CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Science in context: 4 a if heated strongly then the temperature
rises very quickly, the melting and boiling
Lord of the rings points are close together, the liquid stage
1 Jupiter and Saturn are the biggest of the is not seen as it boils quickly
planets in our solar system and are made of b you would need to heat the solid slowly so
hydrogen and helium in the gaseous state. that the temperature rise is not too quick;
There is a progression outwards from the Sun you could use an electrical heater so you
in terms of the structure of the planets. Those can control temperature more carefully;
nearest the Sun are rocky and relatively small; you could use an oil bath to heat the solid
beyond Mars the planets are gaseous. and carefully control the temperature so it
2 Hydrogen molecules are the smallest of all is kept between the melting point (114 °C)
the elements and therefore the forces between and boiling point (184 °C) of iodine
them are very small. The gas needs to be
highly compressed (so that the molecules are Experimental skills 1.1
close together) and at a very low temperature
1 Substance B is a pure substance as the curve is
(so that the molecules are moving slowly) in
flat while the substance melts. Substance A is
order for it to condense into a liquid.
a mixture as there is no single melting point –
that region of the curve is sloped.
Questions
2 Take temperature readings at shorter time
1 a freezing intervals (e.g. every 30 s); use of a digital
b boiling thermometer would give more accurate
readings / use of a temperature sensor linked
c condensation to a computer would enable the readings to be
taken continuously and enable the graph to be
2 a methane
plotted as the readings were being taken. The
b ethanol and mercury; they have melting samples can be re-heated and cooled again,
points below room temperature, but allowing duplicate sets of data to be collected.
boiling points above room temperature
c the impurity lowers the freezing point of
the liquid
3 a a volatile liquid is one that evaporates
easily; it has a low boiling point
b ethanol > water > ethanoic acid;
ethanol is the most volatile, ethanoic acid
is the least volatile
c B; both the melting point and boiling
point are above room temperature;
therefore, it is a solid

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Chapter 1 continued
Questions
5 cylinder; in b hydrogen diffuses into the pot
80
Temperature / °C
liquid
freezing
0 solid
–20
Time
6 A = solid; B = energy released;
C = energy absorbed
7 A = solid; B = liquid; C = liquid and gas
(vapour); D = gas
Experimental skills 1.2
1 silver iodide
2 silver nitrate + potassium iodide →
silver iodide + potassium nitrate
3 the rates of diffusion of silver and iodide ions
4 because the rates of diffusion of the ions are
not the same – silver ions are less heavy and so
diffuse slightly more quickly
Questions
8 Evaporation of bromine takes place as
molecules escape from the surface of the
liquid, the gaseous bromine molecules then
spread throughout the gas jar to completely
fill the container, there are collisions with
air molecules, bromine molecules move
from a region of high concentration to
low concentration and so are completely
mixed with the air and at the same
concentration throughout.
9 a Methylamine molecules have a greater
mass than ammonia molecules and so
diffuse more slowly; the white smoke ring
will be more central than for ammonia/
hydrogen chloride, slightly to the right of
centre as methylamine diffuses slightly
faster than hydrogen chloride.
b hydrogen bromide (from hydrobromic acid)
or hydrogen iodide (from hydroiodic acid)
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10 In a the liquid levels are the same as there is
air both inside and outside the porous pot
faster than air molecules diffuse out because
hydrogen molecules have less mass than the air
molecules; this produces an increase in pressure
inside the pot and so the liquid level is pushed
down on the left (and up on the right).
Exam-style questions
1 B [1] ; 2 D [1] ; 3 C [1] ; 4 B [1] ; 5 A [1] ;
6 a Moving slowly [1] ; close to each other [1] ;
b They vibrate more quickly ; [1]
c evaporation ; [1]
d changing from liquid to solid ; [1]
7 a evaporation of the liquid [1] ; and
diffusion of the gas particles [1] ;
b particles moved more slowly [1] ; because
the temperature was lower [1] ;
8 a a solid [1] ; is cooling down [1] ;
b they are moving more slowly [1] ; and
closer together [1] ;
c heat comes from the formation of bonds
(interactive forces) between the particles [1] ;
9 a ammonia, which is alkaline, reached the
indicator first to change its colour [1] ;
because it moved faster [1] ; because it
was lighter [1] ;
b C 50 s ; [1]
rate of diffusion is inversely related to the
molecular mass ; heavier molecules, such
as HCl here, diffuse more slowly than
lighter molecules
Answers A and D are too short ; answer
B too long. Simple proportion would
suggest about 73 s, but the rate of
diffusion is inversely related to the square
root of the molecular mass. Ammonia
molecules diffuse 1.46 times as fast as
hydrogen chloride molecules. ; [1]
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 2
Getting started
1 ‘H’ and ‘O’ are the chemical symbols for
a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom,
respectively. Water consists of two hydrogen
atoms chemically bonded to one oxygen atom.
When atoms join together like this, they form
a molecule. A molecule must have more than
one atom in it.
2 You may have heard of protons, neutrons and
electrons; these are subatomic particles, and
they come together to make the many different
types of atom.
Science in context:
Seeing is believing
1 The rings are made up of carbon atoms
(not many elements can form rings like
this); carbon is the basis of the molecules
of life because it can form so many
different structures.
2 There are 19 atoms in all (count all the
corners); arranged in five hexagonal rings.
4 Protons are positively charged and would
therefore repel each other / the presence of the
neutrons counteracts this repulsion and means
that the nucleus can hold together.
5 B
6 21 protons and neutrons; protons and
neutrons are both nucleons
7 Chlorine-37 has two more neutrons in
the nucleus.
8 A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and 7 electrons
and therefore is electrically neutral. All atoms
are electrically neutral.
Worked example 2.1
1 relative atomic mass of iridium is 192
Ar = (191 × 37.3) + (193 × 62.7) / 100 = 192.3
Answer corrected to three significant figures as
this is the accuracy of the data given.
2 That the proportions of the two isotopes
are 50:50 (1:1) as the relative atomic mass is
exactly midway between the masses of the
two isotopes.

Experimental skills 2.1

1 The metal present is responsible for
determining the colour seen in the flame.
The non-metal present is the same in all cases
Questions and so cannot be responsible for the change.
1 proton = 1, neutron = 1, electron = 0 2 It is a physical change.
(or 1 / 1840)
3 It will be the salt which gave the bluest colour
2 15 protons, 16 neutrons, 15 electrons flame. The results will depend on which salts
you tested.
3 An element is a substance that cannot be
broken down into anything simpler by
chemical means.
Atoms are the particles that make up all
substances; they are the smallest particle
of an element that shows the properties
of that element; they can join together to
make molecules.
Each element has its own type of atom – the
atoms of an element all have the same number
of protons and electrons.

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Chapter 2 continued
Questions 4 a 14
C has more neutrons in the nucleus ;
it has 8 neutrons compared with
9 a first shell, maximum 2: second shell, 6 in 12C [3]
maximum 8
b 2,6 ; [1]
b 2,8,8,2
c i 4 ; [1]
c 8 in both cases
ii 4 ; [1]
10 6 in both cases
5 a It is the outer electrons of an atom that
11 a A and C, they have 4 electrons in their give rise to its chemical properties.
outer shells Same number of electrons in
outer shell ; [2]
b D, has 8 electrons in its outer shell
b (70 × 63) + (30 × 65) / 100 = 63.6 ;
c B, has 7 outer electrons
[1 mark for partial working. Answer
d C and D, they have electrons in 3 alone 2 marks] [2]
energy levels
e 14; there are a total of 14 electrons in
the atom, therefore there must be 14
protons in the nucleus as an atom must be
electrically neutral

Exam-style questions
1 C ; [1]
2 A ; [1]
3 a the number of protons in the nucleus
of an atom ; [1]
b mass number is protons + neutrons
argon has 2 more neutrons ; [2]

c
particle charge mass position in
atom
proton + 1 in the
nucleus
neutron 0 1 in the
nucleus
electron − 1/1840 orbiting the
nucleus
 [5]

d hydrogen ; [1]
e they both have full/complete
outer shells ; [1]

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Chapter 3
Science in context: c MgCl
–
2

Exploiting the properties Cl

of graphene
Mg 2+ –
1 There are two forms of carbon that have been
known for some time: diamond and graphite. Cl
In more recent times the following forms
of carbon have been discovered: fullerenes
(such as C60 and C70), which are sometimes 7 A
referred to as bucky balls. This research was
extended to discover tubular forms referred to 8 A
as nanotubes. Most recently, the single-layered 9 C
form of carbon known as graphene has been
isolated. Many of these recently discovered 10 D
forms show a close relationship to graphite in
terms of their properties. Exam-style questions
2 Graphite is a layered structure, with each layer 1 A ; [1]
being a covalently bonded macromolecule.
These layers are very strong and so are very 2 a C ; [1]
resistant to forces applied at right angles to the b the structure shown is of an ionic
layer. However, the layers can slide over each compound ; potassium bromide is the
other so a force applied from the side causes only ionic compound in the list ; [2]
the layers to slip. The strength of graphite
depends on its orientation. 3 a potassium has lost an electron ;
chlorine has gained an electron ; [2]
Questions b diagram showing one shared pair of
1 All the atoms of an element contain the same electrons between atoms / 3 pairs
number of protons (and the same number non-bonding electrons on each atom ;  [2]
of electrons).
Cl Cl
2 D
3 C
c covalent ; [1]
4 C
d KCl high melting point / Cl2 low
5 C melting point (or b.p.) ; OR KCl is a solid
at room temperature and Cl2 a gas [1]
6 a LiF
–

4 a in calcium chloride solution the mobile

Li + F
ions carry the charge in solution / the
ions are fixed in position in the solid ; [2]
b 2−
Na O
2 b by melting it ; [1]
Na + O
Na + c ionic bonds are strong electrostatic
forces / intermolecular forces in water
are weak interactions ; [2]
5 a graphite has strong covalent bonds
between the atoms in the layers /
delocalised electrons between the
layers of atoms are free to move ; [2]

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Chapter 3 continued
b graphite has layers which can slide over
each other ;
diamond has a three-dimensional lattice
in which all the atoms are bonded ; [2]
c i ionic solids have oppositely charged
ions that attract each other strongly
but when layers are pushed out of
line the ions repel each other ; in
metals, the metal ions are attracted
to a mobile cloud of electrons and
so the layers of ions can move ;  [2]
ii the charged particles in an ionic solid
are fixed in position
the electrons in a metal lattice are
free to move ;  [2]

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Chapter 4
Science in context: e 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3

What’s in a name? f 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

1 Lv = livermorium / Fl = flerovium / 3 a H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

Cn = copernicium
Lv named in recognition of the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory in the
United States.
Fl named after the Flerov Laboratory of
Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, where
the element was discovered in 1998; (honours
the Russian physicist, Georgy Flyorov)
Cn named after the Polish
astronomer, Copernicus
Cm = curium and Mt = meitnerium are the
only two elements named after women.
b 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
c Mg + ZnCl2 → MgCl2 + Zn
4 Solid sodium carbonate reacts with
hydrochloric acid solution to give sodium
chloride solution and carbon dioxide gas.
Water, a liquid, is also produced.
5 a Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s)
b Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s)
6 a HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)

2 176 neutrons b 2HCl(aq) + CuCO3(s) →

CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Atoms are only very short-lived and so not
easy to determine the mass number definitively 2H+(aq) + CO32−(s) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
– may be a number of isotopes.
Study of the chemistry and physics of the Worked examples
nucleus – structure of the nucleus and
4.5 Mass of hydrated magnesium sulfate crystals
possibility of reaching a zone of more
= 22.50 − 10.20 = 12.30 g
stable elements.
Mass of dehydrated crystals
= 16.20 − 10.20 = 6.00 g
Worked examples
Mass of water combined in crystals
4.1 a CH4 b NCl3 = 12.30 − 6.00 = 6.30 g
4.2 a MgI2 b AlBr3 4.6 4.5 g (4.48 rounded to one decimal place)
4.3 a K3PO4 b NH4NO3
Questions
4.4 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
7 a covalent
Questions b ionic
1 a iron + oxygen → iron(III) oxide c CH4, NaI, C3H6, ICl3, BrF5, HBr
b sodium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → 8 a 32
sodium sulfate + water
b 17
c sodium + water →
sodium hydroxide + hydrogen c 98
2 a 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO d 119
b N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 e 188
c 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O 9 a 100
d 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O b 6g

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Chapter 4 continued
Exam-style questions
1 A ; [1]
2 a H3PO4 (order of elements not critical) ;[1]
b magnesium carbonate (s) + phosphoric
acid (aq) → magnesium phosphate (aq) +
carbon dioxide (g) + water (l)
([1] for substances and [1] for
state symbols ;)

c 24 + 12 + (3 × 16) = 84
(partially correct calculation = [1] ;) [2]
d Relative formula mass is the sum of the
relative atomic masses of the elements
in a compound. ; [1]
e (1.2/6) × 21 = 4.2 g
(partial calculation = [1] ;) [2]
3 C ; [1]
4 a C2H4O ; [1]
b 88 ; [1]
c Mg(s) + 2C3H7COOH(aq) →
Mg(C3H7COO)2(aq) + H2(g) ;
(state symbols [1] ; formula of
magnesium butanoate [1] ; balancing [1] ;
correct substances [1] ;)

d The sum of the relative atomic masses

of the elements in the compound ;  [2]
[1 mark if only the simpler terms,
masses or atomic masses are used.]

e magnesium butanoate (or any ionic

compound) is not made up of molecules
and so cannot have a molecular mass ; [1]

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Chapter 5
Getting started 5.3 mol Mg = 4/24 = 0.167 mol
mol acid = 5.48/36.5 = 0.15 mol
The balloons will all contain the same number
of characteristic particles (atoms for B and D / from equation 1 mol Mg reacts with 2 mol acid
molecules for A and C).
therefore 0.167 mol would react with
Balloon B will fall fastest; the constituent particles 0.3 mol acid
of the gas have the heaviest mass.
HCl is the limiting reagent.

Science in context: 5.4 from equation 2 mol Al gives 2 mol aluminium

Chemical accountancy and chloride (1 : 1 ratio)

atom economy mol Al = 4.5/27 = 0.167 mol

0.167 mol aluminium chloride = 22.29 g
1 Other costs: energy costs / safety costs in terms
of the physical plant / level of manpower % purity = (17.8/22.29) × 100 = 79.9%
needed / cost of unwanted by-products
5.5 Percentage by mass of N = 21.2%
2 Marketing should consider uses for the
5.6 Percentage by mass of water = 62.9%
by-products and then convincingly ‘sell’
their usefulness
Questions
Worked example 4 a 28.2% b 18.7%
5.1 1 18 g/mol 5 The mole is that amount of substance that
contains 6.02 × 1023 constituent particles (e.g.
2 0.125 mol
atoms, molecules). It is equal to the relative
formula mass (relative molecular mass) of a
Questions substance in grams.
1 a 0.4 mol 6 The percentage yield of a product from a
b 2.41 × 10 formula units / 2.41 × 10 Na
23 23 + reaction is the proportion of the theoretical
ions and 2.41 × 1023 OH– ions yield that is actually obtained. The percentage
purity of the product of a reaction is a
2 molar ratio of Cu : Fe : S is 1 : 1 : 2 measure of how contaminated the product is.
empirical formula = CuFeS2
Worked examples
3 a molar ratio of C : H : O is 1 : 3 : 1
5.7 a 22 g of carbon dioxide = 0.5 mol
empirical formula = CH3O
volume of gas = 12 dm3
b molar mass of CH3O = 31
b number of moles nitrogen = 1.5 mol
so actual formula is C2H6O2
mass of nitrogen = 28 × 1.5 = 42 g
c H H
5.8 Molar concentration = 0.1 mol/dm3
HO C C OH
5.9 a mol acid used
H H = (0.2/1000) × 25 = 0.005 (5 × 10−3) mol
Worked examples b molar ratio 1 : 2, so mol NaOH = 0.01 mol

5.2 1 32 g methane = 2 mol methane c 0.01 mol NaOH in 10 cm3

reacting ratio of methane : oxygen is 1 : 2 concentration of NaOH solution
= (0.01/10) × 1000 = 1 mol/dm3
reacts with 4 mol oxygen = 64 g of oxygen

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Chapter 5 continued
Questions 5 a 0.12/24 = 0.005 mol [1]
b 0.005 mol [1]
7 a 0.02 moles
c 1 mol BaCO3 = 137 + 12 + (16 × 3)
b 2 moles
= 197 g [1]
c 0.07 moles
d mass of barium carbonate =
8 a 36 000 cm3 0.005 × 197 = 0.985 g [1]
b 1440 cm3 e % purity = (0.985/1.23) × 100 = 80% [1]
c 12 000 cm3
9 a 2 mol/dm3
b 0.2 mol/dm3
c 1 mol/dm3
d 0.8 g of NaOH = 0.2 moles; 0.2 mol/dm3

Exam-style questions
1 D ; [1]
2 a 40/12, 53.3/16, 6.7/1 = 3.33 : 3.33 : 6.7
empirical formula = COH2
([1] for each step) ; [3]

b molecular formula
= (COH2) × 2 = C2O2H4 ; [1]
c 12/60 = 0.2 mol in 250 cm3 /
concentration = 0.2 × 4 = 0.8 mol/dm3 ; [2]
([1] for units)  [3]

3 a potassium carbonate ; [1]

b 0.005, 0.005, 0.42 g ; [3]
c (0.35/0.42) × 100 = 83.3% ;  [2]
4 a C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O ; [2]
([1] for correct formulae, [1] for balancing)
b volume ratio of propane to carbon
dioxide is 1 : 3 ; 100 × 3 = 300 cm3 ; [2]
(Wrong answer to part a can be carried
through to gain marks here.)
c 50 cm3 of methane forms 50 cm3 of
carbon dioxide ;
water condenses at room temperature and
pressure so not counted ;
excess of oxygen is 50 cm3 so total
is 100 cm3 ; [3]

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Chapter 6
Getting started
1 Wiring is most often made of copper (due to
high conductivity and flexibility).
2 Wiring is usually covered in plastic coating to
insulate the wires to ensure that the electricity
is conducted to where it is intended to go.
Plastic is used as the insulator as it is generally
flexible which is helpful as it can be easily
manipulated and will not crack.
3 Liquid metals do conduct electricity. Other
liquids that conduct include molten and
aqueous solutions of ionic substances.
Science in context:
The hydrogen economy
1 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
The reaction is exothermic, generating
electrical energy.
2 The fuel cell is considered to be environmentally
advantageous as the only emissions are
water vapour. However, to be considered
carbon-neutral involves a broader range of
considerations. These include the origins of the
raw materials – particularly the hydrogen and
the energy source used to generate it. There is
‘grey hydrogen’ obtained by steam-reforming
natural gas, or from electrolysis of water where
the electricity is produced by fossil fuel power
stations. ‘Green hydrogen’ is hydrogen from the
electrolysis of water using electricity generated
by solar or wind power.
Questions
1 a i, iii, iv and v conduct electricity.
b iii and v are electrolytes (aqueous
solutions of ionic compounds).
2 a The ionic solid does not conduct as the
ions present cannot move about (they can
only vibrate at fixed positions).
b Melt it or dissolve it in water.
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3 When a metal conducts electricity it is the
delocalised electrons present in the structure
that move through the metal to carry the
charge / in aqueous solutions of ionic
compounds it is the ions present that move to
carry the charge.
Experimental skills 6.1
1 Depends on the equipment available but a
reliable power pack to adjust the voltage
applied is useful / use of an ammeter rather
than a light bulb to detect flow of current.
2 The electrodes would need to be thoroughly
cleaned with sandpaper / washed in propanone
and then dried / weigh the electrodes on as
accurate a balance as is available.
Questions
4 a potassium at cathode and chlorine
at anode
b hydrogen at cathode and chlorine
at anode
5 metal is formed at the cathode and a
non-metal at the anode
6 a the object to be plated is made
the cathode
b copper(II) sulfate solution
7 a 2Br−(l) → Br2(g) + 2e−
b because the lead ions have
gained electrons
8 steam-reforming of methane (natural gas)
9 electrolysis of water using electricity generated
by solar or wind power
10 2H2(g) → 4H+(aq) + 4e−
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 6 continued
Exam-style questions
1 C ; [1]
2 A ; [1]
3 a B;
b E;
c F;
d D;
e C ; [5]
4 a i cathode ; [1]
ii electrolyte ;  [1]
b arrows pointing (clockwise) away from
negative and towards positive ; [1]
c dilute sulfuric acid ; [1]
d carbon or platinum ;  [1]
5 a i cathode gains in mass ; [1]
ii anode does not change ; [1]
b the blue colour would fade to colourless ;[1]
c 4OH− → O2 + 2H2O + 4e−
(correct product [1] ;
balanced equation [1] ;)
d i the anode would lose mass [1] ; /
copper anode dissolves to form ions
[1] ; cathode increases in mass [1] ; /
copper deposited on cathode [1] ;
ii the solution colour would not change
[1] ; / concentration of copper ions in
solution remains the same [1] ;
e movement of copper ions [1] ; from anode
to cathode [1] ;

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Chapter 7
Science in context: Keeping cool! 8 bonds broken = (4 × 464) + (2 × 144)
bonds made = (4 × 464) + (1 × 498)
1 CFCs were very stable compounds and
were not degraded (broken down) until they enthalpy of reaction
reached the upper atmosphere where they = bonds broken – bonds made = −210 kJ/mol
released chlorine free radicals. These radicals reaction is exothermic
reacted with the ozone layer protecting
the Earth from harmful UV radiation. 9 For a reaction to take place some bonds in
‘Holes’ appeared in the upper atmosphere, the reacting substances must first be broken.
particularly over the Earth’s poles. CFCs were Bond breaking is an endothermic process
banned by the Montreal Protocol. CFCs are and therefore there is always a need for some
also greenhouse gases. energy to be supplied by the surroundings to
start off a reaction.
2 Use of refrigerants greatly improved food
storage and preservation and allowed for
the long-distance transportation of foods.
Exam-style questions
Air-conditioning made the workplace much 1 B ; [1]
more comfortable in regions of intense or
extreme climate. 2 a increase [1] ;
b physical [1] ;
Questions
c increase [1] ;
1 a physical
d chemical [1] ;
b chemical
e chemical [1] ;
c physical
3 a effervescence/fizzing/bubbles ; [1]
d physical
b bubbling stops ; [1]
2 a exothermic
c endothermic [1] ; because the
b exothermic temperature goes down [1] ;
c exothermic d exothermic [1] ; products have less
energy than the reactants [1] ;
d endothermic
4 a energy to break bonds = 2253 kJ/mol [1] ;
3 A new substance(s) has been formed.
energy forming bonds = 2346 kJ/mol [1] ;
4 an endothermic reaction difference = 93 kJ/mol [1] ;
5 correct sign (−) [1] ;
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) b +93 kJ/mol ; [2]
Energy / kJ

ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) c [1] for each correct label

(see Figure 7.15) ; [2]
d made activation energy EA lower ; [1]

Progress of reaction

6 The energy of the reactants is lower than the

energy of the products / upwards arrow.
7 Bond breaking is endothermic.

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Chapter 8
Science in context:
Studying incredibly fast reactions
1 carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
The photosynthesis reaction maintains
the level of oxygen in the atmosphere and
removes carbon dioxide. The two biochemical
processes of photosynthesis and respiration
maintain the balance between these two gases
that are important for life. Other important
reactions include those involved in the making
of proteins and the copying of DNA.
2 The keys factors in industry are achieving
sufficient product in as economic a way as
possible. The reaction processes used must
give a yield at a reasonable rate as time is
an economic cost. The product must also
be achieved in a system that is safe and
environmentally sustainable.
Questions
1 a rate increases
b rate increases
c rate increases
2 The reactions that would spoil the food are
slowed down at the lower temperature.
3 at the beginning
4 A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction but is not itself used up in
the course of the reaction.
5 biological catalyst
6 manganese(IV) oxide
7 changes in temperature and pH
8 The presence of a catalyst decreases the
activation energy of a reaction.
9 a An increased temperature means that
the particles are moving faster and will
therefore collide more frequently; when
they collide, more particles will have
energy greater than the activation energy
so there will be more collisions that result
in a reaction.
14 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
b There will be more surface area of
the solid exposed to the reactant and
therefore more frequent collisions.
c Greater concentration means there are more
reactant molecules present and so there will
be a greater frequency of collision.
Exam-style questions
1 B ; [1]
2 a because the reaction is complete
(has stopped) ;  [1]
b 20/30 = 0.67 [1] ; unit cm3/s [1] ;
c gas syringe ; [1]
d any two from:
• increase temperature ;
• smaller pieces of calcium carbonate ;
• more concentrated acid ; [2]
3 a the rate of reaction is inversely
proportional to the time for the cross
to disappear ; [1]
b as the temperature increases the cross
is obscured (becomes hidden) in a
shorter time / the reaction rate
increases with temperature so the
cross becomes hidden faster ; [2]
c the reaction rate increases with an increase
in temperature because the particles
are moving faster and so collide more
frequently [1] ; / the particles have more
kinetic energy and so more collisions
involve energy greater than the activation
energy [1] ; / more collisions produce
a reaction [1] ;
4 a smaller particles have a larger surface area
[1] so there are more collisions [1] ;
b collisions are more frequent [1] ; and
a higher proportion have sufficient energy
to react [1] ;
c copper acts as a catalyst [1] ; catalysts are
not consumed by the reaction [1] ;
d hydrogen is a very light gas [1] ; so
the change in mass is not sufficient to
be detected [1] ;
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK
Chapter 9
Getting started
1 A crop is a plant that is grown on a large scale
in order to sell it.
2 This answer will depend on where learners
live but could include a type of cereal, fruits
or vegetables.
3 Crops need sunlight and water but
also nutrients.
4 A fertiliser contains the nutrients that plants
need. It can be added to soil to improve
plant growth.
5 An organic fertiliser is made of a natural
product such as manure. An artificial fertiliser
is manufactured.
Science in context:
Revolutionising food production
1 Iron is a much more readily available metal
and more economically suitable.
2 Apart from cost, there are environmental
issues involved in mining for the rarer metals
as such mining often involves development in
environmentally sensitive areas.
Questions
1 a The white powder turns blue.
b as a test for the presence of water
c CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4.5H2O(s)
2 Test to see that it boils at 100 °C.
3 The reverse reaction to form the anhydrous
salt requires heat (is endothermic); therefore,
the reaction to add water back must give out
heat (exothermic).
4 a i There is no effect as there are the
same number of moles of gas on both
sides of the equation.
ii Increasing pressure will move the
position of the equilibrium to the
right, more NO2
15 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
b Increasing the temperature favours the
endothermic process, so the equilibrium
position will move to the right. / The
equilibrium counteracts the external
change in conditions so the endothermic
process absorbs the heat being supplied.
5 a Hydrogen is obtained by the steam-
reforming of methane:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)
b burning sulfur or the roasting of metal
sulfide ores such as zinc sulfide
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
c the air
6 a 450 °C / iron catalyst / 20 000 kPa pressure
b Increased pressure would produce
more ammonia.
c Increased temperature would yield
less ammonia.
d The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are
recirculated so that they can further react
to give more ammonia / so that they react
the second time around (saves producing
more raw materials).
7 a to replace nutrients that have been lost
from the soil by plant growth / to increase
crop yield
b because these are the three elements
needed by plants, which can become used
up in soil
8 a nitric acid and ammonia
(ammonium hydroxide)
b phosphoric acid and ammonia
(ammonium hydroxide)
c sulfuric acid and ammonia
(ammonium hydroxide)
9 They are washed off fields by rain and end
up in streams and rivers / algal growth /
eutrophication / acidification of soils by
excessive use of nitrates.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 9 continued
Exam-style questions
1 a reversible reaction ; [1]
b turns green/blue [1] ; and gets hot [1] ;
c anhydrous [1] ; cobalt chloride
turns pink [1] ;
2 B ; [1]
3 C ; [1]
4 a advantage: increases rate [1] ;
disadvantage: causes decomposition
of ethanol [1] ;
b makes particles closer together (more
collisions) [1] ; moves equilibrium to the
right (forward) [1] ;
c to speed it up ; [1]
d none ; [1]
e ethanol is constantly removed from the
reactor [1] , which draws reaction to the
right (so reverse reaction doesn’t happen)
[1] ;
5 a nitrogen from the air [1] ; hydrogen from
methane/water [1] ;
b A higher temperature would make the
reaction faster [1] ; but would also move
equilibrium position to the left (move
reaction backwards) [1] ;
c Higher pressure is costly to produce ; [1]
d The catalyst becomes poisoned / doesn’t
work as efficiently ; [1]
e The catalyst is finely divided or pelleted
to increase the surface area so that more
of the reactant gases can attach and
react together. ; [1]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 10
Getting started b No, even in a reaction such as the burning
of magnesium the magnesium is obviously
• Oxygen is the gas in the air that is involved in oxidised, but the oxygen has been reduced
burning magnesium and hydrogen popping in that it is no longer the free element.
when ignited.
7 a +3
• Reduction is the loss of oxygen.
b +5
Science in context: c 0
Fuelling the international d +3
space programme e +6
1 Redox reactions are usually used to drive 8 a Zn2+ ions
an engine or as an explosive reaction. Very
fast reactions / producing a large amount b Br2
of energy / rapid expansion in volume. The
c MnO4−
products of an explosive reaction are likely
to be gaseous. 9 b colourless to yellow-brown / c purple
to colourless
2 N2H4(g) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Questions Exam-style questions

1 a C ; [1]
1 A, B and D
b B ; [1]
2 A and B
2 B ; [1]
3 reduction
3 a F ; [1]
4 a An oxidising agent is a substance that
will oxidise (add oxygen to) another b A ; [1]
substance and is itself reduced during
a redox reaction. Examples: oxygen / c C ; [1]
hydrogen peroxide / chlorine / d B or F ; [1]
potassium manganate(VII)
e D ; [1]
b A reducing agent is an element or
compound that will reduce (remove f E ; [1]
oxygen from) another substance and is
g F ; [1]
itself oxidised during a redox reaction.
Examples: hydrogen / carbon / carbon 4 a potassium manganate(VII) [1] ;
monoxide / a reactive metal
b iron(II) sulfate [1] ;
5 Reduction is the gain of electrons; oxidation
is the loss of electrons. During a redox c Fe3+ [1] ;
reaction the oxidising agent gains electrons; d Chlorine is an oxidising agent and so
the oxidising agent is itself reduced during oxidises iodide ions to iodine molecules
the reaction. (electrons have been lost). The chlorine
6 a The definition involving gain or loss of molecules are reduced to chloride ions
oxygen is the more straightforward to (electrons have been gained). ; [2]
understand; but that based on electrons
includes more reactions, and is more
useful in that sense.

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Chapter 10 continued
5 a +2 ; [1]
b −2 ; [1]
c 0 ; [1]
d +4 ; [1]
e −3 ; [1]
f +6 ; [1]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 11
Science in context: 6 potassium hydroxide and
ammonium hydroxide
The significance of language
7 a blue
1 Many of these terms come from what
was an impressive age of Islamic science b S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
and mathematics centred around the c magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
Mediterranean (including southern Spain).
Modern terms such as algebra have an Arabic 8 An amphoteric oxide is one that will neutralise
origin. The period was linked to the practice both an acid and an alkali to give a salt and
of alchemy, which included some truly water only.
experimental science together with the more Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
mystical aspects and practices.
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) →
2 Strong alkali needs to be removed from soap 2NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
as it causes skin burns and can be particularly
dangerous for the eyes. Modern soaps do have 9 zinc hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide
an interestingly wide range of pH. Most are zinc hydroxide + sodium hydroxide →
not actually neutral (pH = 7.0). It is worth sodium zincate + water
investigating; same are slightly acidic, while
others are mildly alkaline. Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NaOH(aq) →
Na2ZnO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Questions or aluminium hydroxide + sodium hydroxide
→ sodium aluminate + water
1 a A corrosive substance ‘eats’ things away.
Al(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq) →
b citric acid NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
c ethanoic acid
Experimental skills 11.1
2 a It changes its colour depending on
whether it is in an acidic or alkaline 1 You need to consider the effectiveness of the
solution. whole tablet and then the mass of powder
used. You need to work out a value for how
b i alkaline
much acid has been neutralised per unit mass
ii neutral of the tablet.

iii alkaline 2 For example:

iv acidic magnesium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid →

magnesium chloride + water
3 pH 1 is more acidic (1000 times more acidic
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid →
than pH 4).
calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
4 a H2SO4 Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
b HCl
3 To make the solid more accessible to the acid
5 a They are equal. and to speed up the reaction.

b hydroxide ion, OH−

c i hydrogen ions and nitrate ions
ii calcium ions and hydroxide ions
iii ammonium ions and hydroxide ions

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Chapter 11 continued
Questions b CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO-(aq) +
H+(aq) ([1] ; for equation, [1] ; for
10 An acid is a proton donor; a base is a reversible arrow) ;
proton acceptor.
c Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
11 a i CuO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → ([1] ; for compounds, [1] ; for balancing)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
d Amphoteric ; [1]
ii Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
e marking points as follows:
ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
• aluminium hydroxide is insoluble
b Zn has lost electrons and H+ ions
in water ;
have gained electrons; Zn atoms have
been oxidised. • aluminium hydroxide dissolves in
sodium hydroxide solution /
12 a HCl(g) + aq → H (aq) + Cl (aq)
+ −
it is amphoteric ;
b Hydrochloric acid is fully dissociated into
• the reaction is reversible ;
ions (it is a strong acid); ethanoic acid is a
weak acid (only partially dissociated into • hydrochloric acid makes the reaction
ions); so, there will be more ions present go backwards / equilibrium shifts
in the hydrochloric acid solution and the to left ; [Max. 3]
electrical conductivity will be higher.

Exam-style questions
1 B ; [1]
2 D ; [1]
3 a red ;  [1]
b calcium carbonate (s) + hydrochloric acid
(aq) → calcium chloride (aq) + water (l) +
carbon dioxide (g)
([1] ; for compounds, [1] ;
for state symbols. ;)
c limewater turns milky/cloudy ; [1]
d carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide (or
simply acidic) ; [1]
e metal oxides are basic [1] ; non-metal
oxides are acidic [1] ;
f test with universal indicator [1] ; note
colour change [1] ; compare with colour
chart to find pH value [1] ;
4 a H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO42−(aq)
([1] ; for substances, [1] ; for state
symbols, allow H2SO4(l) and equations
involving water molecules as long as they
are balanced. ;)

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK
Chapter 12
Getting started
• It is sometimes called table salt because people
add salt to their food. The salt is placed in a
container on the table.
• Salt is necessary for the regulation of many
bodily functions including maintaining the
body’s overall balance of fluid.
• Salt may be found dissolved in seas and
oceans. Salt can also be found in rocks
(rock salt).
Science in context:
The significance of salt
1 To preserve food / to add flavour (saltiness is
one of the basic human senses) / some cultures
use soy sauce, fish sauce or oyster sauce to
flavour food rather than table salt.
2 Salt (sodium chloride) is present in the body
and is soluble in water. Loss of salt produces
muscle cramps. It is replaced by drinking
isotonic drinks (isotonic means the same ion
concentration as in our cells).
Questions
1 a sulfuric acid
b nitric acid
c carbonic acid
2 a sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
b calcium hydroxide and nitric acid
c ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) and
sulfuric acid
3 a nitric acid
b potassium sulfate and ammonium nitrate
Experimental skills 12.1
1 copper(II) oxide + sulfuric acid → copper(II)
sulfate + water
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
21 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
2 That the copper oxide was present in
excess / this makes sure that all the acid is
reacted / this is important as the solution is
concentrated by heating after filtration, and
hot, concentrated acid is dangerous.
Questions
4 a magnesium chloride
b calcium nitrate
c zinc sulfate
5 a to make sure all the acid is reacted/used up
b filtration
c pipette, burette
d yellow
e If heated too strongly, the salt could
dehydrate (lose water of crystallisation) or
even decompose.
6 a method B
b sulfuric acid
c zinc + sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + water
7 a Precipitation is the sudden formation of a
solid when two solutions are mixed, or a
gas passed into a solution.
b A method in which an acid solution and
an alkali are reacted precisely to produce
a salt solution; the salt can be crystallised
from the solution produced.
c An ionic equation includes just those ions
and molecules that actually take part in
the reaction.
8 A and C / silver iodide and lead(II) chloride
9 a sodium sulfate
b white
c Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s)
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 12 continued
Exam-style questions
1 B ; [1]
2 a sodium chloride or copper sulfate ;
sodium too reactive and so unsafe /
copper does not react with dilute acids [1]
b sodium chloride ;  [1]
c barium sulfate ; [1]
d potassium carbonate ; [1]
3 a bubbles / effervescence / fizzing ; [1]
b to ensure all the sulfuric acid was
reacted / used up ; [1]
c fizzing would stop, or excess
solid remained ; [1]
d filter [1] ; heat to crystallisation
point [1] ; separate/dry crystals [1] ;
4 A ; [1]
5 a lead nitrate [1] ; sodium, potassium or
other soluble chloride [1] ;
b mix solutions of the substances [1] ;
filter and keep the residue [1] ;
wash the residue [1] ;
dry the residue [1] ;
6 a insoluble calcium sulfate [1] ; stops the
acid reaching the carbonate [1] ;
b use hydrochloric or nitric acid instead ;[1]
c sodium, potassium, copper
or magnesium ; [1]

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Chapter 13
Science in context: 8 a sodium, Na
The women behind the b silicon, Si
Periodic Table 9 Alkali metals are soft, transition metals
are hard / alkali metals have low density,
1 Discuss the historic social and religious
transition metals have high density / alkali
attitudes to the role of women in society in
metals have just one valency (oxidation
different parts of the world – their role and
number), transition metals show variable
access to education; and opportunity to
oxidation number / alkali metal compounds
pursue an independent career.
are white solids, transition metal compounds
2 Consider the modern situation in different are coloured.
cultures and the development of attitudes,
10 D
opportunities and perceptions.

Questions Exam-style questions

1 D ; [1]
1 potassium hydroxide
2 B ; [1]
2 lithium + water → lithium hydroxide +
hydrogen 3 a iodine ; [1]
3 a approximately 40 °C (note that the b lithium ;  [1]
difference between one element and the
next is getting smaller as we go down c bromine ;  [1]
the group) d potassium [1] ; chlorine [1] ;
b Rubidium will react more strongly with 4 a false ; [1]
water than potassium.
b false ; [1]
4 chlorine of the ones available in a school lab
(and fluorine) c true ; [1]

5 They all have 8 electrons in their outer shell, d true ; [1]

except for helium in the first period, which has
e true ; [1]
the maximum possible of 2.
5 a they have coloured compounds [1] ;
6 a C
they act as catalysts [1] ;
b PH3 they have variable oxidation states [1] ;

7 The elements move from metallic character in b CrO is ionically bonded [1] ;
the first two or three groups to non-metallic CrO3 is covalently bonded [1] ;
character; the non-metallic elements in the
c amphoteric ; [1]
centre of the period are giant covalent solids,
moving to simple molecular gases on the right
of the period.

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Chapter 14
Science in context: Smart alloys 8 a copper

remember that shape! b plastic

1 The name is made up of the chemical symbols 9 a any two from iron, chromium and nickel
of the elements in the alloy: nickel (Ni) and b hardness and corrosion resistance
titanium (Ti), and the initials of the Naval
Ordnance Laboratory (NOL).
Exam-style questions
2 They are good conductors of heat and
electricity / flexible without breaking / 1 C ; [1]
corrosion resistant / biocompatible. 2 D ; [1]

Questions 3 Property Metals Non-metals

1 a can be beaten into sheets / gives a ringing They conduct True False
sound when hit / conducts heat well / electricity
conducts electricity well They react with True True
oxygen in the air
b is an insulator / has a dull surface
They are brittle False True
2 a graphite They can easily be True False
b sodium and potassium bent and shaped
They have high True False
c mercury
melting points
d diamond [1 mark for each row correct] ; [5]
3 Metals conduct electricity / metals are 4 a Its low density ; [1]
malleable and ductile.
b Its resistance to corrosion ; [1]
The fact that there are mobile, delocalised
electrons in the structure of a metal means c Because of its low density ; [1]
that they conduct electricity. Metallic bonding
means that the layers of metal ions in the d Copper [1] ; Because it is a
structure can move over each other without better conductor [1] ;
the bonding breaking; therefore they are e Alloy ; Conductor ; Metal ; Mixture ;
malleable and ductile. [1 mark for each correct answer] [4]
4 B f It does not rust/corrode [1] ;
5 copper and silver it is an alloy containing chromium
and nickel [1] ;
6 a metal + water → metal hydroxide +
hydrogen 5 a layers of atoms / ions can slide over
each other ; [1]
b metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen
b the larger atoms prevent layers sliding
c i Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 over each other. ; [1]
ii 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 c Yes [1] ; Electrons are still free to move
around the metal ions [1] ;
7 a D
b brass or steel

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 15
Science in context: The search for 6 Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

longer-lasting battery power Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)

1 Modern batteries depend increasingly on 7 This question is speculative – look at the first
relatively rare metals such as cobalt. This letters of the metals in order and see if you
means that there is pressure to exploit can think of a phrase or sentence!
mineral deposits in environmentally sensitive
areas, e.g. Alaska. These resources will be Exam-style questions
depleted rapidly if batteries continue to be
1 C ; [1]
used disposably.
2 a bubbles/fizzing/effervescence [1] ; /
2 Graphite rods are used in batteries.
magnesium dissolves [1] ;
Questions b no reaction (accept very
slow bubbles) ; [1]
1 D
c iron, unknown metal, magnesium,
2 a hydrogen calcium [2] ; (one out of order [1] ;)
b potassium hydroxide d zinc ; [1]
c sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + e burning splint [1] ; pops [1] ;
hydrogen (glowing splint pops = [1]) ;
d 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 3 a aqueous copper sulfate ;  [1]
3 a strong and has a low density b iron ; [1]
b Aluminium is coated with a very thin c Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) →
oxide layer that protects it from corrosion. Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2Ag(s) ;
c copper [1 mark for substances, 1 mark for
balancing, 1 mark for state symbol] [3]
Experimental skills 15.1
d copper becomes coated with silver
1 The reaction would be exothermic, but the coating ; solution changes from
rise in temperature would not be as great as colourless to blue [2]
that observed when zinc reacts with copper(II)
sulfate solution. e zinc is more reactive than copper ; [1]

2 Carry out the experiments in polystyrene 4 a zinc is the reducing agent / it removes
cups to prevent heat loss or lag the boiling oxygen from CuO ; [2]
tube with cotton wool / take more frequent b zinc atoms lose electrons to become
temperature readings to find the maximum Zn2+ ions / Cu2+ ions gain electrons to
temperature reached more accurately. become copper atoms ; [2]

Questions c magnesium is more reactive than zinc

/ it is more ready to form positive
4 magnesium + copper(II) sulfate → magnesium ions than zinc / so it removes oxygen
sulfate + copper from copper(II) oxide more readily
than zinc ; [2]
5 Magnesium becomes coated with a layer of
copper / the colour of the blue solution fades.

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK
Chapter 16
Science in context:
Mining the ocean floor
1 The metallic nodules are rich in the metals in
demand and it would be relatively easy to extract
the required metals. There are various different
sites in different regions of the ocean floor. The
damage to the ocean floor itself through what is
effectively open-cast mining would be significant,
as would the damage to the habitat of marine
species about which we know relatively little.
2 The dependence on a single land-based source
is open to political and economic dangers;
and could lead to exploitation of the local
population and create socio-economic tensions.
Experimental skills 16.1
1 The formation of red-brown copper metal.
2 2CuO + C → 2Cu + CO2
Questions
1 To combine with the silicon(IV) oxide (sand)
and remove it as slag
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
2 carbon monoxide
iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide → iron +
carbon dioxide
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
3 silicon(IV) oxide + calcium oxide → calcium
silicate
SiO2 + CaO → CaSiO3
4 Because of the high cost of electricity, which
is needed in large quantities / also the carbon
anodes need replacing regularly.
5 The cryolite lowers the melting point of the
electrolyte / because this makes the temperature
needed to melt the aluminium oxide much lower.
6 Because the oxygen produced at the anode
causes the graphite anodes to burn away as
carbon dioxide.
7 water and air (oxygen) / salt water or acid rain
8 painting / greasing / covering with plastic
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9 Zinc is more effective because if the surface
layer is broken the zinc will still protect the
steel beneath as it is more reactive than iron
(sacrificial protection) / chromium will not
protect if the layer is broken as it is less
reactive than iron.
Exam-style questions
1 D ; [1]
2 B ; [1]
3 a hematite ; [1]
b carbon monoxide ; [1]
c because of the high temperature in
the furnace ; [1]
d calcium oxide/carbonate [1] ; reacting
with impurities in the ore [1] ;
4 a the air ; [1]
b it produces the heat needed in
the furnace ; the carbon dioxide is
then reduced in the furnace to give
carbon monoxide [2]
c from oxygen ions [1] ; discharged at
the anode [1] ;
d The carbon anode burns away [1] ;
and so has to be replaced [1] ;
e It reacts with the silica (silicon dioxide)
impurity in the ore [1] ;
forming calcium silicate slag [1] ;
5 a galvanisation ; [1]
b it is more resistant to damage but
still protects even if the zinc layer is
scratched or broken ; [1]
c the zinc or magnesium is more reactive
than iron [1] ; these metals more readily
form positive ions than iron [1] ; so
they are corroded rather than the iron /
sacrificial protection [1] ;
d Aluminium does not corrode because it
has a natural surface layer of aluminium
oxide. [1] ; This protects the metal by
preventing it coming into contact
with air. [1] ;
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK
Chapter 17
Science in context: The growing
problem of air pollution
1 Possible reasons include population density
(the greater the number of people, the higher
the levels of pollution will tend to be),
presence of particular types of industry (living
closer to large factories will generally mean
poorer air quality), impact of events such as
forest/bush fires, government initiatives to
reduce levels of airborne pollution, etc.
2 Factors that might encourage more
environmentally friendly options include
education (an understanding of the problems
caused to the environment), tax incentives
(reducing the cost of more environmentally
friendly solutions), cost savings (switching
off electrical equipment when not in use is
both good for the environment and saves
money), etc. Factors that might prevent more
environmentally friendly options include cost
(too expensive), habit (used to always using
the car / not walking), inconvenience (easier
to drive on a wet day than walk), lack of
education, etc.
Questions
1 nitrogen 78%, argon 0.9% and oxygen 21%
2 Harmful to life both on land and in the water /
Increased acidity levels in lakes can kill fish
and other aquatic life / Can kill forests (many
plants are extremely sensitive to pH) / Some
building materials will be damaged/corroded.
3 a methane + oxygen → carbon monoxide +
water
b 2C6H14 + 13O2 → 12CO + 14H2O
4 Oxides of nitrogen are formed when nitrogen
from the air reacts with oxygen at a high
temperature (e.g. in a car engine). They are
linked to the formation of acid rain and
photochemical smog.
5 2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2
6 Carbon dioxide: product of the combustion
of fossil fuels. Methane: waste product from
livestock (cattle) and landfill sites.
7 Increased use of fossil fuels.
27 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
8 Rising sea levels so increased flooding and
faster rates of coastal erosion / changes to the
life cycles and migratory patterns of animals
and birds / more severe droughts and crop
failure / drying out of grasslands increases
the frequency and severity of wildfires / more
frequent and severe weather patterns.
Strategies include reducing use of fossil fuels
for transportation and electricity generation
(e.g. by using renewable sources of energy
such as wind and solar) / phasing out of diesel
and petrol cars and replacing with electric cars /
remove CO2 from the atmosphere / reduce
meat consumption / better separation of
household waste.
9 Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit the
longer wavelength radiation reflected from the
Earth’s surface.
10 Cobalt chloride paper: colour change from
blue to pink. Alternatively, anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate: colour change from white
to blue.
11 Measure melting or boiling point. For pure
water, the melting point is 0 °C and the boiling
point 100 °C.
12 When nitrates and phosphates enter
waterways there is rapid growth of algae.
This can block out sunlight and lead to the
death of aquatic plants, which will reduce
levels of oxygen in the water and so also kill
aquatic animals.
13 Useful metals include calcium (supports the
health of teeth and bones) and iron (needed
for the production of haemoglobin in red
blood cells). Problem metals include lead
(which can cause liver and kidney damage)
and mercury (which has been linked to
damage of the nervous system).
14 The majority of current plastics are not
biodegradable and are creating pollution,
especially in waterways. Biodegradable plastics
will break down naturally.
15 Microplastics removed by filtration using a
fine sand filter. Dissolved organic compounds
removed by an activated carbon filter.
Microbes are removed by disinfection
using chlorine.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 17 continued
Exam-style questions
1 C ; [1]
2 a 78% ; [1]
b Any two from argon, carbon dioxide,
other noble gases (neon, krypton
and helium) ;  [2]
c i B ; [1]
ii A ; [1]
iii C and D ; [2]
iv C ; [1]
3 a desulfurisation / scrubbing [1] ; using
calcium oxide [1] ;
b the air [1] ;
c oxides of nitrogen and sulfur cause acid
rain [1] ; this causes acidic lakes / rivers [1] ;
d i Not enough oxygen / air for
complete combustion ; [1]
ii It is toxic ; [1]
e The toxic gases produced in the engine are
converted into less harmful gases before
they are emitted into the atmosphere. The
process uses a transition metal catalyst [1] ;
2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2 ; [1 mark,
other balanced equations showing
correct substances are acceptable] [1]

4 B ; [1]
5 a photosynthesis [1] ;
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ;
[1 mark for substances, 1 mark
for balancing] [2]

b methane [1] ; livestock or landfill [1] ;

c They are greenhouse gases [1] ; /
Heat from the Sun passes through the
atmosphere [1] ; / Greenhouse gases
prevent some of it from escaping back
into space [1] ; / The global
temperature increases [1] ; [Max. 3 marks]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 18
Science in context: 7 a butane

Building a space elevator b propene

1 The advantages of a space elevator are seen in c propanol

terms of the ease of transfer of astronauts and
goods to the space station without the need
for rocket launches from the Earth. Indeed,
subsequent exploration from the space station
would be easier since there would be no
need for the technology to escape the
Earth’s gravity.
2 These different forms of carbon all conduct
electricity because of the mobile, delocalised
electrons associated with the layered structure
(see Chapter 3).
d butanoic acid
8 a CH3CH(OH)CH3
b CH3CH=CHCH3
c CH3COOC3H7
9 Structural isomerism is a property of
compounds that have the same molecular
formula but different structural formulae;
the individual compounds are known as
structural isomers.

Questions 10 There is a steady increase in the boiling point

of the alcohols with increasing chain length.
1 methane, ethane, propane, butane /
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10
2 150
H H H H H

H C H H C C C C H
Boiling point / °C

H H H H H
methane butane
3 100
H H

C C

H H
50
4 The bromine water is decolourised from 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
orange-brown to colourless. There would be Number of carbon atoms
no change if ethane was bubbled into bromine
water. The test is for unsaturation (a C=C): Exam-style questions
ethene is unsaturated, but ethane is saturated.
1 B; [1]
5 a a carbon–carbon double bond, C=C
2 a C ; [1]
b a hydroxyl group, –OH
b A and E ; [2]
c a carboxylic acid group, –COOH
c a carbon–carbon double bond ; [1]
6 C2H5COOH
H H d molecule must contain at least one
O carbon–carbon double or triple bond ; [1]
H C C C
O H e C3H6 and CH2 ; [2]
H H
3 B ; [1]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 18 continued
4 a i H
H HH HH H H HH HH HH H 
H
C CC CC CC HC H H CH CC CC CC HC H
H H
H HH H H H H H
but-1-ene
but-1-ene but-2-ene
but-2-ene

[2 marks for names, 2 marks

for displayed formulae] [4]
ii cyclobutane is not an alkene as it
does not contain a carbon–carbon
double bond ; [1]
b butane and 2-methylpropane ;
CH3CH2CHCH
2
CH3CH
3 2
CH2CH3 CH3CH(CHCH
3
)CHCH(CH3)CH3
3 3

H H

H C HH C H
H H HH HH H H H HH H

H C CH CC CC HC C H H C CH CC HC C H

H H HH HH H H H H HH H H
butane butane 2-methylpropane
2-methylpropane

[2 marks for names, 2 marks

for displayed formulae] [4]
c CnH2n + 2 ; [1]
d they contain the same functional group
[1] and have similar chemical properties
[1] ; / a consistent trend in certain physical
properties with increasing chain length [1] ;

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 19
Science in context: 4 C2H4Br2
Br Br
Molecular envelopes
H C C H
1 The fullerenes, despite the fact that they
contain 60 or 70 carbon atoms per molecule, H H
are considered to be simple molecular
substances. The forces between these large 5 ethane → ethene + hydrogen
simple molecules are relatively weak compared C2H6 → C2H4 + H2
to covalent bonds.
6 a propene + hydrogen → propane
2 The nanotubes are enclosed cylinders that can
contain the molecules of medicinal drugs – b C4H8 + H2O → C4H9OH
protecting the drug molecules from the 7 Ethanol is a renewable resource / can reduce
environment as they move to the target organ. dependence on petroleum imports / can reduce
The nanotubes are stable, biocompatible carbon monoxide emissions / can reduce
polymers and can be tailored to form environmental pollution, etc.
containers that package the drug and carry
it across tissue barriers to the target site. The 8 a yeast, carbohydrate source, water
nanotubes have free electrons at their surfaces.
b carbon dioxide
The walls of the nanotubes can be modified
to provided water-liking or membrane-liking c H H
surfaces to match the different environments
in the body and the drug involved. H C C O H

H H
Questions d oxidation
1 a propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide
9 a ethyl ethanoate
+ water
b ethanol + ethanoic acid → ethyl ethanoate
b C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
+ water
2 a methane + oxygen → carbon monoxide
+ water Exam-style questions
b CO 1 B ; [1]
c It binds to red blood cells (to the 2 a B ; [1]
haemoglobin) and interferes with the
transport of oxygen in the body. b C and D ; [2]

3 a c A ; [1]
H H H

H C C C H
3 a a compound that contains carbon
and hydrogen only ; [1]
H H H
b no colour change as no reaction ; [1]
b H H Br H Br H

H C C C H or H C C C H c ethene and steam are compressed

to 6000 kPa and passed over a
H H H H H H phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 °C ; [2]
c The reaction requires light for it to
take place. d as a fuel and as a solvent ; [2]
e (addition) polymerisation ; [1]
4 C ; [1]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 19 continued
5 a a substitution reaction ; [1]
b 1,2-dibromoethane ; [1]
c advantage: relatively cheap / materials
are renewable [1] ;
disadvantage: product needs
further purification [1] ;

d acidified potassium manganate(VII) [1] ;

heat under reflux [1] ;
e ethyl ethanoate ;
H H
H
H C C O
C C H
H H
O
H
ethyl ethanoate

 [1 mark for name, 2 marks

for displayed formula, both
parts correct] [3]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 20
Science in context: b nylon – the amide link (or peptide link)

Enzymes that recycle plastics PET (a polyester) – the ester link

8 O O
1 Use of resources from the petrochemical
O O + C C
industry / uncontrolled littering of the
environment – land, rivers and oceans – H H H O O H
dangers to wildlife / reliable and
environmentally sensitive methods of disposal.
2 Catalysts are reusable; enable reactions to
take place under milder conditions than O O O
without; enzymes can be very specific and C O O C C O + H2O
can be designed/modified to improve reaction
conditions and specificity of product. 9 a the amide link (or peptide link)
b O O O O

Questions C C N N C C N N

1 refinery gas, petrol (gasoline), naphtha,
paraffin (kerosene), diesel, bitumen
2 road surfacing, ships’ engines, car engines,
aircraft fuel (domestic heating)
3 Catalytic cracking is the thermal decomposition
of a long-chain alkane to a shorter-chain alkane
and an alkene (or an alkene and hydrogen).
decane → octane + ethene
C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4
4 Addition polymerisation takes place when
many molecules of an unsaturated monomer
(e.g. ethene) join together to form a long-chain
polymer.
H H
high pressure
n C C C
heat, catalyst
H H
H H H H
c Proteins are made from 20 different amino
acid monomers; nylon is made from just
two monomers.
10 Simply burning plastic can produce toxic
fumes such as hydrochloric acid from burning
PVC / other toxic compounds can be formed
(e.g. dioxins) / incineration at a precise
temperature range can be used to
destroy plastics.
11 Reuse means simply collecting the containers
and then cleaning and reusing them for the
same purpose / recycling involves shredding
the original article and then making new and
different items from the plastic.
H H 12 Sorting the plastics into their different types /
C cleaning the plastic / some plastics are difficult
to recycle because of the dyes that have been
H H n used to give them colour.

5 a H H b H H Exam-style questions
C C C C 1 D ; [1]
H CH3 H Cl 2 a A ; [1]
6 a a carbon–carbon double bond
b A ; [1]
b H H H H H H
c C ; [1]
C C C C C C
C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H
7 a The monomers join together by a reaction
in which a small molecule (usually water)
is eliminated each time a link is made.

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 20 continued
3 a alkanes ; [1]
b different boiling points ; [1]
c airplane fuel / heating systems ; [1]
d i heat / catalyst ; [2]
ii hydrogen ; [1]
e C10H22 → C4H8 + 2C3H6 + H2 ; [2]
4 a can be broken down into harmless
substances [1] ; by bacteria /
fungi naturally [1] ;
b they are buried underground / used
as landfill ; [1]
c they can harm sea life [1] ; /
be consumed by sea creatures and enter
the food chain [1] ;
d they produce toxic gases when
they burn ; [1]
5 C ; [1]
6 a i water ; [1]
ii condensation polymerisation ; [1]
b i proteins ; [1]
ii they are made by biological cells ; [1]

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK
Chapter 21
Science in context:
Safe drinking water for all
1 Portable distillation units. Strengths: Provide
access to distilled water in remote areas
without need for large/expensive equipment
/ May be powered by renewable sources.
Weaknesses: If using solar power, the unit
will only operate under certain conditions /
Produce limited amounts of clean water / May
be limited access to replacement parts if there
is a failure / Would need to be very robust if
used in the field / May require training in safe
use / Could be expensive.
Desalination units. Strengths: Provide
access to drinking water in areas with access
to seawater but limited freshwater / Can
be run continuously / Proven technology.
Weaknesses: May be limited access to parts
if there is a failure / The waste product can
be toxic to marine and coastal ecosystems /
Energy intensive as require high temperature
and pressure / Require training / Could
be expensive.
2 The filter straw needs to remove particles of
sand / silt / mud and harmful microbes such as
bacteria that can cause disease.
Questions
1 The temperature should be recorded either
with a thermometer or a digital temperature
probe and meter. The volumes could be
measured with a measuring cylinder or for
greater accuracy a fixed volume could be
measured using a volumetric pipette and a
variable volume by use of the burette.
2 The teacher was not correct. The data has
a narrow spread of results and so is precise;
however, it is not accurate as the average of
these results is not very close to the true value.
3 Error in the mass is 0.1/1.3 × 100% = 7.7%.
Error in volume is 0.5/10.0 × 100% = 5.0%.
The largest error is in the mass. Random
errors could be reduced by repeating the
experiment several times, checking for and
removing anomalies and then calculating a
mean average.
35 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
Experimental skills 21.1
1 Residue
2 It will enable the material to dissolve
more quickly.
3 Salt is ionic and dissolves well in water.
If the solution is concentrated by heat then the
excess solid can be crystallised out. This would
not be a good method for producing iodine
crystals for several reasons. Iodine is toxic and
unlike sodium chloride it has covalent rather
than ionic bonding. Iodine is only partially
soluble in water.
Experimental skills 21.2
1 Boiling points.
2 100 °C
3 Distillation involves heating the liquid so
that components start to evaporate. As
they evaporate, they travel up through the
apparatus and into the condenser. In the
condenser the temperature is lower and so
the gas will condense. Different fractions
will separate at different temperatures due to
differences in their boiling points.
Questions
4 If there are two or more dots in a vertical line
then the substance is a mixture.
5 A substance that remains on the baseline
is insoluble in the solvent used. To improve
the experiment the student needs to use an
alternative solvent, e.g. swapping from water
to ethanol.
6 Rf = 2.3/2.8 = 0.82 (to 2 d.p.)
Rf = distance moved by sample/distance
moved by solvent front
Distance moved by sample
= Rf × distance moved by solvent front
Distance moved by sample
= 0.82 × 9.7 = 8.0 cm.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 21 continued
Experimental skills 21.3 Processes for method 2:
• heat crushed powder ;
1 Step a: The baseline needs to be drawn in
pencil, not pen, as the pen could be soluble. • forms copper oxide ;
Step c: The solvent should fall between the • heat with charcoal ;
bottom of the paper and the baseline; it must
not cover the base line as the samples will • wash with dilute acid ;
dissolve into the solvent and not travel up
• filter and dry ; [Max. 6 marks]
through the paper.
Step d: The solvent should not travel all the 4 a to be able to measure the volume of
way up but must be stopped just before it gets the gas ; [1]
to the top of the paper. If this is not done then b not sufficiently accurate / can only
samples will continue to travel up the paper. measure to nearest cm3 ; [1]
2 To reduce the amount of solvent lost c open the air hole at the base of the
through evaporation. chimney fully ; [1]
d it is fractional distillation /
Exam-style questions to know when to change
1 C ; [1] collecting vessel ; [1]

2 a tripod [1] ; and evaporating dish/ e when crystals form around the edge of
basin [1] ; the arrow also suggests a the solution / when crystals form on
Bunsen burner [1] ; a glass rod dipped in the solution ; [1]

b A, C, F, D, B, E ; [Max. 2 marks] 5 [Each of the following scores 1 mark]

c blue ; [1] • draw a pencil line on the paper ;

d because copper oxide reacts with acid ; [1] • spot some of the solution on the line ;

3 [Each of the following scores 1 mark] • place in the solvent (water) ;

Common starting process: • leave until the solvent front reaches

a fixed point ;
• crush lump of malachite ;
•  se a locating agent to make the amino
u
• with a pestle and mortar ; acids visible ;
Processes in method 1: •  easure distance moved by the
m
• dissolve in acid ; different components ;

• named acid ; • calculate Rf values ;

• filter ; • compare with reference values to identify ;

 [Max. 6 marks]
• electrolyse filtrate ;
• recover copper from cathode ;

36 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK
Chapter 22
Getting started
Criteria for a chemical test might include: It needs
to give a clear result (e.g. a colour change) /
It should be specific (i.e. works for only one
chemical) / Ideally it should be quick and simple
to use / Should not use hazardous chemicals
Reactions students might have seen include:
Standard tests for gases such as hydrogen, oxygen
and carbon dioxide / Standard test for a double
bond (bromine water) / Standard test for an acid
(addition of a carbonate) / Possible tests for the
presence of cations and anions
These tests might be needed by: Companies
monitoring the quality of air or water
/ Government bodies / Health and
safety committees
To ensure their conclusions were valid: To check
results are repeatable / To sample multiple times
Science in context:
Bottled water – finding a solution
to what ions it contains
1 Mineral water might be thought of as pure
because it has had no other chemicals added
to it and it has come from a natural source.
Chemically, mineral water is not pure. It is a
mixture, because it contains dissolved impurities.
2 One problem is to ensure that the water does
not contain harmful microbes (these would
normally be removed by disinfection using
chlorine). Another problem is the potential for
changes in composition that may result from
seasonal weather variations.
Questions
1 The nichrome wire probe is cleaned by
placing it alternately in a roaring flame and
concentrated acid. Once clean it can be dipped
in the acid and then into the sample containing
the sodium ions. A positive test for sodium ions
will be the production of a yellow flame.
2 The lilac flame would indicate the presence of
potassium ions. Potassium sulfate is K2SO4.
The red flame would indicate the presence of
lithium ions. Lithium sulfate is Li2SO4. The
37 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021
light green flame would indicate the presence
of barium ions. Barium sulfate is BaSO4.
3 Tap water can contain dissolved ions and
may have given a false positive result, with
the colour being from the impurities and not
the sample. The experimental design can be
improved by using distilled water.
4 C and E
5 The use of state symbols in C shows that this
is a precipitation reaction.
6 AlCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) →
Al(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
Experimental skills 22.1
1 A precipitate is an insoluble compound
produced during a precipitation reaction (the
reaction that produces an insoluble salt when
solutions of two soluble salts are mixed).
2 Iron(II) precipitates are green in colour;
iron(III) precipitates are brown in colour.
3 Ammonia is a base.
Questions
7 Iron(II) chloride would initially produce a
green precipitate. Iron(III) chloride would
produce a brown precipitate.
8 When sodium hydroxide solution is added
to copper(II) sulfate solution, a light blue
precipitate is formed. When dilute ammonia
solution is added to copper(II) sulfate
solution, initially a light blue precipitate is
formed but as more ammonia solution is
added this dissolves and produces a dark
blue solution.
9 A green precipitate could indicate the presence
of either iron(II) or chromium(III) ions and so
their conclusion was not valid. To produce a
valid result, the test should be repeated using
excess sodium hydroxide. If a green precipitate
forms but then redissolves, the sample
contains chromium(III).
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 22 continued
10 Student A’s results would be valid as the
calcium ions would produce an orange-red
flame; no detectable flame colour would
be seen with the zinc or aluminium ions.
Student B’s results would not be valid as both
zinc or aluminium precipitates redissolve in
excess sodium hydroxide. To produce a valid
conclusion student B would need to repeat the
experiment using dilute ammonia solution.
Under these conditions the precipitate
containing zinc ions would redissolve but not
that containing either calcium or aluminium.
11 In general, the reaction of a carbonate
with any acid produces carbon dioxide.
Sodium carbonate solution reacts with acids
as follows:
Sodium + sulfuric → sodium + carbon + water
carbonate acid sulfate dioxide
Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) →
Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
Sodium + nitric → sodium + carbon + water
carbonate acid nitrate dioxide
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HNO3 (aq) →
2NaNO3 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
18 The pieces of glassware are a volumetric
pipette that adds an accurate, fixed volume of
liquid and a burette, which adds an accurate
but variable volume of liquid.
19 Methyl orange and thymolphthalein both
produce clear colour changes at the end-point,
universal indicator does not.
20 Swirling ensures everything is mixed and
also ensures liquid that might have splashed
onto the sides of the flask is returned to
the reaction.
21 The mean titre would only use the results
within 0.10 cm3: i.e. mean titre = (12.15 cm3 +
12.10 cm3 + 12.10 cm3)/3 = 12.12 cm3.
Exam-style questions
1 D; [1]
2 a To separate the two components of
the mixture. ; [1]
b i aluminium [1] ; sulfate [1] ;
ii calcium [1] ; carbonate [1] ;

12 Acidified silver nitrate would produce a yellow c aluminium sulfate ; [1]

precipitate with the magnesium iodide and a 3 salt flame slowly adding
white precipitate with the magnesium chloride. test adding acidified
MgI2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → excess silver
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgI(s) aqueous nitrate
sodium
MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → hydroxide
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
potassium lilac no reaction no
13 This would negate the results as the sulfuric sulfate colour reaction
acid introduces sulfate ions and so a white barium green no reaction cream
precipitate of barium sulfate is immediately bromide colour precipitate
produced. lithium red no reaction yellow
iodide colour precipitate
14 Al → Al3+ + 3e−
chromium(III) no colour green white
15 a Carbon dioxide was present. chloride produced precipitate, precipitate
redissolves
b Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) →
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)  [1 mark for each answer, Max. 6 marks]

16 The gas is not carbon dioxide and it is

not oxygen.
17 a Purple manganate(VII) ions are reduced
to very pale pink manganese(II) ions.
b The sulfur is oxidised and the manganese
is reduced.

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 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Chapter 22 continued
4 a i add aqueous sodium hydroxide slowly
until in excess [1] ;
green precipitate which does
not redissolve [1] ;
ii add acidified barium nitrate [1] ;
white precipitate [1] ;
These two tests can be given in
either order.
b i pass gas through lime water [1] ;
lime water turns milky [1] ;
ii add acidified potassium
manganate(VII) [1] ;
turns colourless [1] ;
These two tests can be given in
either order.
5 [Each of the following scores 1 mark]
• a dd named volume of first vinegar to
a flask ;
• add a named indicator ;
• slowly add from a burette ;
• named alkali ;
• note volume needed for neutralisation ;
• repeat with same volume of
second vinegar ;
• largest volume used (titre) =
most acid. ; [Max. 6 marks]

39 Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry – Harwood, Millington & Lodge © Cambridge University Press 2021