Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Combined power generation and electricity storage device using deep

learning and internet of things technologies
∗
Celestine Iwendi a , , Gai-Ge Wang b
a
University of Bolton, United Kingdom
b
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: In microgrids, residential customers play a significant part in the operation. An alternative to client
Received 24 December 2021 administration should be to utilize smart houses to deal with demand and implement demand re-
Received in revised form 17 January 2022 sponsiveness measures. A power generation and electricity storage device (PGESD) for next-generation
Accepted 28 February 2022
technologies is proposed in this article. The current research provides an intelligent home load control
Available online 11 April 2022
system that promotes reaction to demand thinking about this circumstance. The technology is adapted
Keywords: to scenarios where users can charge fluctuating electric power and transmit microgeneration devices.
Energy storage The suggested system utilizes deep learning technology and a fuzzy logic model for better com-
Machine learning putation and lesser complexity. The choice process involves monitoring environmental information,
Internet of things power production, and battery storage. This article proposes a next-generation power generation and
Fuzzy logic electricity storage device (PGESD). To create Smart Buildings and Microgrids, the proposed system
Electricity storage device employs technologies and techniques that have become increasingly important. With a precision and
Power generation
accuracy ratio of 89% and 92%, respectively, the proposed PGESD method yields precise numerical
results.
© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Contents

1. Introduction to power system ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5016

2. Background to smart grid technologies....................................................................................................................................................................... 5017
3. Proposed power generation and electricity storage device (PGESD) ....................................................................................................................... 5018
3.1. Concept ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5019
3.2. Structure ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5019
3.2.1. Electrical demands ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5019
3.2.2. Hot demands....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5019
3.2.3. Gas demands....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5019
3.3. Objective function.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5020
3.4. Smart electricity management model ............................................................................................................................................................ 5021
3.4.1. Design .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5021
3.5. Prediction method ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5021
3.5.1. Algorithm examination...................................................................................................................................................................... 5022
3.5.2. Fuzzy controller unit.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5022
3.5.3. Lighting management ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5022
4. Software analysis ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5022
5. Conclusion and future scope......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5024
Declaration of competing interest................................................................................................................................................................................ 5025
References ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5025
Further reading ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5025

1. Introduction to power system

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: c.iwendi@ieee.org (C. Iwendi), gaigewang@ieee.org Residential consumers have an increasing role in Smart Grids,
(G.-G. Wang). particularly as electrical energy production becomes more ac-
cessible and motivated. Residential customers tend to integrate
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.304
2352-4847/© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
distributed-generation (DG) technologies with the worries of util-
ity firms in software configuration (Damak et al., 2020). Currently,
the use of utility businesses is concerned with such issues as
data flows, bidirectional connectivity, improved detection, and
measuring infrastructure. Accumulators and batteries are the two
most common terms for devices that store energy. Energy storage
on a large scale within an electrical power grid is called grid
energy storage. This article proposes a next-generation power
generation and electricity storage device (PGESD). An intelligent
home load control system is currently being researched, and it
encourages a response to demand thinking in such a scenario.
Smart grids technology offers utilities more information about
residential customers, which might increase the understanding of
activities in the network (Dhote et al., 2019). A degree of tech-
nology to decrease customer uncertainty about price signalling
and the difficulty of reacting to varying daily power costs is es-
sential to realize these potential advantages. DR programmes are
increasingly utilized, and automated request response is referred
to as ARR (Lu et al., 2018). The Home Appliances systems are an
option to ARR. It is possible to increase or decrease the quantity
supplied or demanded of a good or service using a price signal,
which is a piece of information conveyed to both consumers and
producers. Potential business opportunities can also be found.
Intelligent residences can play a pivotal part in intelligent en-
ergy monitoring to efficiently implement intelligent requirement
response measures. Intelligent home is a smart home technology
implementation that enhances power efficiency, saves energy,
reduces power use, cut emissions, and better domestic automa-
tion (Shakeel et al., 2020). Internet of things (IoT) is software
in housing developments. The Based Home Automation System
(HEMS) can lead to the total energy reduction by optimizing
the residential charging of the equipment and allowing for the
achievement of different objectives and activities inside the resi-
dence, including industrial automation, shifting, or curtaining de-
mand (Li et al., 2019). HEMS contributes significantly to efficiency
improvement, economizing energy usage, reliability, and energy
conservation for distributed systems in a smart grid paradigm.
It is not just about creating new energy-saving models, power
management, or home appliances with energy-efficient features;
HEM systems and SHEMS aim to actively raise consumer aware-
ness and encourage them to participate in power conservation
activities.
Home Assistant uses domestic and Internet automated testing
concepts. Cloud computing is a paradigm shift for integrating
and connecting sensors and electronic and portable phones to
enhance live performance (Amudha and Narayanasamy, 2018).
Air conditioning units (heating, airflow, air conditioners) play a
crucial role in energy use by residences loads. HEMS management
is a combination that the interior temperature is maintained
instantly at a satisfactory temperature and that fuel efficiency is
managed (Wang et al., 2019).
In Microgrid Systems, the function of the system administrator
is much more essential, and the usage of Smart Homes enables
the distributing system is needed, mainly using intelligent tech-
nologies that instantly respond to demands (Gao et al., 2020).
The concept of smart household systems, which interact with the
distribution licensee, become important with the movement of
power and information in a two-way manner.
The usage of intelligent homes enables energy created and
introduced into the network by users (electricity manufacturers
and consumers) (Frate et al., 2020). The distribution companies
use the technologies used to control their power equipment and
have the greatest information of their clients. Furthermore, Smart
buildings can monitor the present condition of the equipment
with the two data streams and measures performed on household
charges (Ngo et al., 2021). Data flows, bidirectional connectivity,
5017
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
improved detection, and measurement infrastructure are just a
few of the issues that utility companies deal with. To better
understand the activities in the network, utilities can gain more
information about their residential customers owing to the use
of smart grid technology. Technology that reduces customer un-
certainty about price signalling and the difficulty in reacting to
varying daily power costs is essential to realize these potential
advantages.
The response measures can be considered purposeful adjust-
ments in the charge curve explicitly or implicitly made by the
customer to alter immediate demand timing and even the overall
electricity generation (Kuthadi et al., 2021). A real-time price is an
instance of load shifting, which allows the money paid on power
to be reduced and supports the utility in some circumstances.
Smart Buildings use principles of smart things and Wire-
less sensor networks (WSN). The automation system enhances
home convenience and security by merging conventional prin-
ciples in the home context with next-generation technology.
The IoT devices are considered an overall idea, whether by ra-
diofrequency waves (RF), wireless access network connections,
long-range networking, or other ways, for items that can be ac-
cessible, recognized, located, addressable, and controlled through
the web (Manogaran et al., 2019).
The current study presents a home load control system de-
pending on user behaviour, climate factors, and integration op-
tions with microgrids and electricity cities. The intelligent resi-
dential charging system focuses on air conditioning units repre-
senting significant house charges. The system employs the meth-
ods of machine learning to decide every automatic load. For mak-
ing decisions, the surveillance of many kinds of data is employed.
The inhabitants’ behaviour in temperature control is utilized for
temperatures prediction by changing the air conditioning unit
parameters. In the judgement procedure of air conditioning units
and lighting, the power generated of the solar system and the
judgement of the clever energy storage unit are utilized.
The main contributions of the paper are given below:
• A deep learning-based computation model is proposed to
enhance the learning rate of the storage system.
• A fuzzy system is designed for simpler system construction
and better effectiveness.
• An IoT-based system finally produces higher connectivity
which results in inaccurate results.
The remaining of the article is as follows: Section 2 demonstrates
the background to the smart grid technologies. The proposed
power generation and electricity storage device (PGESD) is de-
signed and evaluated in Section 3. Section 4 depicts the software
analysis and performance analysis. The conclusion and future
scope are illustrated in Section 5.
2. Background to smart grid technologies
Even during the energy shortage of the mid-1980s, renew-
able energy (RE) began to be attractive as it became clear that
traditional fuels that might lead to RE development and envi-
ronmental conservation would run short (Zhang et al., 2021).
The 80s saw the need to prevent environmental damage or re-
solve it through pollution, climate change, and resource loss.
More lately, power consumption has emphasized carbon-free
renewables and stressed the necessity for ongoing environmental
and health preservation suggested by Hirsh et al. (2020). To cut
emissions and dependence on imports, the integration of the
renewables industry was a key element. Nuclear power is the
only option for reliable, non-polluting power generated 24 h a
day, seven days a week. Only nuclear power can provide carbon-
free, dependable energy at any time of day or night. Nuclear plays
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
an important role in our carbon-free future, along with wind,
solar, and energy storage. Because no other power source can
be relied on to operate continuously, seven days a week, nuclear
energy is the only viable option. There is no other carbon-free,
a dependable energy source that can be used at any hour of the
day or night but nuclear. With wind, solar, and storage in mind,
nuclear is an important part of our carbon-free future.
Renewables, compared to gasoline, can replenish organically
and make it as real as feasible. Since the environment added more
stress on power sources, it is not unexpected due to human desire
to regulate electricity generation (Azzuni and Breyer, 2018); RE
became the star of energy networks. Renewables were rising, and
the issue was to develop ways of dealing with clean and inexpen-
sive energy consumption throughout the world. For consumers,
manufacturers, governments, costs, and environmental concerns
were significant. Remedies should be explored in these conditions
suggested by Chen et al. (2020).
Artificial intelligence (AI) technology provided a great chance
to satisfy today’s communities’ demands. The benefits of its ex-
tensive implementation included fast speed, flexibility, explana-
tory capacity, and symbolic thinking (Zhang et al., 2018). Predic-
tions and generalizations were carried out. In the learning society
and the worldwide expansion of skills and data, AI Technology
symbolizes a new age. It meant new ways to use the old produc-
tion elements and new rules to organize the operations to meet
the present difficulties (Bogaerts and Neyts, 2018).
The latest breakthroughs in artificial neural research, cogni-
tion computation, and machine learning have shown that AI has
important historical landmarks and encouraged new, unexpected
capacity for power management, surveillance, and optimization.
The combination of Advanced with 5G technology and sensor
technologies might provide a fruitful new territory for smart city
projects in the market suggested by Li et al. (2018). In remote
locations, instead of using old-fashioned carbon fuels, RE was
accessible to identify the issue of developing technology to create,
integrate and regulate isolated networks’ power flow to improve
efficiency suggested by Fan et al. (2020).
Its main benefit was its freedom from fossil energy, the cost
of which can vary widely. In addition, there might also be a
problem with the variability of renewables, which indicated that
the technologies used to create and store the energy used when
favourable circumstances used Yan et al. (2020). Either separated
or not, irregular power production was the biggest issue for
renewable energies. It returned to fossil reserve fuels when it was
not adequately controlled.
Depending upon the natural surroundings that were predicted
exactly, renewable energies were unpredictable. The rising pen-
etration of RE into the energy industry emphasized the necessity
to predict varied resources accurately. The aim was to decrease
the prediction error to prevent the differences in the volume de-
manded and the electric grid balancing instability. Supply breaks
might influence the producer’s additional costs. Demand was
extremely inflexible in response to changes in energy supply:
customers adapt their demands to their requirements and activ-
ities rather than to available stock or environmental conditions
suggested by Zhong et al. (2018).
In the case of good chances in the economic complexity,
variations in needs, virtual consumers, etc., renewable energies
in themselves might be unreliable without appropriate storage
space. Recent developments demonstrated that AI could im-
prove, even without substantial meteorological data over the long
term (Olabi et al., 2020). The smart storage of the RE project
maximizes investment returns and enhances flexibility for fluc-
tuating demand and renewables due to climatic conditions. RE
utilized with maximum potential and smart storage to create
smart generators. The consequence impacted both power system
5018
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
providers and consumers as they had access to power at low
costs, suggested by Beuse et al. (2020).
Increasing networking extended storage technology was a ma-
jor benefit to integrate renewables (using RE output in the elec-
tricity grid). The capacity to change between sources of electric-
ity was also a helpful tool for adjustment. Storage systems can
assist in addressing the challenges of renewable resources’ insta-
bility (mainly windy or sunlight) and cyclic demands (Palacios
et al., 2020)—more energy generated if not required. Effective
approaches for grid implementation and designing were neces-
sary to overcome these challenges. Therefore, future intelligent
grids need systems that can monitor, forecast, plan, learn, and
make real-time energy use and output. That necessitated a more
efficient and intelligent solution, such as deep learning. Using
smart grids fully will enable the grid to meet rising energy de-
mands while also making renewable energy sources feasible. In
the long run, however, this new technology will allow consumers
to monitor and manage their energy costs in real-time and make
charging electric vehicles on a large scale much easier.
This continual evolution of networks leads to more unpre-
dictability and complication in commercial and physical energy
flows. Furthermore, the information age and the volatility of
knowledge compare the old techniques to tougher judgement
difficulties. Future intelligent grids thus require systems that can
watch, forecast, plan, learn and decide on energy use and output
in real-time. That required a more effective and smart solution,
like deep learning.
3. Proposed power generation and electricity storage device
(PGESD)
PGESD is a technique produced by mechanical air pollutants
transformation. It is generally available and recognized as power
storage on a grid scale. When there is excess power, the addi-
tional energy powers a reversible engine/generator unit to start
running a series of the compressor in the operation of pumping
air into a storage tank or cavern (typically from the atmosphere),
the storage might take place either in an enclosed chamber or
above containers. The energy is kept in elevated air, and the
accumulated compressor is discharged and warmed when energy
is required.
The heat source is fuel-burning or the temperature recovered
during the compaction; however, the temperature must be col-
lected for maximum efficiency. The power is then collected by
spinners when the compressor is discharged. During a process
known as generation mode, pressurized air is released, and a re-
cuperation unit recuperates the excess energy from the emission.
In PGESD, heat is captured and processed separately in an addi-
tional capacity in the compression testing machine. PGESD is the
most viable idea among different 2nd generation PGESD variants
presented.
The working environment of the proposed PGESD system is
depicted in Fig. 1. It has a battery to store the generated power,
an inverter to convert the signal, microcontroller to control and
manage different devices such as sensors, actuators, smart me-
ters, and cloud servers. With modest reaction speeds, PGESD
devices have minor and major capacities. The usage of PGESD big
plants covers grid applications for lighting loads and frequencies
management and mass battery system for seasonal fluctuation
and storing global power. PGESD is ideal for the use of electricity
generated, e.g., wind energy, and is now offered in addition to PHS
as the lowest cost mass storage utilities. PGESD was facing the
biggest difficulty in finding suitable geographical sites. Finding
the right sites is no more a hurdle, but it influences investment
costs by improving topographical mapping. Our model is de-
signed to show how the Internet of Things and Intelligent Systems
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
Fig. 1. The working environment of the proposed PGESD system.
can generate, use, sell power in the home and positively impact
the electrical market in the future.
Nearly 42 percent of rather a poor round journey effectiveness
is a further hurdle to PGESD than energy storage. With the inclu-
sion of the component, PGESD is 71 percent more efficient (no
fuel combustion is involved in the discharging mode). Since car-
bon fuels’ poor efficiency and usage are an obsolete technology,
PGESD has now been investigated. The findings demonstrate that
this type of energy storage is integrated with sustainable energy
to meet future energy needs.
3.1. Concept
The usage of PGESD in contrast with other batteries is nowa-
days more common. This prominence is because the PGESD does
not require a particular geographical location compared to a
pumped storage facility for construction. The unlimited electric-
ity network is therefore constructed and utilized. Compared to
pumped storage systems, PGESD also has a cheaper investment
cost. PGESD is more suited for manufacturing and storing high-
capacity electricity than other batteries. PGESD has a relatively
high adaptability rate on either side.
The PGESD also offers three modes: loading, discharge, and
easy cycle. It can also produce power, just like a gas-fired electric-
ity plant. Whenever the price of power is cheap, this technique
compresses air. In a saltwater-shaped structure room, the com-
pressor is kept. This device uses compressed air to create power
during peak electricity rates—no need for compressed air with
any additional gas. For example, the 115 MW power station can
go from total production to the full compressing in less than
5 min and have 135 MW output and strength properties of 115
MW. PGESD is viewed as a potential choice for the hub operators
to minimize the operational costs about the specified aspects.
3.2. Structure
The coordinated storing system makes the unit, thermal stor-
age area, and the windmill. Data on electricity, gas, temperature
and energy pricing are gathered during the first stage. Secondly,
the hub administrator utilizes electricity, fuel, and warmth, par-
ticularly electricity, to minimize operational costs in any way. The
5019
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
mainline gas and electrical power pipelines and wind generators
provide further details on this system. The data centres and the
units connect the gasoline and power system upwards.
The working process of the proposed PGESD is depicted in
Fig. 2. The input from the wind turbine is collected and then
compressed using a compressor, and then the energy is stored
in the proposed device. When the consumer requires the power,
it is extracted using a generator, and the required electricity is
produced. The best working timetable of storage in collaboration
with the PGESD network and other technology can assist frame-
work operators in accounting for the uncertainty coming from the
wind generators’ output, current power value, and energy needs.
The products cover electricity, gas, and temperature requirements
in three residential, office, and industrial categories. More infor-
mation is presented in the second distinct parts: electricity, heat,
and gasoline demands:
3.2.1. Electrical demands
The solar thermal networks mostly respond to local customer
needs in a particular region by decreasing heat loss. An upstream
electric grid, a wind generator, the PGESD equipment, and the
actuators are energy needs. The three-state PGESD system is
controlled in one of three methods: (i) low price list charging, (ii)
high-priced discharge, and (iii) simple cycle gasoline engine with
the evacuation of the tank or low power and gas costs. The easy
cycle option can provide the hub network operator with several
business prospects.
3.2.2. Hot demands
District warming, thermal management units meet energy
demands. Converted power can be used to store to satisfy the
need for gases and input fuels for plants.
3.2.3. Gas demands
The main gas grid and power storage satisfy the gas request.
A few of the energy resources acquired from the upland gas grid,
and some electricity storage, are utilized to fulfil gas demand.
The storage can effectively transform utility into suitable energy
resources at a cheap power price.
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
Fig. 2. The working process of the proposed PGESD.
3.3. Objective function
The aim is the overall cost of TP computed for whole animals’
lives (i.e., 25 years), as the combination of the battery system and
the photovoltaic (PV) inverter capital costs (IP ) and the electric
grid management fees (MP ) derived by the solution of the second
sub-problem as shown in Eq. (1).
TP = IP + MP (1)
where IP corresponds to the total of both the Energy Storage
System (ESS) and its PV inverter capital costs PIT and the MP is
the maintenance price. Total cost is expressed in Eq. (2)
IP = PIT + PRT (2)
The cost of the iterative power and the backup are denoted
PIT and PRT . The iterative cost of the system is denoted in Eq. (3)
PIT = PIESS × ErESS + PIENV × PoINV (3)
The initial investment for the ESS is the products of the negligible
price of the PIESS storing and the notional quantity of the product
is ErESS . In contrast, the costs of construction of the inverters
are the products of an inverter cost PIENV and its power density
rated as PoINV is suggested in the inverters. Using A/B testing to
evaluate an application’s functionality is the best use of this tech-
nique. Releases of new software and predictable rollbacks are the
primary goals of the deployment patterns previously discussed.
This includes software development, integration, testing, staging,
production, and deployment. An end-to-end process that begins
with testing and ends with the software being made available
to the general public is called deployment. When it comes to
software deployment, there is much work involved.
In addition, the cost replacing of the backup system PR has
to do with its major characteristics (e.g. NPT Cycles are assured
according to discharging depth) and with the strategic approach
(i.e., that impacts the ESS ageing) suggested in the life horizons. It
must be emphasized that in this Equation, the PV inverter substi-
tution is not included. That is because, after every repair, the main
characteristics of the ESS do not vary. The backup system power
is denoted in Eq. (4). In Eq. (4), the backup system’s power is
specified. When the primary energy source fails, a backup power
system is activated to provide energy. Since any operation relies
on a reliable power source, this system is critical.
PR = PIESS × ErESS × Nr (4)
5020
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
The origin investment for the ESS is the products of the reduced
price of the PIESS storing and the quantity of the product is
ErESS . Production takes place in power plants. When it comes to
producing electricity at a facility, the most common method is
to use electromechanical generators powered by heat engines,
such as those powered by combustion or nuclear fission, and
other sources, such as the movement of water and wind. Energy
conversion into electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or
megawatt-hours (MWh), is referred to as the ‘‘electricity produc-
tion process’’ (MWh). As a backup power source for electronic
devices in places with no conventional energy sources, energy
harvesting is critical. Remote locations, underwater, and other
hard-to-reach locations where conventional batteries and energy
are ineffective are all good candidates for this technology’s advan-
tages. Techniques for capturing the environment’s energy include
thermoelectricity, photovoltaic energy harvesting, piezoelectric
energy harvesting, pyroelectricity, rf or wireless or electromag-
netic energy harvesting, wind and vibration energy harvesting.
The number of resources is denoted Nr . The total power stored
in the system is denoted in Eq. (5)
PoINV
TP = PIESS × ErESS × (Nr + 1) + PIENV × (5)
PM
The cost of the ESS system and energy of the ESS are denoted
PIESS and ErESS . The inverted cost and the power are denoted PIENV
and PoINV . The total resources are denoted Nr , and the mean cost
value is denoted PM .
The pictorial representation of TP is depicted in Fig. 3. It uses
power and cost functions from the ESS and the inverted system.
A combination of the findings of the energy management system
(EMS) issue and ESS optimal sizing parameters are established
for the ESS by the number of substitutes (Nr ) is provided. The
maximum backup system is depicted in Eq. (6)
Eexg
NDP = +1 (6)
ErESS
When NDP is the maximum sum of backup system load/unload
cycles per day. The ‘‘ageing impact’’ of the ESS is also evident
every day. The energy of the ESS system is denoted ErESS . In
addition, when the power generation system is set, Eexg Does the
ESS transfer the overall power on an average everyday mission.
The number of lifetimes of the storage device is denoted in Eq. (7)
( )
r s
NPT = p × exp + q × exp( ) (7)
Dmean Dmean
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
NPT means the overall cycles the supplier guarantees during the
whole lifetime of the ESS. Dmean is the project’s average flow depth
as per the planning phase. p and q are the exponential approxi-
mations polynomials parameters, and r, s are the coefficients. NSD
is the possible amount of ESS operation days, and it is expressed
in Eq. (8)
NPT
NSD = (8)
NDP
The total number of the storage device is denoted NPT , and the to-
tal number of backup devices is denoted NDP . The total resources
are depicted in Eq. (9)
25.4
Nr = (9)
NSD
Finally, about the construction expenses, the numerator is shown
as the entire time spent in operation, which is usually 25 years.
The total number of storage devices is denoted as NSD . The admin-
istration expenses are computed based on the EMS issue outputs
and expressed as PM . That reflects the expenses associated with
the DG use of fuel oil, as suggested. The administration cost is
denoted in Eq. (10)
∑G ∑S
x=0 y=0 ∝ Pxy × Sxy
PM = dx (10)
PF
Therefore, for yth step of the xth generation, Pxy and Sxy have the
power delivery and the specified fuel oil usage (e.g., g/kWh). In
addition, PF is the fuel oil costs per unit (for example in $/x) and
— to be converted from gram into tonnes, is equivalent to 10–6
in Constance. Lastly, dx is the simulation’s time horizon. Eq. (10)
examines the energy distribution for the various services sent to
the requestor after it has been received. ‘‘The performance of our
algorithm/model’’ is evaluated using the cost function. It takes
both the model’s predicted and actual outputs and calculates how
far off the model was. If our predictions are significantly off, it
generates a higher number.
3.4. Smart electricity management model
The Measurement and Controlling Residence Unit (CMRU) is
composed of three components: Measuring Devices (MD) and
Actuational Devices (AD). The PGESD utilizes IoT technologies
to administer residential lighting and air conditioning units for
AI technology. The Smart household demand response system is
suggested for the administration of home loads.
The CMRU ensures that each home load is intelligently con-
trolled, linked to the system, and communicates with control
devices and drive devices. The CMRU gathers information from
the installation Smart Meters, battery energy storage solutions
(BESS), the inverters linked to the solar generation system, and
information collected by load-related devices.
3.4.1. Design
The suggested system is equipped with a core device responsi-
ble for the reception of data collected and smart decision-making
in connection with the residential weights of the various actua-
tors. In the home’s various rooms, the CMRU collects sensed data
of the control and control equipment through the protocol. In
addition to this data, the CMRU is provided with more data, such
as electricity usage, tariff worth, and present generating status.
The method presented employs AI algorithms to produce
smart decision-making. The Fuzzy Based and Computational Mod-
eling Algorithms are being utilized for control, while the Fuzzy
Logic has been chosen for illumination administration. The equip-
ment utilized for CMRU is Raspberry PI 3, the logical controls
required to perform the system’s designed algorithms. The rules
5021
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
Fig. 3. The pictorial representation of TP .
prescribed are transmitted to the actuator accountable for each
charge through the protocol.
Decisive approaches for producing natural language outcomes
based on the analysis and the modelling of complicated situations
have been used for some time. These approaches can address
complicated variables through classification and prediction of
decisions. The findings are produced via computer heuristics,
such as decision-making bodies, artificial neural, fuzzy logic, etc.
CMRU offers a laptop, cellphone, or another device with online
access through the browser to allow users to act on lighting or
the system. The interface of the lights attached to the actuators
in each area and switches to manage these household loads is
illustrated.
There are three components in project management:
Probabilistic module: a test module that ensures users can
operate comfortably. Render the air conditioning temperatures of
the activities at one ◦ C rise and reduction.
Predictions module: storage activities are done as training
and testing datasets for running the algorithm in Air Condi-
tioners by the client and probabilistic module. Power situations
aim to communicate actions as per user behaviour to regulated
conditioners;
Fuzzy Control Component: It is accountable for power cuts.
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of artificial intelligence whose
goal is to develop supercomputing methods for making choices
based on previous experience. A fuzzy logic system accepts in-
termediate results between traditional evaluations such as black/
white, yes/no, true/false, etc. Compared to previous logic theory,
which uses a different logic collection of binary: zero or one,
fuzzy control variables have a fact that falls among zero and
one in extent. The fuzzy system maintained control over the
strategy of half-truth and the variety of truth-values that were
correct or incorrect. As a result, data can be displayed as hot,
comfortable, and cold temperatures and high, medium, and low
energy usage. As training progresses from the monitoring system,
some adjustments in behavioural factors of the method occur in
machine learning (ML). Three major operating points have been
suggested: Comfort Mode is non-intrusive because it does not
limit residences loads.
Basic mode: Rules built to facilitate more flexibility in the
use of residences massive amounts in certain situations, such as
tariffs and overconsumption, low production, and so on;
Economic growth mode: This is the platform’s most burden-
some operating mode, and it is used by users who save energy
even in reduced situations.
3.5. Prediction method
The following actions were developed to validate the catego-
rization algorithm to employ in the system:
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025

1. Run ten cross-validation checks with ten divides in the

training dataset using Python’s StratifiedKFold. The overall
result of each method in every testing is shown as an
output.
2. Friedman and Nemenyi analyses if statistical differences
exist among the reliability means achieved in the first
exercise.

The StratifiedKFold offers preparation indices for splitting data

into training datasets in a dataset. The divides are established
while considering the percentage of examples in the dataset for
every class. Fig. 4 depicts the procedure for completing the ten
trials with seeds increment.
Perform ten cross-validation experiments using Sklearn’s-
StratifiedKFold as part of the classification algorithm’s validation
procedure. The ten tests are run on a training dataset, with
the outcome of every test indicated as the accuracy level, and
then each method is rated. The dataset was divided into ten
parts (splits) for each test, with certain portions of the database
utilized for learning and another for different testing classifiers.
StratifiedKFold uses a website’s preparation index to divide data
into preparation sets. The proportion of examples to every cat-
egory in the dataset is used to make splits. As a result, there
is no discrepancy in output layers between training and test
data, allowing the instruction to be modified across the board.
Every test is defined by altering the StratifiedKFold’s random state
Fig. 4. Simulation trial procedure of the proposed PGESD system.
property, rising from 1 to 10 to differentiate the training set.
Since the amount of databases partitions was fixed to 10, the
outcome of every initial random generating increase check is the
3.5.3. Lighting management
mean correctness of 10 initial tests. The complete procedure has
A Control scheme with the services provided was created for
100 contacts in the selected databases since each seeding increase
lighting systems administration: solar energy generation levels,
test includes ten inner tests (number of components).
room ambient light, a structure that provides price, the number
The findings were ranked using the method from Microsoft
of audience members, decision, power consumption, time of day.
Office Excel. This method analyzes the information for each row The choice result was toggled between On and Off.
and returns the place each in a rating, and therefore it gives the In this way, the proposed PGESD system is designed with the
place of an integer in a string of numbers. It was able to see help of fuzzy logic, a deep learning model, and the Internet of
that the XGBoost, Gradient Boosting Classifier, and Random Forest things. The proposed PGESD system exhibits higher performance
algorithms performed better in the crossing validation procedure with faster computation and lesser complexity. The performance
utilizing the trained dataset by glancing at the Rankings. of the proposed PGESD is discussed in the next section.

3.5.1. Algorithm examination 4. Software analysis

Regarding the general temperatures dataset (training base)
and testing dataset, the first three rating methods were selected
for the training procedure after verification. The test dataset was
built with small data and values similar to the training dataset,
and the outcomes of the algorithms are fairly similar. The classi-
fication method of the system was chosen to be XGBoost, which
has an 81 percent accuracy. XGBoost required less training than
the Gradient Boosting Classifier, which was clearer on bigger
datasets, and the reliability result was greater than Random For-
est. These figures are amplified because XGBoost is the first to
undergo the certification procedure.
3.5.2. Fuzzy controller unit
A Control algorithm using the intervention programmes was
created in combination with the ML model to forecast control
based on user behaviours: People’s attendance, Deep Learning
algorithm-predicted action, Photovoltaic system production level,
BESS choice, Current tariff pricing, Enable activity without peo-
ples choices presence, Power usage. The regulated state was
selected as the output, either connected (where Deep Learning
forecast differs from shutting off the device) or off for power
outages. The implementation of the Fuzzy controller in normal
mode is shown.
5022
Application: The solver was used to execute simulations on
a desktop pc with a 2.4 GHz CPU and 6 Gigabytes of RAM. A
Mixed Integer Linear programming paradigm is suggested for the
energy harvesting system (EHS) in conjunction with memory and
the PGESD platform. The studied EHS contains a wind turbine,
a temperature storage area, and a storage area to provide the
electricity, temperature, and gas demands to test the suggested
model. In light of environmental pressures on power sources, it
is not surprising that RE became the star of energy networks
because of the human desire to regulate electricity generation.
As the number of renewables increased, it became necessary to
devise strategies for reducing global demand for energy while
also keeping costs low. The Internet of Things (IoT) module in the
PGESD system under consideration makes it easier for users to
communicate with one another. The deep learning model makes
it easier for the system to learn and achieves better results when
put to the test. In all circumstances, higher simulation results can
be achieved with the proposed PGESD system.
Figs. 5(a) and 5(b) show the training and testing analysis of the
proposed PGESD system, respectively. The simulation analysis of
the proposed PGESD system is done by considering the dataset,
and the simulation results are compared with the existing mod-
els such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF),
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025

Fig. 5(a). Training time analysis of the proposed PGESD system.

Fig. 6(a). Power demand analysis of the proposed PGESD system.

Fig. 5(b). Testing time analysis of the proposed PGESD system.

Fig. 6(b). Utilized power analysis of the proposed PGESD system.

Table 1
Simulation outcome analysis of the proposed PGESD system.
Method Training time (s) Testing time (s)
SVM 19.2 21.3 Table 1 shows the simulation outcome analysis of the pro-
RF 30.2 35.4 posed PGESD system. The proposed PGESD system is designed
DT 51.2 56.8 and implemented using the given dataset, and the system per-
LDA 24.5 29.5
formance is analysed using the training and testing phase. The
PGESD 12.3 13.4
proposed PGESD system’s simulation results are shown in Table 1.
Training and testing are used to evaluate the proposed PGESD
system’s performance, and the results are compared to those of
decision tree (DT), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). A large previous systems. PGESD batteries, as opposed to other types, are
electrical generator typically has an efficiency of 99 percent. The becoming more popular. Unlike a pumped storage facility, the
net value can be calculated from the gross output, excluding sta- PGESD does not necessitate a specific geographical location for
tion auxiliaries and losses in ‘‘generator transformers’’. Reducing construction. In this way, a never-ending supply of electric power
the amount of power and energy required by electrical systems can be created and utilized. PGESD is also more cost-effective
without affecting the regular operations of buildings, factories, than pumping storage systems. The proposed PGESD system re-
or other transformation processes is what is meant by electrical quires more time for the training phase, and after training, it
energy efficiency. On one end of the efficiency spectrum, wind requires smaller time for the testing phase. The proposed PGESD
harvesting creates 1164 percent of its original energy, while coal system with IoT module and deep learning algorithm produces
harvesting only 29 percent of its original energy. The proposed overall higher performance. The proposed PGESD system exhibits
PGESD system with the Internet of things and big data analytics lower training and testing time than existing models.
module exhibits higher simulation outcomes than the existing The power demand and utilized power analysis of the pro-
models for all the situations. posed PGESD system are depicted in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). The
5023
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
Table 2
Software results analysis of the proposed PGESD system.
Method Precision (%) Accuracy (%)
SVM 43 41
RF 58 54
DT 38 39
LDA 62 64
PGESD 89 92
Fig. 7(a). Simulation outcome analysis of the proposed PGESD system.
power demand of different users under the simulation are mon-
itored for one month, and their power demands and the actual
utilized power are calculated and plotted. The proposed PGESD
system with the internet of things module enhances the connec-
tivity between users. The deep learning model helps the system
train efficiently and produces better results at testing conditions.
The proposed PGESD system produces higher simulation out-
comes in all the conditions. While energy is the total amount of
power used over a given period, demand refers to the maximum
amount of electricity consumed at a given time. The demand
charge is like the month’s highest ‘‘miles-per-hour’’ speed. In
the planning and operation of the electric power system, load
demand forecasting is critical. As part of the planning process,
it is necessary to accurately predict the magnitude and location
of electric load over the various periods of the planning period
Probability that a hypothesis test will find an effect if one exists
called statistical power. An experiment’s minimal sample size can
be estimated using a power analysis if the desired significance
level, effect size, and statistical power are all known ahead of
time.
Table 2 shows the software results analysis of the proposed
PGESD system. The simulation outcomes, such as the precision
and accuracy of the proposed PGESD system, are calculated. The
software outcomes are compared with the existing models such
as SVM, RF, DT, and LDA. The IoT module in the proposed PGESD
system enhances the connection between users in the microgrid,
and the deep learning model enhances the learning rate of the
proposed PGESD system. The big data analytics model increases
the proposed PGESD system’s overall performance.
Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) show the software outcome analysis of
the proposed PGESD system, such as precision, recall, accuracy,
and F score. The simulation outcomes of the proposed PGESD
system are compared with the existing models such as SVM, RF,
DT, and LDA. It is used to evaluate the proposed PGESD system’s
5024
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
Fig. 7(b). Software outcome analysis of the proposed PGESD system.
performance compared to previous systems’ results. Other bat-
tery types are losing ground to PGESD batteries in market sizing.
Unlike a pumped storage facility, the PGESD does not require a
specific geographical location for construction. An endless supply
of electrical power can be generated and used in this manner. It
is also less expensive to use PGESD than pump storage systems.
The proposed PGESD system with IoT and deep learning model
exhibits higher software results than the existing models. The
proposed PGESD system has a higher processing rate with the
help of a deep learning model, a big data analytic model, and
simpler connectivity with the help of IoT technologies. There is
a method for optimizing the mix of home energy sources. Energy
consumption, generation, storage, and charging and discharging
of electric vehicles are all considered in this study. A simulation
model for scheduling a new home energy management system
is established based on the timely purchase of electricity from
the grid and the generation of electricity in conjunction with PV
systems.
The proposed PGESD system is designed and analysed in this
section. The simulation outcomes of the proposed PGESD system,
such as accuracy, precision, demand energy, utilized energy, etc.,
are compared with the existing models. The proposed PGESD
system with IoT technology, deep learning model, and big data
analytics technology produces higher simulation results.
5. Conclusion and future scope
Good predictive accuracy is used in the Light Neural Network
approach, which allows for a better knowledge of the user’s
behaviour. Fuzzy logic was used to give operating modes with
varying levels of intervention in judgement in computer-aided
loads. It wanted to design criteria that prioritized using elec-
tric power supplied by the solar system while developing the
operating modes. That results in the least amount of surplus
electric power injected into the system. A power generation and
electricity storage device (PGESD) for next-generation technolo-
gies is proposed in this article. The suggested system utilizes
technologies and techniques that are becoming more crucial to
creating Smart Buildings and play a significant role in the Mi-
crogrid design. In a situation of two-way knowledge transfer
between customers and utilities, the application of Algorithms
such as Computer Vision and Fuzzy Logic provides significant
benefits. With the quest for options for capacity and the ability
C. Iwendi and G.-G. Wang
actuation, the demand for understanding the power system ben-
efit of the entire rises by the day. Smart houses have become
increasingly widespread in Smart Grid construction and play a
larger part in the control system. The companies can create excel-
lent expenditures in the infrastructure if they better understand
their customers. The suggested system seeks to demonstrate the
relevance of IoT technology and Intelligent Systems in the elec-
trical market and how they lead to new opportunities for power
generation, usage, and marketing in the home sector in the future.
The numerical outcome obtained in the proposed PGESD method
includes a precision ratio of 89% and an accuracy ratio of 92%.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
Amudha, G., Narayanasamy, P., 2018. Distributed location and trust based
replica detection in wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 102
(4), 3303–3321.
Azzuni, A., Breyer, C., 2018. Energy security and energy storage technologies.
Energy Procedia 155, 237–258.
Beuse, M., Steffen, B., Schmidt, T.S., 2020. Projecting the competition be-
tween energystorage technologies in the electricity sector. Joule 4 (10),
2162–2184.
Bogaerts, A., Neyts, E.C., 2018. Plasma technology: an emerging technology for
energy storage. ACS Energy Lett. 3 (4), 1013–1027.
Chen, C., Jiang, J., He, W., Lei, W., Hao, Q., Zhang, X., 2020. 3D printed high-
loading lithium-sulfur battery toward wearable energy storage. Adv. Funct.
Mater. 30 (10), 1909469.
Damak, C., Leducq, D., Hoang, H.M., Negro, D., Delahaye, A., 2020. Liquid air
energy storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable
energy integration–a review of investigation studies and near perspectives
of LAES. Int. J. Refrig. 110, 208–218.
Dhote, S., Vichoray, C., Pais, R., Baskar, S., Shakeel, P.M., 2019. Hybrid geometric
sampling and AdaBoost based deep learning approach for data imbalance
in E-commerce. Electron. Commerce Res. 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s10660-019-09383-2.
Fan, X., Liu, B., Liu, J., Ding, J., Han, X., Deng . . ., Y., Zhong, C., 2020. Battery
technologies for grid-level large-scale electrical energy storage. Trans. Tianjin
Univ. 26 (2), 92–103.
Frate, G.F., Ferrari, L., Desideri, U., 2020. Energy storage for grid-scale ap-
plications: Technology review and economic feasibility analysis. Renew.
Energy.
Gao, J., Wang, H., Shen, H., 2020. Task failure prediction in cloud data centers
using deep learning. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput..
5025
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 5016–5025
Hirsh, H.S., Li, Y., Tan, D.H., Zhang, M., Zhao, E., Meng, Y.S., 2020. Sodium-ion
batteries are paving the way for grid energy storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 10
(32), 2001274.
Kuthadi, V.M., Selvaraj, R., Baskar, S., Shakeel, P.M., Ranjan, A., 2021. Optimized
energy management model on data distributing framework of wireless
sensor network in IoT system. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1007/s11277-021-08583-0.
Li, L., Liu, P., Li, Z., Wang, X., 2018. A multi-objective optimization approach
for the selection of energy storage systems. Comput. Chem. Eng. 115
213–225.
Li, S.F., Liu, Z.H., Wang, X.J., 2019. A comprehensive review on positive cold
energy storage technologies and applications in air conditioning with phase
change materials. Appl. Energy 255, 113667.
Lu, S., Tong, H., Pang, B., 2018. Study on the coupling heating system of floor
radiation and sunspace based on energy storage technology. Energy Build.
159, 441–453.
Manogaran, G., Shakeel, P.M., Fouad, H., Nam, Y., Baskar, S., Chilamkurti, N.,
Sundarasekar, R., 2019. Wearable IoT smart-log patch: An edge computing-
based Bayesian deep learning network system for multi access physical
monitoring system. Sensors 19 (13), 3030.
Ngo, T.D., Bui, T.T., Pham, T.M., Thai, H.T., Nguyen, G.L., Nguyen, T.N., 2021. Image
deconvolution for optical small satellite with deep learning and real-time
GPU acceleration. J. Real-Time Image Process. 1–14.
Olabi, A.G., Wilberforce, T., Ramadan, M., Abdelkareem, M.A., Alami, A.H.,
2020. Compressed air energy storage systems: Components and operating
parameters–A review. J. Energy Storage 102000.
Palacios, A., Barreneche, C., Navarro, M.E., Ding, Y., 2020. Thermal energy
storage technologies for concentrated solar power–a review from a materials
perspective. Renew. Energy 156, 1244–1265.
Shakeel, P.M., Baskar, S., Fouad, H., Manogaran, G., Saravanan, V., Xin, Q., 2020.
Creating collision-free communication in IoT with 6G using multiple machine
access learning collision avoidance protocol. Mob. Netw. Appl. 1–12.
Wang, Q., Tan, Z., De, G., Pu, L., Wu, J., 2019. Research on promotion incentive
policy and mechanism simulation model of energy storage technology.
Energy Sci. Eng. 7 (6), 3147–3159.
Yan, Z., Zhang, Y., Liang, R., Jin, W., 2020. An allocative method of hybrid
electrical and thermal energy storage capacity for load shifting based on
the seasonal difference in district energy planning. Energy 207, 118139.
Zhang, X., Manogaran, G., Muthu, B., 2021. IoT enabled integrated system for
green energy into smart cities. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 46, 101208.
Zhang, C., Wei, Y.L., Cao, P.F., Lin, M.C., 2018. Energy storage system: Current
studies on batteries and power condition system. Renew. Sustain. Energy
Rev. 82, 3091–3106.
Zhong, Y., Xia, X., Deng, S., Xie, D., Shen, S., Zhang ., K., Tu, J., 2018. Spore carbon
from aspergillus oryzae for advanced electrochemical energy storage. Adv.
Mater. 30 (46), 1805165.
Further reading
Saravanan, V., Alagan, A., Woungang, I., 2018. Big data in massive parallel
processing: A multi-core processors perspective. In: Handbook of Research
on Big Data Storage and Visualization Techniques. IGI Global, pp. 276–302.