Meaning of Anatomy :-

Anatomy is the study of human physics through this knowledge of various fundamental system
of our body can be studies. It is the study of the structure size shape position weight and various
system of the body. It’s also known as the Science which has a relation with the evolution of
Human body and inter-relation of the evolution”. Thus,
“The science which is related to the structure of the Human body and the parts of the body is
known As ‘Anatomy’.
Meaning of Physiology:-
Physiology means the study of different bodily processes. In this, functions of the body parts and
the inter-relation Among them are studied. In other words, the study of the Operation of the
human body is called ‘Physiology’.
Also, it studies functioning of all the body parts and their Inter-connection, like-Digestion of the
food through gland Secretion made by the liver, pancreas, spleen, message Generated by the
nerves to the muscles are the result of a Chemical process.
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology:-
1. Knowledge of Body Structure and Functions Of Body Parts:
Knowledge of body structure and Functions of body parts are attained by the study Of
anatomy and physiology. Knowledge of all Body parts, organs, body systems, their sizes,
Appearance and their functions are acquired.

2. Helpful in prevention from Injury and Rehabilitation: Study of the above topics are
Helpful in prevention of injury and rehabilitation. Prevention from injuries are possible with the
Help of anatomy and physiology. On the basis of Their study, we can make the body parts work
According to their ideal capacity, to prevent From injury. Still, if a player gets injured, his/her
Treatment/diagnosis will be easier and rapid.
3. Helpful in Selection of Games and Training:
Study of anatomy and physiology is important For better performance in the games and sports
Training. Nature and structure of various games are Different. Some games require rapid
movement/ Response whereas some games require endurance And power. Thus, selection of
games can be done

4. Knowledge of Physical Change and Fitness Through Exercises:

It is a normal thing for Physical changes to happen in the body through Exercises. This is due
to certain chemical changes Which helps in the growth of the body and The body parts.
Growth and development are Complementary to each other. Exercises also Lead to the
 development of the physical fitness. Knowledge of all these changes are provided by The
study of anatomy and physiology.
5. Knowledge of Atmospheric Effect on Players:
It’s an important fact that the performance Of a sportsperson is affected by his physical
Atmosphere . For example Atmosphere Of Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC’s) of players Living in
the high altitude increases heart and Breathing rate. The Alveoli also get active. All These
knowledge can be acquired through study of Anatomy and physiology.
6. Helpful in Knowing the Anatomical and Physiological Differences among Males and
Females:
On the basis of differences among males And females in terms of anatomy and physiology,
different types of weights and instruments Are used during training. Some different activities
Are also organized according to this difference.

Functions of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones and Types Of Joints:-

Skeletal System is the structure made up of bone It is related to all the bones in our body. The
strong Bone structure creates the skeletal system which form The structure of the body. In the
formation of skeleton System, there are various cartilages which help to bind One bone to
another bone. An adult have 206 bones in total Out of which 106 are in your Hands and feet.
Axial skeleton bones total 80 bones and appendicular skeleton bones total 126.
Function of Skeleton system:-
1. Skeletal system provides the framework and Structure of the body.
2. It provides protection to internal organs of the Body, viz., heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.
3. It provides shape to the body.
4. It helps to make Easier movement Of the bones during The movement of The body parts.
5. Bones provide the Surface to connect the muscles.
6. It stores minerals.
7. It contains bone-marrow which helps in the Formation of Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC’s).
8. It supplies calcium during calcium deficiency.
9. Bone cells produce two types of hormones:
(i) Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
FGF increases the production of phosphorus. It Reduces hydroxylation’ of Vitamin D in the
kidneys And helps to activate production of Vitamin D.
(ii) Osteocalicin
‘Osteocalicin’ helps to regulate blood sugar and Fat in our body. It increases secretion of insulin
And also increases cells which are responsible for The secretion of insulin.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES:-
1. Based on the shape
*Long bones
*Short bones
*Flat bones
*Irregular bones
*Sesamoid bones
2. Based on the condition
*Axial skeleton bones
*Appendicular skeleton bones
3. Based on the formation
*Cartilaginous bones
*Membranous bones
4. Based on the internal structure
*Compact bones
*Spongy bones
TYPES OF BONES BASED ON SHAPE:-
Long Bones: Lengths of these bones are Greater than widths. It has ‘Diaphysis’ in the
Middle and ‘Epiphysis’ at the ends. These Bones work like a lever during an activity.
These are bones like Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, etc. When we observe these
Bones deeply, we can see ‘compact bones’ in The middle and ‘spongy bones’ at the ends.
It has ‘medullar cavity’ in the middle which Contains bone-marrow.

Short Bones: Length and width of these bones are Generally alike. The main inction of these
bones is To provide stability and support. Examples Are carpal bone and tarsal bone. In the
centre of these bones, there is a thin layer of ‘compact Bones’ which contain ‘spongy bones and
bone-Marrow’ in a large amount.
Flat Bones: These bones are flat and their main Function is to protect the internal delicate
Organs. These bones provide base for joining Muscles to bones. Examples are scapula, sternum,
Skull, pelvic, and ribs. On the inside of these bones, There are spongy bones, and compact bones
are On the outside. Also, bone-marrow is present in Different amount in the middle. Production
of RBC’s is much more in these bones, especially in The adults.

Irregular Bones: The shapes of these bones are Not same. These are irregular in shapes like
Mandible, vertebrae, etc. These are made up Of spongy bones from inside and compact bones
From outside. These bones provide protection to The internal organs.

Sesamoid Bones: These bones are found inside The ‘tendon’, where the tendon is attached to a
Joint. These bones provide protection to the Tendon. It is small in shape and seed-like in
Structure, e.g., Patella.
Classification of Bones based on Condition
1. Axial Skeletal Bones: It includes skull bone, rib Cage and vertebrae. It has total 80
bones.

Name of the Bones Number

Skull Bones. 08
Face Bones. 14
Vertebrae. 26
Ribs. 25
Ear Bones. 06
Hyoid Bone (Voice Box) . 01

2. Appendicular skeleton bones

 Total 64 bones of the upper extremities.
 Total 62 bones of the upper extremities.

Joints of Bones:-
A place on the bone, where two or more bones join together is known as the ‘Joint’. It means, a
place in The body where the ends of two or more bones meet. Joints provide flexibility to our
body. Utility of skeleton is Not possible without a joint. Flexibility of the joints depend on its
structure.
Based on formation
-Fibrous join
-Cartilaginous joint
-Synovial joint
Based on Functions
-Carthorses
-Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
Based on Motility
- 1st Degree freedom joints
- 2nd Degree freedom joints
- 3rd Degree freedom joints
Based on Movement:-
-Immovable Joints
-Slightly movable joints
-Freely movable joints
Types of Joints Based on Movement:-
Immovable Joints:- Generally movement is not seen in this type of joint but it can be slightly
move due to prolonged pressure. In this type of Joints, bones are joined through a thin layer.
Example :- Skull joint.

Slightly movable joints:- In this type of joint, a slide movement is seen. Hence, these joint our
less moveable, joints are joined with the Help of ligaments, and joints is connected with
cartilages.
Example:- Vertebrae joint
Freely movable or synovial joints :- Generally all types movement is seen in this type of joint.
These are 6 types of Joints
1.Ball and Socket joints :- In this type of joint , one corner of the bone has a ball like structure
and the other corner has socket cavity. Ball is fixed into the socket like shoulder , hip joint it
comprises moments like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction,internal and external rotation
and circumduction extra.

2.Hing joints:- In hinge joint the cylindrical end of one bone fits into rough shaped surface of
other bone. They join in such a way that the movement is possible only in one plane (bending
and straightening). The best example is elbow joint and knee joint. The extension and flexion
movement is essential for building biceps, triceps and quadriceps muscles.
3. Pivot joint:- In pivot joint the movement is restricted to rotation only. It is also called
rotary joint as it is having a rotary movement around a single axis. In this type one bone
turns around on another bone. The best example is turning of head from one side to other
side
4. 4. Gliding Joint: The gliding joints allow the bones to glide on each other. It is a type of

joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. The ends of
joining bones are like that one is slightly concave, the other is slightly convex. Example:-
Inter- carpals or joints of the wrist.

5. Saddle joints: Such joints allow great freedom of movements and articulating surface is
shaped like a saddle, having both convex and concave areas, but they have limited
rotation. The best example of this form is joint of the thumb.
6.Condyloid Joint: This form of joint allows The moving bone to travel from side to side, Back
and forth but does not allow it to rotate. Movement occurs only around two axes so They may be
also called biaxial. E.g., wrist Joint, meta carpal, phalangeal joint. This joint Is useful as the
players use their wrist when Dribbling with the ball in basketball. The Wrist-joint is an example

of this .

Properties and Functions of Muscles

All human activities largely depend on the contraction of muscles. Movements of the body occur
by Pulling of muscles. There are basically three types of muscles tissue.
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
1. Skeletal Muscles: These muscles comprise 40% of the body weight. They are named so
because They are attached to the skeletal system. They are also called striated muscles as
their striations Can be seen when observed under the microscope. These muscles are
responsible for Locomotion, facial expressions, posture, and other body movements.
They are also known as Voluntary muscles.
2. Smooth Muscles: These muscles are small and spindle shaped. They are called smooth
Muscles as their cells are not striated. They are also called involuntary muscles as their
Expansion or contraction is not under our control. These muscles contract much more
 slowly as Compared to skeletal muscles. They are found mostly in hollow organs such as
stomach, urinary Bladder and respiratory passages.

3. Cardiac Muscles : Cardiac muscles are found in the heart where they form the walls of
the Heart. They are long and striated but not as clearly striated as skeletal muscles. The
rate of Contraction of cardiac muscles is intermediated between smooth and skeletal
muscles. Cardiac Muscles are involuntary as their expansion and contraction is not under
our control.

PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

1. Excitability: The muscle responds to stimulation by nerves and hormones, making a

Possible for the nervous system and, in some muscle types, the endocrine system, to
Regulate muscle activity Basically it is the ability to respond to stimulate.

2. Contractility: It is the capacity of muscle to contract or shorten forcefully. Muscles carry

Out one highly specialized function that is known as contraction. The muscular
contractions Mostly occur quickly and repetitively
3. Extensibility: Extensibility is known as capability of the muscle to stretch. It means that
Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree. So it
is The ability of the muscle to stretch maximally without tearing

4. Elasticity: It is the property of the muscle to recall to its original length after being
Stretched. Elasticity means that if muscles are extended, they shrink back to their original
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
1. Movement: The most important function of the muscles is movement. The bones act as
Levers and the pulling forces to these levers are provided by the muscles. For all the
Voluntary movements the central nervous system directs the muscles to contract and
relax According to the need of the situation. Muscles have the strength and speed to move
the Bones to perform the required action at required pace.

2. Maintenance of Posture: Skeletal muscles are attached with the bones through ligaments
And tendons that generate a constant contractile force to maintain a good posture. These
Muscles are also important to maintain the balance and coordination of the body.

6. Heat Generation: The main share of body’s energy is used by muscular system. Due to
high Metabolic rate muscles produce great amount of heat in the body due to contraction
which Help to maintain temperature.

7. Respiration : Our muscular system automatically drives movement of air into and out of
our Body.

8. Constriction of organs and blood vessels: Nutrients move through our digestive tract.
Urine is passed out of the body, and secretions are propelled out of glands by contraction
of Smooth muscles.

9. Pumping blood: Cardiac muscles cause the rhythmical beating of heart circulating the
blood And helping in pumping blood to the whole body.

10. Intercostal Muscles helps for Inhalation and Exhalation: The process of inhalation and
Exhalation is done with the help of intercostal muscles. The whole respiration process
Depends on inhalation and exhalation. Oxygen is provided to the body through this
process.
 11. Helps in Digestion : Smooth muscles of organs like stomach and intestine help the
digestive System in the process of digestion of food.

12. Skeletal Muscles Protect Organs: The abdominal muscles and the muscles of lower back
Help to protect vital organs. As the abdominal cavity is not protected by bones, the
muscles Protect organs in abdomen.
Function and Structure of Circulatory System and heart

Circulatory system relates with the flow of blood in our body. Main components of circulatory
system are :
Heart: The heart works to pump the blood in our body. It supplies blood to every part of our
body. It is present in the middle of the lungs in the thoracic cavity. It extends from 2nd rib to the
5th rib (middle). It weighs 310 g in the males and 225 g in the females. It has four chambers. It
has a shape of our closed fist.
It is divide by a septum into two sides, right and left. There is normally no communication
between these two sides. Each side of the heart is subdivided into two chambers, an upper
chamber called an atrium, and a lower chamber, a ventricle. There are two atria, right and left,
and two ventricles. The atria and ventricles of each side communicate with one another by means
of the atrioventricular openings, which are guarded by a valves; on the right side by the tricuspid
valve and on the left the mitral valve. The atrioventricular valve permit the passage of blood in
one direction only i.e., from atrium to ventricle and they prevent the blood flowing backwards
from to atrium. It is made up of three types of
1. Pericardium
2. Myocardium
3.Endocardium
Aorta: The aorta is the largest artery. The heart carries Oxygenated blood to the body through
this artery and Its branches. Many branches of the aorta carry blood To the internal organs.
Arteries: These are the blood vessels through which Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart
and reaches All the organs of the body. There are three types of Arteries:
1. Flexible Arteries: Flexible arteries are larger in Size and sends the blood outside of the
heart.
2. Muscular Arteries: The muscular arteries are Mid size arteries and carries the blood to
the Organs of the body.
3. Arterioles: The arterioles are small in size and Maintains the blood pressure.
Veins: Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Deoxygenated
Organs of the body is transported by veins to the heart.
Capillaries: Capillaries are very fine blood vessel Which make network of blood vessels in the
body and Connect the small arteries to the small veins. These are Present in the kidneys,
intestine, nervous system and Heart and serves to exchange nutrients
Circulation of Blood in Heart-
The heart has four chambers-the right and left at the top, and right and left ventricles at The
bottom
i) The right atrium receives blood from the veins and Pumps it to the right ventricle.
ii) The right ventricle receives blood from the right Atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is
Loaded with oxygen.
iii) The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from The lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
iv) The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the Rest of the body.
The heart pumps the blood to different parts of the Body. The pump function is usually
performed only By the lower part of the heart. The right pump sends Blood to the lungs and the
left pump to the whole Body. Blood enters the right atrium by two superior Vena cava. When the
right atrium is contracted, the Tricuspid open and blood reaches the right ventricle When the
right ventricle is contracted, the blood Reaches through pulmonary artery in the lungs. The Blood
purify (oxygenated) in lungs and reaches in left Auricle through pulmonary veins. When the left
atrium Is contracted, it reaches the left ventricle through Bicuspid valve. When the left ventricle
is contracted blood the entire body through the aorta. In this way blood enters from the right
atrium of the heart and exit the left ventricle, this cycle occurs 3 times in 1 minute and
continues continuously.
Function and Structure of Respiratory System:
Respiration is a process by which living organism Consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
(CO₂).

Parts of Respiratory System:

1. Nose: Nose is a cavity which serves as the entrance To the respiratory tract by which air
enters our Body. The nose has two cavities separated from Each other by a wall of
cartilage called the septum. It has a covering of mucus membrane inside the Septum
which helps to make air warm. This mucus Membrane secretes mucus which helps to trap
Particles of dust, carbon and bacteria.
2. Pharynx: It is a muscular tube which extends From the inner nose to the throat. It has a
length Of approximately 13 cm. After air goes into the Nose, it enters the pharynx.
Pharynx is divided Into three parts:
(a) Nasopharynx
(b) Oropharynx
( c) Laryngopharynx

3. Larynx: Larynx is also called voice box. It is a Chamber made up of cartilage. The main
function Of larynx is to prevent the passage of food into the Respiratory tract. It also
helps to produce voice. It is found in the front of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Cervical vertebrae. It is
 formed by the inclusion Of some irregular cartilages like thyroid cartilage, Epiglottis
cartilage, retinoid cartilage, etc.
4. Trachea: It is a strong tube of approximately 12 cm long. During respiration, it forms C-
shaped Spirals to prevent itself from shrinking. It is Divided into left and right bronchi
after reaching The fifth thoracic vertebra.
5. Bronchi: Bronchi has two parts (i) Left bronchus called secondary bronchi. And (ii)
Right bronchus which is called ‘primary Bronchus’. Right bronchus is divided into three
Parts

The left bronchus is divided into two Parts which is called secondary bronchi. Secondary
bronchi is further divided into tertiary Bronchi. Tertiary bronchi is further divided Into
respiratory bronchioles, terminal Bronchioles, alveoli and alveolus. This whole
Classification is known as ‘Bronchial Tree’. Respiratory bronchioles is divided into
alveolar Ducts. Alveolar duct ends with alveoli which helps In the exchange of gases.

6. Lungs: Human body has two lungs which have Shape of a cone. The main function of
the lungs Is the exchange of gases between blood and Air. Lungs provide oxygen to our
body and helps To release CO₂. It occupies the Thoracic cavity. The ribs cage helps to
protect it. It extends from The rib cage (front side) to the spine (back side). The circular
peak in the top is called ‘apex’ and at The bottom, there is a base. The base of the lungs Is
flat shaped. It is supported by the diaphragm. The left lung is a little smaller than the right
Lung because some space of left thoracic cavity Is occupied by the heart. The right lung
has two Sections, whereas the left lung has three sections. Lungs are made up of smooth
muscles and it is Covered with a layer called Pleural cavity. The pleura are serous
membranes which fold Back onto themselves to form a two-layered Membranous
structure. The outer pleura is Attached to the chest wall which is called Parietal Pleura.
The inner pleura, that covers the lungs, is Called Visceral pleura. In the middle of parietal
And visceral pleura, there is a liquid substance Within the serous membrane. It prevents
the lungs From friction.

7. Intercostal Muscles: In the rib cage, there are Eleven pairs of intercostal muscles which
help in Respiration.

8. Diaphragm: It is a dome-shaped structure on Which lungs are supported. It separates the

Thoracic cavity from the stomach.

Respiratory Process:
Inhalation Process: Inhalation of air, as part Of the cycle of breathing, is a vital process for all
Human beings. The process is autonomous as it Does not require control or effort. Breathing
allows
Oxygen to enter the lungs from where it can be Absorbed into the blood-stream. It begins with
the Contraction of the muscles attached to the rib cage, Which causes an expansion in the chest
cavity. Then takes place the contraction of the diaphragm. Air enters, inflating the lung through
either the Nose or the mouth into pharynx and trachea before Entering the alveoli.
Exhalation Process: Exhalation is the flow of The breath out of an organism. In humans, it is
the
Movement of air from the lungs out of the airways To the external environment, during
breathing.