solution as titrant
until you reach the endpoint. A standard acid solution HCl of 0.105 M will be provided.
2. The experiment is already sited in bench.
3. Before you start, rinse the 50 mL burette with deionized water, and then twice with about 5
mL of the hydrochloric acid solution.
4. Fill the burette with HCl solution to just above the zero mark without having any bubbles out
of the tip of the burette.
5. Adjust the HCl solution mark at zero mark, read, and record the burette reading to the
nearest
0.02 mL.
6. Add 20.0 mL of the NaOH solution using the graduated cylinder in three clean Erlenmeyer
flasks separately.
7. Add 2 or 3 drops of phenolphthalein to each of Erlenmeyer flasks. A pink color appears.
8. Place one flask on the stand underneath the burette, and start adding HCl drop by drop from
the burette spinning (shake) the flask constantly and recognize any color change.
9. By approaching the endpoint, the pink color starts to disappear, this indicating a local excess
of the HCl, which will increase in size.
10. Once you see the pink spot, slow down the rate of adding HCl.
11. Once no colored solution becomes stable, Stop adding HCl solution, this is the endpoint.
12. Read the burette to the nearest 0.02 mL and record the reading in the provided table.
13. Repeat the same process with the other two flasks and record the reading in each experiment.
14. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution separately for each titration.

FORMULA OF ACID USED: Hydrochloric Acid , Hcl

Write the balanced equation to represent this neutralization reaction. [5 marks]

Hcl+ NaOH → Nacl + H2O

Lab_04_Acid-Base Titration Page 4

 Table 1 Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

Molarity of acid used

0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M
Initial burette reading 0 ml 0 ml 0 ml

Final burette reading 20 ml 19 ml 19 ml

Volume of acid used 20 ml 19 ml 19 ml

Volume of NaOH used 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml

Calculated molarity of 0.1 M 0.095  0.1 M 0.095  0.1 M

NaOH solution
Table of Experiments [45 marks]

𝟎.𝟏+𝟎.𝟏+𝟎.𝟏
AVERAGE MOLARITY OF NaOH = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑴 [5 marks]
𝟑

Show a sample of NaOH molarity calculation here: [15 Marks]

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

Hcl + NaOH → Nacl +H2O

▪ Moles of Hcl acid = Molarity of Hcl x Volume of Hcl (L)

▪ Moles of Hcl = moles of NaOH (from the balanced equation)
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
▪ Molarity of NaOH = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝒉 (𝑳)
𝟐𝟎+𝟏𝟗+𝟏𝟗
▪ Average volume of Hcl used = 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑 𝒎𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝑳
▪ Moles of Hcl = 0.1 x 0.0193 = 1.93x10-3 mol
▪ Moles of Hcl = moles of NaOH = 1.93x10-3 mol
𝟏.𝟗𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟎^−𝟑
▪ Molarity of NaOH=
𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝑳
= 0.095 M

Lab_04_Acid-Base Titration Page 5

 POST‐LAB QUESTIONS

1. How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in your titration? [5 marks]

In our titration, we find the concentration of an unknown base (NaOH) by reacting it with a known
acid (Hcl) solution. This produces salt and water. To mark the endpoint, we use a pH indicator like
phenolphthalein, which turns pink in a basic solution. The color should be very faint to achieve
accuracy. The unknown acid's concentration is calculated based on the volume of acid used at the
endpoint, typically after multiple experiments. Other methods also :

▪ Color Change: Many titrations involve the use of an indicator, like phenolphthalein,
which changes color at or near the equivalence point.

▪ pH Change: At the equivalence point, the pH of the solution should be neutral,

typically around pH 7. Exceeding the equivalence point will result in the pH shifting
away from neutrality (either becoming more acidic or more alkaline).

▪ Change in Volume: By closely monitoring the volume of titrant you've added, you can
determine if you've gone beyond the equivalence point. If you continue to add titrant
even after the desired endpoint is reached, you'll see an excess volume in your burette
reading.

▪ Change in Signal: In some advanced titrations, automated systems may use sensors to
detect changes in properties like electrical conductivity or potential. These sensors will
indicate changes once you've passed the equivalence point.

2. If 25.00 mL of hydrochloric acid with 0.05 M is titrated against 0.15 sodium hydroxide solution.
what is the volume of the sodium hydroxide needed for neutralization? [10 marks]

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

Hcl + NaOH → Nacl +H2O
▪ 1 mole of Hcl = 1 mol of NaOH
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒄𝒍 𝟎.𝟎𝟓
▪ Moles of Hcl = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒄𝒍 (𝑳)
= 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒄𝒍
▪ So, the moles of NaOH = 0.00125
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓
▪ Volume of NaOH= 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
= 𝟎.𝟏𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝑳
▪ Volume of NaOH ( mL) = 0.00833 x 1000 = 8.33 mL

So, we would need 8.33 mL of 0.15 M of NaOH solution to neutralize 25 mL of 0.05 M of Hcl
solution.
In another way M1V1=M2V2

Lab_04_Acid-Base Titration Page 6

 (𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎 )(𝟐𝟓)
V2= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
(𝟎.𝟏𝟓)

3. What is the concentration of 10.00 mL of H2SO4 if it takes 66.37 mL of a 0.205 M KOH solution
to neutralize it? [10 marks]
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

▪ 1 mole H2SO4 = 2 moles KOH

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑶𝑯 𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟓
▪ Moles of KOH = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑶𝑯 (𝑳)
= 𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟕
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟗 mole
▪ Ratio of the moles is 1 : 2 it means we need the half number of KOH moles
▪ Moles of H2SO4 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟗
𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟗
▪ Molarity od H2SO4 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝑳) = 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝑴

4. Name other type of indicator used in acid-base titrations. [5 marks]

▪ Methyl Orange: Methyl orange changes from red to yellow as the pH shifts from acidic
to slightly basic. It is often used in strong acid-strong base titrations.

▪ Bromothymol Blue: Bromothymol blue transitions from yellow to blue-green as the

solution goes from acidic to slightly basic. It's used in a similar context to methyl
orange.
▪ Methyl Red: Methyl red shifts from red to yellow as the pH moves from slightly acidic
to slightly basic. It's employed in titrations where the endpoint is in the pH range of
around 4.4 to 6.
▪ Bromocresol Green: Bromocresol green changes color from yellow to blue as the pH
changes from acidic to slightly basic. It is useful in titrations around pH 3.8 to 5.4.

▪ Alizarin Yellow: Alizarin yellow changes from yellow to red as the pH increases,
making it suitable for titrations in the pH range of about 10 to 12.

▪ Thymol Blue: Thymol blue goes from red to yellow and then to blue as the pH
increases, allowing it to be used over a range of pH values.

Overall grade: 100

Lab_04_Acid-Base Titration Page 7

Pictures of the Experiment :

Lab_04_Acid-Base Titration Page 8