ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

MATH & NATURAL SCIENCES

CHM 1103 - LAB 2

a) Separation of mixtures by
filtration.
Laboratory
02 Laboratory Title b) Separation by Simple
Exercise Number distillation

Course Code CHM 1103 Course Title Engineering Chemistry

Student ID Student Name

Term 202310 Date

Instructor

Section Group No

Group Members Rashed Alhammadi H00513007

Saoud Alkazeeri H00392071

Aisha Alhmoudi H00394193

Abdullah Almansoori H00384614

Note: Students are expected to refrain from all forms of academic dishonesty as defined in the
college policies and as explained and defined by college policies and procedures and directions from
teachers or other college personnel. By signing this cover page you are stating that the work
presented is yours and yours alone. The work includes all figures, tables, calculations, data and text.
Please note only reports that include a signed cover sheet will be graded.

I hereby state that all work submitted in this report is mine and solely mine.

Signature of Report Writer:

 Separation of mixtures by a) Filtration

Objectives:
1. To separate a mixture of two solids by filtration.
2. To use correctly a chemical data book to find the required physical properties.

Introduction:

Mixtures are not specific to chemistry; we use and consume them on a daily basis. The beverages
we drink, the fuel we use in our automobiles, the ground we walk on and the air we breathe are
mixtures. Mixture is a material made up of two or more substances that are not chemically
combined.
In this experiment a heterogeneous mixture is separated into individual components by filtration.

Apparatus & Chemicals:

Hot Plate Top loading balance Filtration unit

Chemical data book,

Top pan balance,
Sodium chloride / charcoal mixture (4g), Hot plate,
, Filter funnel,
Boiling chip, Ring clamp and stand,
Filter paper (What man No.1-three 12.5 cm Beakers (two 100 mL),
sheets), Graduated cylinder (25mL),

Safety Note:

1. Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the lab.

2. Gloves should be used wherever necessary.

 3. Hot objects should be handled with caution.

Procedure and experimental observations:

Part A: Separation of sodium chloride and charcoal mixture

1. Weigh out 4.0 g of the salt/charcoal mixture (95%, 5%) in a 100 mL beaker and add about 15.0 mL
of distilled water.

2. Stir the mixture for about two minutes to allow the salt to dissolve.

3. Set up a filter funnel with filter paper on a filter funnel stand (ring clamp on stand).

4. Filter the mixture and collect the filtrate into another pre-weighed 100 mL beaker.

5. Look at the solid in the filter. Write down what it looks like : Physical Appearance- [5

points]

▪ Black color

▪ Powdery texture (solid)

▪ Didn’t dissolve in water.

6. Add few (3-5) boiling chip to the filtrate.

7. Heat the solution with a hot plate and boil gently to reduce (make smaller) the volume.

8. When you see crystals of sodium chloride, turn off the heat and allow the solution to cool on a
provided mat (never put any hot object directly on the table).

Result:

1) Describe what the sodium chloride crystals look like: Physical Appearance- [ 5 points]

▪ White color crystals.

▪ Solid.

▪ Dissolve in water.

▪ Has no smell.

2) Is the combination of salt and charcoal is a new compound or a mixture?

Explain [6 points]
▪ Mixture, because we can separate it by physical change (filtration)
▪ and there is no chemical reaction.
 Separation by b) Simple
Distillation

Objectives:
To separate a homogenous mixture containing two components using simple
1. To assemble and safely operate a simple distillation apparatus.

2. To perform simple tests to check the efficiency of the separation.

Theory:
Distillation is an inexpensive and relatively simple technique used to purify liquids. Chemists often
use this method to separate homogeneous solutions of two or more liquids. In industry, distillation
is used to separate the economically important components of fossil fuels including natural gas,
gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, and lubricants. In the food industry, distillation is used to concentrate
the alcohol in wines and other beverages obtained from the natural fermentation of fruits and
vegetables. Both of these economically important processes separate liquids, which do not interact
with one another, by differences in their boiling points. In practice, liquids can be separated by
simple or fractional distillation. A pure compound boils at a constant temperature, where as an
impure compound boils at a range of temperatures. For example, sea water can be desalinated by
boiling off and condensing the water. Simple distillation is normally used when the difference in the
boiling points of the components of a mixture is very large. This type of apparatus will only give a
clean separation if the boiling point difference is more than 50 to 700 C. If the distillation is used for
a mixture where the boiling points are close to each other, the more volatile ( evaporates more easily)
component will distill over first but it will be contaminated with the higher-boiling component. If
one compound is much more volatile than the other, the compounds can be separated in one
evaporation step. Such a step is called simple distillation and uses an apparatus that consists of only
a pot, a distillation head, a condenser, an adapter, and a receiver, as shown in Figure 3. When the
boiling points of two compounds differ by less than 40 °C, they cannot be separated efficiently by
simple distillation. Fractional distillation, a process that has the effect of many simple distillations,
must be used.
 Apparatus & Chemicals:

The following glass components are required from the Quick fit kit:

250 mL Round bottom flask 2 Laboratory stands

Still head 2 Extension clamps
Liebig condenser Lab jack
Receiver adapter Heating mantle
125 mL conical flask 2 test tubes and rack
Screw-cap adapter 3 Boiling Chips
Thermometer (-10 to 1100C) Dropper
50 mL 0.5M NaCl Silver nitrate (0.1 M)

Safety Note: 1. Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the lab.
2. Gloves should be used wherever necessary.
3. Hot objects should be handled with caution
Procedure:
Record all observations and data directly in the spaces provided on the Report sheet

1. Collect the equipment and set up a simple distillation apparatus.

2. Transfer about 100 mL of provided NaCl solution which needs to be distilled.

3. Take 1 mL of the solution in a test tube for testing, and transfer remaining solution to the 250
mL round bottom (distilling) flask. Add 3 boiling chips to the flask.

4. Place a clean, dry 125 mL conical bottom flask or a beaker under the mouth of the receiver
adapter to collect the distilled water.

5. Begin heating the solution by turning ON the heating mantle to about position 8, and continue
distillation until about 20 mL of distillate (condensed water) has been collected.

6. Measure the flow rate of the distillate for 10 minutes: Record your observations.

7. Turn the heating mantle OFF and then take about 1 mL of the product (condensed water) into a
clean test tube.

8. Test the original (NaCl solution) sample and product (condensed water) sample by adding a few
drops of 0.1M Silver nitrate solution.

Record your Observations.

 Experimental Data:
Results and Analysis

1. Distillation temperature [9]

NaCl
Initial (first) temperature of the distillation vapor 0C 100 0C

Final temperature of the distillation vapor 0C 101 0C

Flow Rate ml/Min 2.6 ml/Min

2. Silver nitrate test:

Describe what happened when you added silver nitrate solution to the following
test solutions:
[10]

I. The original NaCl solution ▪ No reaction only color change (white)

▪ White precipitate of silver chloride.

II. The distillate or condensed water ▪ No reaction

sample ▪ No change in the color (transparent)

b) Write the equation for the above reaction in (a)

[5]

Discussion:

1) Comment on the effectiveness (success) of your distillation. How well

did it work? [Refer to optimum flow rate and purity of distillate]
[6]
Successful distillation is effective only when separation a volatile liquid from non-
volatile of when differences between boiling points which is heating the liquid mixture
to boiling point and immediately condensing the resulting vapored, and as the flow rate
of distillate product decreases the purity of the product increases and in the experiment
we got flow rate of 2.6 ml per minutes which consider slow flow rate.
 2) Identify the two other types of distillation used in the Laboratory. [10]

• Simple distillation: conversion of a liquid into the vapor by heating followed by

condensation of the vapor.

• Fractional distillation: is the process of taking a chemical mixture and using heat
to separate out the various components in that mixture.

3) When do we use Fractional distillation?

• When the temperatures of the boiling point for the two mixed liquids are [5]
very close to one another (difference in the boiling point is less than 25C)
Example; separating crude oil, diesel oil, gasoline.

4) Give three factors needed to get a good separation?

[15]

1.length of the column.

2.flow rate through column.
3.stationary phase material.
4. the polarity of compound.
5.the choice of the separation method.

5) What is the difference between condensation, evaporation, and distillation?

[10]

1.Distillation: A process in which liquid components are separated on the basis of

Differences in their boiling point.

2.Condensation: the change of state from gas to liquid, when gas of vapor
is cooled by lowering its temperatures and turns into liquid.

3.Evaporation: the change of liquid into vapors(gas) at any temperature below

its Boiling point.
 6) How could you separate each of the following two-part mixtures? [9]

1) Lead filings and iron filings: (separated by magnet)

Magnet will attract iron filings because its magnetic by its nature.
(iron is magnet and the lead is not)

2) Salt and sugar: (separated by filtration by using alcohol as solvent in filtration)

Sugar is soluble in alcohol, but salt is insoluble in alcohol so they can be
separated by using alcohol as a solvent. So we can add the mixture in alcohol and
filter it and get sugar alcohol as separate and salt is left over at the end).

3) Alcohol and water: (separated by fractional distillation)

Because boiling point of alcohol is 78 C and boiling point of water is 100 C.
difference is less than 25 C.
this method works because the liquids in the mixtures have different boiling
points. When the mixture is heated ,one liquid evaporates before the other.

7) Where the properties used to separate the components of the mixture

extensive or intensive? Explain.
[5]

Intensive: is a physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount
of the substance for which it is measured. For example, the temperature,
boiling point, melting point, and densities.
Pictures attached (Filtration Experiment):
Pictures attached (Filtration Experiment):