Physiology

Assignment # 01

Pharm D C : 70145740

Submitted by :
M Ahmad

Submitted to :
Dr. Atif

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
 CELL STRUCTURE AND ITS
ORGANELLES

Organelles of Cell
There are different organelles of cell .
(1) Cell membrane
(2) Cell wall
(3) Cytoplasm
(4) Nucleus
(5) Mitochondria
(6) Golgi Apparatus
(7) Lysosomes
(8) Endo plsasmic Reticulam
(1) Cell Membrane
The cell membrane also called plasma membrane
is found in all cells separates the interior of the
cell from outside environment. The cell
membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semi
permeable.
Function :
The main role of cell membrane is to
provide protection to the cell from its
surroundings. It also controls the passage of some
solutes and water into and out of the cell.
Composition :
Most of the plasma membrane
consist of approximately 50% lipid and 50%
protein by weight , with carbohydrates portion of
glycolipids and glucoprotiens constituting 5 to 10
%of the membrane mass .
 (2) Cell wall
The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of the
plant cells and provides tensile strength and
protection against mechanical and osmotic
stress . It also allows the cell to develop turgor
pressure .
Composition :
The cell wall is composed of a network of
cellulose microfibrils and cross linking of glycans
embedded in a highly cross linked matrix of
pectin polysaccharide.
Function :
The functions of cell wall are:

.It provides protection to the cell and prevents

from any physical damage.

.It provides structure to the cell.

.It prevents from osmotic bursting.
.It protects the protoplasm against mechanical
injury.

.It controls intercellular transport

Diagram

(3)Cytoplasm :
Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the
inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts,
and various organic molecules. Some intracellular
organelles, such the nucleus and mitochondria,
are enclosed by membranes that separate them
from the cytoplasm.
Function :
Its function is to transport, maintain cell shape
and structure, protect, store macromolecules and
act as the host to metabolic processes.
(4)Nucleus :
A nucleus is a large double-membraned organelle
that is sometimes referred to as the “central
unit” of the cell because it contains the
chromosomes that bear the genetic material.
Function :
 control of the protein and enzyme synthesis.
 control of cell division and cell growth.
 storage of DNA, RNA and ribosome.

(5) Mitochondria :
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell
organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that
generate most of the chemical energy needed to
power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical
energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in
a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
Function:
Their main function is to generate the energy
necessary to power cells. But, there is more to
mitochondria than energy production. Present in
nearly all types of human cell, mitochondria are
vital to our survival. They generate the majority
of our adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy
currency of the cell.

(6) Lysosomes :
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle
that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are
involved with various cell processes. They break
down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be
used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
Function:
A lysosome has three main functions: the
breakdown/digestion of macromolecules
(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids), cell membrane repairs, and responses
against foreign substances such as bacteria,
viruses and other antigens.

(7) Golgi Apparatus :

A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, is
a cell organelle that helps process and package
proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins
destined to be exported from the cell. Named
after its discoverer, Camillo Golgi, the Golgi body
appears as a series of stacked membranes.
Function:
Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which
proteins received from the ER are further
processed and sorted for transport to their
eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma
membrane, or secretion.
(8)Endoplasmic Reticulam :
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large,
dynamic structure that serves many roles in the
cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis
and lipid metabolism.
Function :
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large,
dynamic structure that serves many roles in the
cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis
and lipid metabolism. The diverse functions of
the ER are performed by distinct domains;
consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear
envelope.