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REY R. DELA VICTORIA, MPA

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
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• Differentiate between regionalism and

globalization;
• Discuss the driving forces of regionalism;
• Elaborate different approaches to regionalism;
• Identify the factors that led to a greater
integration of the Asian region;
• Explain the emergence and characteristics of
Asian regionalism.

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 REGIONALISM VS. GLOBALIZATION
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REGIONALISM GLOBALIZATION
The formal process of From previous studies, this refers to the
intergovernmental collaboration increasing global relationships of
between two or more states. culture, people and economic activity.
It is also the expression of a common Most often as the global distribution of
sense of identity and purpose the production of goods and services,
combined with the creation and through the reduction of barriers to
implementation of institutions that international trade such as tariffs,
express a particular identity and export fees and import quotas.
shape collective action within a
geographical region.

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COUNTRIES IN ASIA

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ASIA PACIFIC REGION

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 Framework
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Globalization

1 Externalist 2 Generative 3 The region as

an alternative to
view view globalization

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 A term used to explain, justify and
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Globalization anticipate the rapid expansion and

intensification of social relations across
world time and space (Steger, 2013)
• Core claims • #1: Liberalization and Global
• Deregulation of markets Integration of Markets (reduction of
• Liberalization of trade government interference)
• Privatization of state-owned • #2: Globalization is inevitable and
irreversible
enterprises
• #3: Nobody is in charge of
globalization
• #4: globalization benefits everyone
(in the long run)

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 The Region’s Strength ASIA PACIFIC & SOUTH ASIA
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• Asia Pacific & South Asia: Northeast Asia, SEA, Pacific Islands, South Asia
• Diversity: most progressive: South K, Japan, Singapore;
• Most poor: Cambodia, Laos, Nepal;
• Most populated: China and India and
• World’s smallest: Bhutan and Maldives
• As a region:
• 1/3 of the world’s land mass
• 2/3 of the global population
• Largest share of global GDP (35%); USA 23%; Europe 28%
• Over 1/3 of world’s exports
• Prevalence of poverty, HIV/AIDS, gender inequality and other socio econ problems
• US strategy: Pacific Pivot – committing more resources and attention to the region

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 1. EXTERNALIST The Region as an Object
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VIEW
Impacted by Globalization
1. Colonial Rule and Dominance
• Advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule
• Colonized Asian countries
• Non colonized Asian countries
– Case of Japan
– Case of Thailand
• 19th & 20th century: movements for nationalism and independence
emerged
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 1. EXTERNALIST The Region as an Object
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VIEW
Impacted by Globalization
2. World War II
Influenced by external forces
Case of Japan and US
3. Adoption of export-oriented growth
Japan, Korea and Taiwan (1980s and 1990s)
Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam (late 1980s and 1990s)
SEA tigers: reliance on infusion of foreign capital
4. IMF and WB (Bretton Wood System)
The cornerstone of economic liberalization and globalization in post war global
economy
Case of Indonesia: Suharto regime and its story
Case of Thailand: export-oriented growth
Case of Philippines: cozy relationship with F. Marcos

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 1. EXTERNALIST The Region as an Object
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VIEW
Impacted by Globalization
5. Asian Financial Crisis
Root cause: Poor policies, weak government, corruption, poor institutions; inadequate
liberalization
Globalization played a role in the 1997 crisis
Showed how deeply integrated the economy was in the global financial system
6. Membership to WTO
Liberalization of Economy
Rise of China: Deng Xiaoping 1970s: economic reform – liberalization of the economy:
Experienced high level of growth and became more integrated into the global economy
Rise of India: Liberalized their economy in 1991; increased trades and FDI in textile and
service sector

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 1. EXTERNALIST Effects on Employment
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VIEW
Practices
➢ Globalization initiated significant changes in employment practices
❖ Characteristics
✓ Temporary and part time employment
✓ Informal employment: self employment, family workers, informal
enterprise workers
✓ Underemployment: Philippines 18% of work force; Indonesia = 25% of
work force
✓ No legal contracts
✓ Poor working conditions and safety issues at factories that manufacture
goods for Western companies

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 Effects on Politics
1. EXTERNALIST
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VIEW

• There was a substantial fall in authoritarian regime; rise in

democratic regime.
• Due to:
• Rising middle classes
• More globally connected world
• End of Cold War
• Fall of Suharto in May 1998.

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 Influence on Culture
1. EXTERNALIST
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VIEW

• Globalization is a form of cultural westernization called McWorld

• Globalization is leading to cultural homogenization and destruction of
cultural diversity
– Increase in number of McDonald stores in Asia
– Rise of domestic fast-food chains
– Rapid expansion of supermarkets

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 Influence on Diets
1. EXTERNALIST
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VIEW

• Asia have been increasingly westernized

• Wheat replaced rice as staple food
• McDonaldization
• MTV-ization
• Hollywoodization

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 2. GENERATIVE Generating Globalization: Asia
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VIEW as a Springboard

✓Spice trade
✓Early modern world economy: central was Asia
✓Colonialism: influenced the colonizers as well
✓Rise of Japan on procurement of raw materials
✓Rise of China: producer and consumer
✓Rise of India on IT / software development

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 2. GENERATIVE Generating Globalization: Asia
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VIEW as a Springboard

✓Global service provider: outsourcing and offshoring

✓International migrant labor
✓Remittance from migrant workers (Ph = 11% of the Ph
economy)
✓Rise of regional free trade arrangements
✓Open regionalism
✓Asian Products in Global Market

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 2. GENERATIVE Generating Globalization: Asia
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VIEW as a Springboard

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 3. THE REGION AS The anti global impulse: Regional
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ALTERNATIVE TO
GLOBALIZATION alternatives to globalization
1. Japan’s colonialization of the region in 1930s and 40s – East Asian Co-
Prosperity Sphere
2. Asian way
• to reach consensus on national goals with the democratic framework to take
the middle path to exercise tolerance and sensitivity towards others
• Contrast to Western values: every individual can do what he likes, free from
any restraint by government;
• Asians respects hard work, thrift, authority; community over the individual
• Operates based on Harmony and consensus rather than on majority rule

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 3. THE REGION AS The anti global impulse: Regional
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ALTERNATIVE TO
GLOBALIZATION alternatives to globalization

• Regional arrangements
• East Asian Economic Caucus (an APEC without western states)
• ASEAN +3 – China, South Korea and Japan
• Asian Monetary Fund (no USA); act autonomously from IMF; was a
failure
• Regional terror network (JI – Jemaah Islamiyah (an alternative vision
of political and social organization in the region, one that clashes
directly with globalization paradigm)

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 3. THE REGION AS The anti global impulse: Regional
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ALTERNATIVE TO
GLOBALIZATION alternatives to globalization

• Local movements that emerged

• Santi Suk in Thailand: created its own currency
• Japan: Community Supported Agriculture an Seikatsu
Club (encouraged to buy locally and ethically)

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 Framework
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Globalization

1 externalist 2 generative 3 the region as

an alternative
view view to globalization

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 Middle Class Formation in SE Asia
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•What is their importance to regionalism?

•Who / what created them?
•What is their profile?

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 The Making of the Middle Class in
Southeast Asia
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1ST Wave 2nd Wave 3rd Wave

1950’s-1970’s South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia,
Taiwan, Hongkong, Indonesia,
The Rise of Japan Singapore Philippines

4th Wave
Urban Centers in
China

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 HQs of Multinational Corporations
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 APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION
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1. SUPRANATIONALISM
- states pool their sovereignty in a way that limits
their autonomy in deciding over issues, whether
economic, military or political in nature.

2. INTERGOVERNMENTALISM
- Integration based largely on the principle of non-
interference or intervention in domestic matters.

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 DRIVING FORCES OF REGIONALISM
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1. Management of independence
2. Management of interdependence
3. Management of internationalization

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 Management of independence
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• Former colonies need mechanisms to

administer their own domestic affairs and
their relations between themselves, with
their colonizers, and with other states in
general. It is important to manage these
areas well as they can be a conflictual
process. They do this by entering into
regional arrangements.
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 Management of interdependence
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• States need to manage their economic,

political, and social interdependence with
other states. They set down norms and
rules by which they can collectively
achieve such goals as security, trade, and
investments. Regional norms and rules
are expected to shape the behavior of
member states.
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 Management of internationalization
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• States need to manage their affairs in a multilateral,

interstate system. Proponents of regionalism as
building blocks argue that:
• 1. Such arrangements promote internal and
international dynamics that enhance the prospects for
multilateralism;
• 2. Regionalism can have important demonstration
effects in accustoming actors to the effects of
liberalization;
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 Management of internationalization
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• 3. Increased numbers of regional arrangements can

weaken opposition to multilateral liberalization
because each successive arrangement reduces the
value of the margin of preference;
• 4. Regional agreements are often more to do with
strategic or political alliances than trade liberalization;
and
• 5. Regionalism has more positive than negative
political effects.

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ASEAN

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 ASEAN: BACKGROUND
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• ASEAN SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE

• Formed on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing
of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)
• Founding Father of ASEAN
- Adam Malik (Indonesia)
- Narciso R. Ramos (Philippines)
- Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia)
- S. Rajaratnam (Singapore)
- Thanst Khoman (Thailand)

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 ASEAN: BACKGROUND
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• VISION
• The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are:

• (1) to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural

development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of
equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a
prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations.

• (2) to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for
justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the
region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.

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 ASEAN: BACKGROUND
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• 1992 – ASEAN Free Trade Agreement

• 1997/98 – economic crisis – acceleration of economic integration
initiatives – ASEAN Vision 2020
• 2003 - Bali Concord II – the launch of ASEAN Community by
2020
• 2005 – the launch of ASEAN Charter process
• 2006/07 – the acceleration of ASEAN Community to 2015
• 2007 – ASEAN Charter drafting and the ASEAN Economic
Community Blueprint
• 2008 – ASEAN Charter ratification

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 ASEAN: BACKGROUND
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