AGRICULTURE

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A GRICULTURE
The art or science of cultivating the ground,
including the harvesting of crops, fruit farming
and the rearing and management of live stock;
tillage; husbandry; farming.

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 Agriculture
• It’s a primary industry (that deals in obtaining
natural materials / resources).
• Agriculture is the process of producing food,
feed, fiber and many other desired products by
the cultivation of certain plants, fruits and the
raising of domesticated animals (livestock).

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 Importance of Agriculture
• Source of Food
• Source of raw material for industries like raw cotton for
Textile Mills, Sugar cane for Sugar Mills etc.
• Source of earning
• Source of employment
• Allow Trade (increase Export and decrease Imports) and
earn foreign exchange
• Helps to return loans
• Encourage development
• Industrialization and Mechanization
• Increase GDP and GNP
• Balance of Payment etc.

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 TYPES OF FARMING
• Small-scale subsistence Farming
Done for family needs, not to earn money.
Farmer grows crop to feed himself or his family and sells products only if
there is a surplus output (yield)

• Commercial Farming
Farming done for earning money. All types of crops (main and minor both
cultivated to earn money)

• Cash Crop Farming

Done for earning money but only cash crops like Wheat, Rice, Sugar cane and
Cotton etc. which are more profitable and in demand are cultivated only.

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Small-scale Subsistence Farming
• Small –scale farming depends mostly on nature. • Small-scale subsistence farmers supplement heir
income from other sources like they may work
• Some of the human inputs obtained from
as Carpenters, Blacksmith, Driver or Cobbler
processes e.g. Nature manure (cow dung) used
etc.
as natural fertilizer, seeds (mostly desi /local)
etc. • Output from the farm varies from year to year
due to variables like rainfall, pest and diseases,
• Some inputs like wooden plough etc. are
seeds etc.
transfer from one generation to the other along
with land /property. • Profit earn is either used to pay loans or for
buying the necessities of life. Some profit is also
• Subsistence farmer use traditional inputs like
invest back into the farm to increase next
wooden plough, draft (animal) power like from
/coming year yield e.g. buy HYVs, pesticides,
bullocks, desi/local seeds, natural manure
chemical fertilizers and irrigation system etc.
/fertilizer, inherited knowledge and convectional
/traditional methods of irrigation like Charsa, • Small-scale subsistence farmers also keep
Karez etc or depends on rainfall (barani / rain- poultry (mostly chicken), goats /sheep / cattle /
fed). buffaloes / mules and donkeys etc. to fulfill their
draft and food requirement and also to earn
• Processes are completed with manual labour of
some income e.g. skin for leather, eggs to eat or
family members (women and children mostly)
sell, milk.
• Sometimes unskilled labour are also employed
on low wages.
• Due to small land holdings, farmer are not able
to earn enough to meet their family needs.
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 Commercial / Cash Crop Farming
• Growing crops for sale, profit or earning or commercial purposes.
• Cash Crop Farming is also the same cropping for earning but it includes only those
crops which are always in demand and give more profit.
• Commercial farmers select crops on the basis of demand, profit and favorable
government policies like support price etc.
• Commercial farmer use those inputs which maximize their profit e.g. HYVs,
Chemical fertilizers, Pesticides, Modern methods of Irrigation (like Tube wells) etc.
so they can maximize the quality and quantity of their yields.
• Temporarily output (yield) store in warehouses before taken to the market.
• Crops have to pass through several agents before it reaches the consumer like
wholesaler, commission agents and retailers. Each one takes a share of profit which
minimize /limits the profit of the farmer (investor) and increase the price of the
crop.
• Limited profit of the farmer affects the quality of inputs which results in use of
traditional methods of agriculture that limits crop yield in Pakistan.

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AGRICULTURE AS A SYSTEM
Inputs Processes Outputs
Natural / Physical Inputs
Ploughing Wheat
Land Sowing Rice
Soil
Climate Irrigation Cotton
Water
Fertilizing Vegetables
Human / Economic Inputs
Weeding Fruits

Capital Pesticide Spray Eggs

Machines
Fertilizers Harvesting Meat
Labour
Seed Threshing Leather
Knowledge
Etc.
Landownership
Irrigation Profit / Loss
Pesticides

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 • Breaking and turning over /
Ploughing digging land / earth especially
(plowing) with a plough (plow)

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Plough

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 • Putting seed in or on the
Sowing ground so the plant will grow

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A rice transplanter is a machine specifically designed to aid in transplanting rice seedlings into
paddy fields. These machines generally produce larger yields with considerably less time and labor
than sowing seedlings by hand

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 • Supply of water to the land or
crops / plants to help them grow
Irrigation

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 • Any of a large number of natural and synthetic materials,
including manure and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Fertilizing compounds, spread on or worked into soil to increase its

capacity to support plant growth. Applied to make the
ground produce more.

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 • Removal of unwanted plants from
the ground.
Weeding • Weeds are unwanted plants.

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Pesticides
Pesticides are the chemicals which include
insecticides, herbicides and fungicide.
Used to control weeds, insects and other
pests. Toxic to some degree, they can kill
beneficial earthworms and organisms and
can pose a threat to people and pets if
overused or carelessly applied.

Pest / Insect - any

unwanted and destructive
insect or other animal that
attacks food or crops or
livestock

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 • Picking and collecting crops /
plants that are ripened (mature
Harvesting crop /plant)

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 • Separation of grains or seeds from plant
(cereal plants like wheat / maize / rice etc)
Threshing by beating / hitting them or using either a
machine or a hand tool.

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Combine Harvester
a machine that simultaneously cuts,
threshes, and cleans a standing crop
of grain (separate grains from crop)

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 Comparison of Human Inputs of Small-scale Subsistence and
Commercial / Cash Crop Farming
Human Input Small-scale Subsistence farming Commercial farming
Capital Less /small More / huge
Machines Wooden Advance (Tractors, harvesters,
combine harvester etc)
Fertilizer Natural (Cow Dung) Chemical
Labour Family member mostly women and Skilled and unskilled labour
children mostly men
Knowledge Inherited / traditional Advance Knowledge
Landownership Mostly small holding / owners Mostly large land holding/ rented
Irrigation Traditional Method of Irrigation Modern methods of Irrigation like
like Charsa, Shaduf, Karez etc. Tube wells, Sprinklers etc.
Pesticides Rarely used Common / frequently used
Seeds Local / Desi HYVs (High Yielding Variety of
Seeds / GM (Genetically
Modified Seeds)

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 CROPPING SEASON
Season Winter Summer

Crop Rabi Kharif

Sowing Month Oct - Dec April - June

Harvesting Month April - May Oct - Nov

Temperature Low High

Rainfall Less More / Ample

Example Wheat, Barley, Grains, Rice, Cotton, Sugar cane,

Pulses etc Maize Millet etc.

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 CROPS
Main Crops Minor Crops

• Wheat • Maize
• Rice • Millets
• Sugar cane • Pulses
• Cotton • Oil Seeds
• Tobacco

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 Wheat
• Commonly consumed cereal grains, supplies 72%
of caloric energy in the average diet.
• It’s a staple food ( a food regularly / routinely,
constitutes dominant portion of a standard diet).
• Used to make bread (roti), biscuits, cakes, cookies
pasta cereals etc.
• In Pakistan it is estimated that per capita
consumption is about 124 kg per year which is the
highest amount over the world.
• Its by-products (chaff / husk) used as animal
fodder

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Wheat • Winter / Rabi Crop

Geographical Requirements
Land Level / Flat / Plain / Undulating
Soil Loamy / Clayey
Irrigation 500 mm
Sowing Month Oct - Dec
Sowing Temperature 10° - 20° C
Harvesting Month April - May
Harvesting Temperature 25° - 30° C
HYVs / GM Seeds Maxi Pak, Shah Khan 95 etc.
Growth Time / Duration 3 – 4 Months

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 Wheat Main Growing Areas in
Pakistan
Provinces Main Areas Minor Areas
Faisalabad, Multan, Lahore, Jhelum
Punjab Gujranwala, Sialkot,
Bahawalpur etc.
Naushahro Feroz, Sukkur, Badin etc.
Sindh Sanghar etc.

Bannu Lower Dir, Mardan etc.

KPK
- Khuzdar, Naisrabad,
Balochistan Jaffarabad

- -
Gilgit Baltistan

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 Ploughing

Sowing of
Seed

Irrigation

Fertilizing

Weeding

Application
of
Pestticides

Harvesting

Wheat Crop
Threshing

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 Wheat Crop Ploughing Sowing of Seed

Irrigation Fertilizing Weeding

Application of Pestticides Harvesting Threshing

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 Wheat Cultivation
Ploughing • Oct - Dec

• Oct – Dec, 10 -20 ° C, Maxi Pak /Shah Khan 95, Local / Desi
Sowing of Seeds
Seeds

• 500 mm, Mostly irrigated Twice [First Irrigation: 1 Month

Irrigation after Sowing, Second Irrigation: 1 Month before Harvesting]
Modern / Traditional Methods of Irrigation / Barani

Fertilization • Chemical / Natural Fertilizers, done manually mostly but

machines are used for this process

Weeding • Removal of unwanted plants, done manually

Application of Pesticides • Aerial and ground sprays

Harvesting • April – May, 20 -30° C, Dry condition

Threshing • Separation of seeds from plants [ human / machines ]

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Wheat Products

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Wheat By-products

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Wheat Area by Province MY 2016/17

Province Area Percentage of Total

(Million Hectares) Area
Punjab 6.97 75.5
Sindh 1.15 12.5
KPK 0.73 8.0
Baluchistan 0.38 4.0
Total 9.23 100

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 Cultivation of Wheat on
Barani Farms
• Irrigation facilities are not used
• Whole cultivation process is adjusted according to
seasonal rainfall and temperature.
• Sowing begins in dry season of October to December
at average of 15 ° C Temperature
• Seed gets little moisture from the rain around 30 – 40
mm when growing period starts.
• Western Depression provide water to wheat crop
• In harvesting period (April – May) temperature rises
from 25 – 30 ° C which helps in the ripening of wheat.
• Mostly practice in hilly areas like Potwar Plateau and
Swat etc.

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Wheat Production in Pakistan
• Wheat yield ahs gradually increased in Pakistan with the
introduction of new Wheat varieties and improved farming
methods
• Improved Water Management System also help to cut down water
losses from canals to the fields.
• Chemical fertilizer are becoming more popular
• Government is providing loans on easy installments to purchase
agricultural machinery like Tractors, Harvesters etc.
• Support Price is also implemented, to increase the production.
• Despites Government’s effort Pakistan is rarely self-sufficient in
Wheat due to
» Ever increase in Population
» Gradual decrease in cultivable land due to
waterlogging and salinity

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 Past Paper Questions
• Why is an increase in Wheat production important? [3]

• Name a plateau where barani agriculture takes place. [1]

• How is the cultivation of wheat related to the seasonal rainfall on the plateau? [3]

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 Past Paper Questions
• Why is an increase in Wheat production important?
• Staple diet for increasing population
• Decrease import, save money
• Increase export, to earn Foreign exchange.
• Raw material

• Name a plateau where barani agriculture takes place. [1] [June 2006, Q1]
• Potwar Plateau

• How is the cultivation of wheat related to the seasonal rainfall on the plateau? [3] [June 2006, Q1]
• Moist soil till Oct / Nov by Summer Monsoon and Convectional Current, easy to plough
• Later winter rain from Western Depression supports sowing and growth of the plants.
• Little rain in the end of March boosts production.
• April being dry support harvesting.

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 Rice • Summer / Kharif Crop

Geographical Requirements
Land Level / Flat / Plain / Undulating
Soil Loamy / Clayey with impervious /
impermeable sub-soil
Irrigation 1270 – 2000 mm
Sowing Month April - June
Sowing Temperature 25 ° - 35 ° C
Harvesting Month Oct - Nov
Harvesting Temperature 20 ° - 30 ° C
HYVs / GM Seeds Irri Pak, Basmati Super
Growth Time / Duration 4 - 6Months
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 Rice Cultivation
Sowing of Seeds • Seeds are initially sown into beds or nurseries

• When Plant reach to height to 9 inches, it is transplanted into prepared

Transplanting (ploughed, weeded and 30 -37 cm flooded) fields

• 1270 mm -2000 mm (ideal)

Irrigation • Rice fields are kept flooded (30 -37 cm) until the rice is ripen
• Modern / Traditional Methods of Irrigation

• Chemical / Natural Fertilizers, done manually mostly but machines are

Fertilization
used for this process

• Removal of unwanted plants, done manually

Weeding

• Aerial and ground sprays

Application of Pesticides

• Oct -Nov, 20 -30° C, Dry condition

Harvesting
• Water is drained off for the harvesting

• Separation of seeds from plants [ human / machines ]

Threshing

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RICE TRASPLANTING

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 Rice Main Growing Areas in
Pakistan
Provinces Main Areas Minor Areas
Punjab Sialkot, Gujrat, Okara,
Gujarnwala, Kasur
Sheikupura
Sindh Larkana, Badin Thatta, Shikarpur

KPK - -

Balochistan - -

Gilgit Baltistan - -

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 Past Paper Questions
• Explain why rice growing is important in north-east Punjab and in the
northern Lower Indus Plain of Sind. [4]
• Explain why the cultivation of Rice is labour-intensive. [4]

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 Past Paper Questions
• Explain why rice growing is important in north-east Punjab and in the northern Lower Indus Plain of Sind. [4] [Nov 2004, Q3]
• Flat land, easy to plough, build canals, use machinery
• Loamy and clayey soil, support plant growth
• Impervious subsoil, prevent seepage and help in maintaining flooded fields
• Well-developed canal irrigation system and Tube wells help in irrigation
• Densely populated areas help in cheap worker
• North-east Punjab receive ample amount of rain from Monsoon.
• North-East Punjab includes Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Lahore, Seikhpura etc
• Northern Part of Sindh includes Larkana, Shikarpur etc

• Explain why the cultivation of Rice is labour-intensive. [4] [Nov 2008, Q4]
• Nursery for seeds
• Repairing bunds for water
• Prepare fields by Ploughing/weeding
• Flooding/irrigation
• Transplanting seedlings
• Fertilizer for nutrients/good growth
• Pesticides to kill pests/for better growth
• Drain water
• Cutting/harvesting ripe crop

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Cotton • Summer / Kharif Crop

Geographical Requirements
Land Level / Flat / Plain / Undulating
Soil Loamy / Clayey
Irrigation 1000 mm
Sowing Month April - June
Sowing Temperature 25° - 35° C
Harvesting Month Oct - Nov
Harvesting Temperature 25° - 30° C
HYVs / GM Seeds Nayyab 78, Sarmast Qalandri, B-557
Growth Time / Duration 4-6 Months

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 Cotton Cultivation
Ploughing • April - June

• April - June, 25-35 ° C, Nayyab - 78 / Sarmast Qalandri, Local / Desi

Sowing of Seeds Seeds, at a distance of 30 - 45 cm.

• 1000 mm, Mostly irrigated Twice [First Irrigation: 1 Month after

Irrigation Sowing, Second Irrigation: 1 Month before Harvesting] Modern /
Traditional Methods of Irrigation.

• Chemical / Natural Fertilizers, done manually mostly but machines

Fertilization are used for this process

• Removal of unwanted plants, done manually

Weeding

Application of Pesticides • Aerial and ground sprays

• April – May, 25 -35° C, Dry condition, when plant reaches a height

Harvesting of upto 135 cm -150 cm. Size of Cotton boll varies depending on
Human factors (seed, fertilizers), Done manually as well as with
cotton picking machines
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 Cultivation of Cotton
• After picking cotton bolls, loaded onto trucks and transported to
Ginning Mills.
• Ginning Mills (where seeds are separated from the lint).
• Lint (fluffy fiber inside a cotton bolls).
• Cotton lint is tied up in bales for further processing
• Bales (Rectangular shaped mostly, bundle of cotton lint).

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Cotton Bolls

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Cotton Lint

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Cotton Seed

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Cotton Bales

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 Reasons for Shortage of Cotton Production

• Cotton bolls is sensitive as it near harvesting.

• Greatly affected by rise in Day and Night Temperatures.
• It is sensitive to Frost.
• Vulnerable to Leaf-Curl Virus and Fruit Shedding .
• At rick of attack by Locust.

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Factors That Reduce The Production Of
(Any) Crop In Pakistan
• Waterlogging and Salinity
• Lack of Irrigation facilities
• Loss of Fertility
• Attack by Pest and Diseases
• Drop in the Demand of the Crop
• Local / Desi Seeds
• Traditional Methods of Agriculture.

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Factors That Increase The Production (Yield)
Of (Any) Crop Per Hectare In Pakistan
• Capital for purchasing Inputs like Machinery, HYVs etc.
• Use of Pesticides, Insecticides etc. to control pest attack
• Land Reforms for bigger fields and motivation
• Mechanization for efficiency, better quality and faster work
• HYVs / GM seeds to improve 10 - 20 % quality and quantity, to
disease resistant and drought resistant.
• Irrigation to Bridge Gap (make up rainfall deficiency)
• Chemical Fertilizers ( Nitrogen, Potash and Phosphorus) to increase
fertility of soil and provide nutrients to the crop.

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 Cotton Main Growing Areas in
Pakistan
Provinces Main Areas Minor Areas
Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Okara,
Punjab Bahawalnagar, Kasur etc.
Multan, Sahiwal etc.
Sanghar, Nausharo Hyderabad, Badin,
Sindh Firoz Sukkur etc.
- -
KPK
- -
Balochistan
- -
Gilgit Baltistan
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 Past Paper Questions
• Explain how climatic hazards may destroy or reduce
the yield of cotton on farms. [4]

• Explain two other factors that may reduce the

production of cotton in Pakistan. [4]

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 Past Paper Questions
• Explain how climatic hazards may destroy or reduce the yield of cotton on farms. [4]
[Nov 2007, Q2]
• Flood
• Drought
• Heavy rain at time of harvesting
• Storms
• Fluctuation in Day and Night Temperature
• Cold Temperature / Frost
•
• Explain two other factors that may reduce the production of cotton in Pakistan. [4]
[Nov 2007, Q2]
• Attack by pest (Locust) and disease (Leaf Curl Virus)
• Traditional methods of Agriculture ( Local Seeds, Natural Fertilizer etc)

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Sugar cane • Summer / Kharif Crop

Geographical Requirements
Land Level / Flat / Plain / Undulating
Soil Loamy / Clayey
Irrigation 1520 mm
Sowing Month April - Sep
Sowing Temperature 25° - 35° C
Harvesting Month Oct - Dec
Harvesting Temperature 25° - 30° C
HYVs / GM Seeds JN – 88, Thatta - 10
Growth Time / Duration 9 - 24 Months

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Sugar Cane

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 Sugar cane Cultivation
Ploughing • April - Sep

• April - Sep, 25-35 ° C, Thatta – 10 / JN - 88, Local / Desi Seeds or 30

Sowing of Seeds cm high Stalk /stems [Ratoon], at a distance of 30 cm.

• 1520 mm, Mostly irrigated Twice [First Irrigation: 1 Month after

Irrigation Sowing, Second Irrigation: 1 Month before Harvesting] Modern /
Traditional Methods of Irrigation.

• Chemical / Natural Fertilizers, done manually mostly but machines

Fertilization are used for this process

• Removal of unwanted plants, done manually

Weeding

Application of Pesticides • Aerial and ground sprays

• April – May, 25 -35° C,, when plant reaches a height of upto 6 -7

Harvesting feet and can be ratooned and harvested for 2-3 successive years.
Most harvested manually and immediately transported to Sugar
Mills
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Ratooning

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 Ratooning 0r Ratoon Cropping
• Refers to regrowth of crop, from the roots or
stalks after harvesting
• Ratoon crop is a new crops that grows from
the stubble (the part of the stalk left) of the
crop already harvested.
• Ratoon is a new shoot from the base of the
crop plant, after cropping / harvesting.

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• Successive crops are considered to be the crops
that are grown in succession in a single area
during the harvest year.
In this type of crop, the total area is allocated to
the main crop, which is taken to be the one with
the greatest production value. If the value of
production does not determine which is the main
crop, then the main crop is taken as the one that
occupies the ground for the longest time.

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 Sugar cane Main Growing Areas in
Pakistan
Provinces Main Areas Minor Areas
Faisalabad, Kasur Bahawalnagar, Gujrat,
Punjab Sialkot etc.

Badin, Hyderabad, Sanghar, Sukkur Thatta

Sindh Nausharo Firoz, etc.
Nawabshah
Peshawar, Charsadda Swabi
KPK
Balochistan - -

Gilgit Baltistan - -

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 Past Paper Questions
• Explain why the human inputs are very important for the successful
cultivation of Sugar cane in Pakistan. [4]

• Explain why sugar mills need to be close to the farms growing sugarcane. [3]

• Waste products from food crops such as straw from cereals and bagasse
from sugarcane have some uses. Explain the importance of waste products.
[3]

• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing cotton cultivation.

[4]

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 Past Paper Questions
• Explain why the human inputs are very important for the successful cultivation of Sugar cane in Pakistan. [4] [Nov 2002, Q3]
• Chemical fertilizer like Potash, Nitrogenous, Phosphate, urea etc.
• Use of Pesticides, Insecticides etc.
• Modern methods of Irrigation like Perennial Canals, Tube wells etc.
• Capita for expenses
•
• Explain why sugar mills need to be close to the farms growing sugarcane. [3] [Nov 2002, Q3]
• To reduce transportation cost, being bulky / heavy crop
• Reduce sugar content if not crushed within 48 hours after harvesting.
• Loss to the farmers and mills if delayed
• Less recovery.
•
• Waste products from food crops such as straw from cereals and bagasse from sugarcane have some uses. Explain the importance of waste
products. [3] [June 2010, Q2]
• Use as raw material (like Molasses, Bagasse, and Husk etc.) in Small-scale and Cottage Industries.
• Extra earning
• Source of employment
•
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing cotton cultivation. [4] [Nov 2013, Q1]
• Advantages
• Increase income of farmers
• Raw material for industries
• Increase export, earn foreign exchange
• Help to correct negative Balance of payment.
• Disadvantages
• Other crops will suffer especially same season crop as less area for their cultivation
• More stress on use of Chemical fertilizers, Pesticides etc.

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 Maize
• Kharif Crop
• Food Grain and Raw material for edible Oil
Production.
• Used to manufactured Cornflour, Custard Powder
and Other Processed Foods
• Also use as Animal Fodder and Poultry Feed
• Require 50-500 mm of rain
• Can be grown on porous soil.

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Maize

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 Millets
• Kharif Crop
• Jowar and Bajar are two millets
• Used as Food Grains, Animal fodder and Poultry
Feed.
• Does not require much rain, drought resistant
• Can be grown in poor sandy soil.

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Millets

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 Tobacco
• Rabi Crop
• Mainly Grown in KPK.
• Peshawar and Mardan are main Tobacco - growing
areas
• Grow in variety of Climatic condition
• But Export varieties are grown in fertile soils with
irrigation facilities
• HYV (Virginia)

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Tobacco

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Pulses •
•
Mash
Masoor
•
•
Mung
Grams
• Rich in Proteins
• Part of Diet
• Help in increasing fertility of soil by Fixing
Atmospheric Nitrogen in the soil , therefore good for
the followed crop
• Considered as Low Value Crop as farmers pay little
attention in cultivating them as compared to Main
Crops due to less cash returns

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 Oil Seeds
• Examples : Sunflower, Soya Bean, Rape Seed,
Mustard, Sarson, Rai, Sesame, Linseed and Castor
Seed
• Used to extract edible oil
• Linseed and Castor Seeds also used for Industrial
Purposes.
• Pakistan is not self sufficient in Oil Seed Production.
• Approximately 32% of Oil Seed Edible Oil demand
met locally, remaining 68% being Imported.

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Fruit Framing

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 Livestock Farming
• Livestock are the domestic animals kept for use on
a farm and raised for milk, meat and other
products or sale and generate profit.
• Livestock farming is rearing animals for earning
money.
• Oldest and most common occupation in Pakistan
• In rural setups, Livestock Farmers considered
respectable.
• Normally every village has “Shamilat” (a common
grazing ground) where livestock are allowed to
graze.

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 IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK FARMING
• Source of Nutritious food (Milk, Meat, Butter,
Ghee, Eggs)
• Raw material for Domestic Industries for
processing milk and meat and manufacturing
leather goods
• Contributes 10 % to GDP (Gross Domestic
Product) higher than crops
• Contributes to export of Livestock products like
Leather, i.e. source of Foreign Exchange
• Animals are used as draft power in farming process
like for ploughing, irrigating (Persian wheel) etc.

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 TYPES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING
• Subsistence livestock farming
• Commercial livestock farming

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 Livestock Farming as a System
Subsistence Commercial Subsistence Commercial Subsistence Commercial
livestock farming livestock farming livestock farming livestock farming livestock farming livestock farming

INPUTS INPUTS PROCESSES PROCESSES OUTPUTS OUTPUTS

Natural grazing Farms with animal Feeding Feeding Milk Milk
fields for fodder sheds, ponds and
fodder rooms

Water from Processed fodder Natural Breeding Breeding Meat Meat

ponds and lakes

Open land Specialized labour Milking manually Milking by suction Wool Wool
machines

Labour, women Veterinary Slaughtering Extraction of Eggs Eggs

and children of facilities Hides and Wool
the family

Shortage and Shearing wool Preserving with For personal / For sale and earn
processing from sheep refrigerating family use money
facilities for facilities majorly
animal products.

Packing ( in some
farms)
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 Subsistence Livestock farming
• Rearing of livestock for family use majorly not
for earning
• There are three main types or ways in which
Subsistence Livestock farming is done.

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TYPES OF SUBSITENCE LIVESTOCK FARMING
SPECIFICATIONS SEM-NOMADIC / NOMADIC SETTLED
TRANSHUMANCE /
PERIODIC
MOVEMENT/
SEASONAL
MOVEMENT
Seasonal movement / Continuous /
Nature of Movement Stayed at one place
periodic movement constant
Grasslands / pastures as Everything available at
Reason of Movement areas are covered with Water and food their place therefore
snow during winters stayed there.
Arid regions (Thar
Northern mountains and and Kharan Indus Plains (Punjab
Areas some part of Western Desert), parts of and Sindh)
mountains Balochistan and and valleys
KPK
Specific Cattles Camels Buffaloes
Animals Sheep, Goats and Sheep, Goats and
Common Sheep, Goats and Poultry
Poultry Poultry
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 Commercial Livestock Farming
• Livestock rearing done for earning money
• It is practice either on a Small-scale by private
owners or on Large scale by Government
owned or Military farms.

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 Small-scale
Commercial Livestock
farming
• Bulk of livestock farming is
products are still supplied by
small-scale private owners
• Such dairy farms kept on
vacant plots and often lacking
appropriate drainage or water
supplies.
• Fodder has to be brought in
from nearest crop growing area.
• Valuable by-product, cattle and
buffalo dung is collected and
dried in circular cakes plastered
on any convenient wall and
sold to the market to be used as
manure or domestic fuel.
Large-scale Commercial
Livestock farming
• Large-scale livestock farms such
as Australian designed dairy farm
for Islamabad and Karachi,
government dairy farm for Quetta
and many other military farms.
• To boost livestock production,
scientific breeding methods such
as cross breeding to increase
fertility rates, and better nutritional
diets are in use on many of the
government farms.
• Early weaving diets have also been
introduced for rearing buffalo and
cow calves to save milk for human
consumption.
• To improve veterinary facilities,
personnel’s are trained and new
methods are used on selected
farms.
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LIVESTOCK FARMING

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 Main Livestock Resources
• Cattle
• Buffaloes
• Goats and Sheep
• Poultry

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 Cattle
• Most common farm animals
• Found approximately allover Pakistan.
• Few in rugged mountains of Balochistan and arid
areas (Thar Desert)
• Important farm animals used for ploughing,
irrigation (turning Persian Wheel) and
transportation to carry fodder and worker from
one to another place.
• Also supply meat and milk
• Traditionally, a pair of bullock is a matter of pride
and prestige for farmers.

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 CATTLE BREEDS
Red
Bhagnari Dhani Sahiwal Thari
Sindhi
Plains of Northern Lower Punjab Tharparkar
Sindh and Mountains Sindh
Punjab
Draft
Draft power Provide Milk power and
Milk

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 Buffaloes
• Largest source of Milk in Pakistan, produce 70% of the total
Milk supply
• Also the source of cheap meat,
• Female buffaloes are only slaughter when they stop
producing milk or are old.
• Sometimes are used as work animal
• Water loving animals therefore mostly found in canal
irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh or areas with plenty of
water
• As buffaloes are water loving and heat and cold sensitive
therefore not found in extreme north, western highlands,
rugged areas of Balochistan and desert areas of Pakistan
• Important breeds are Nili bar, Ravi and Khundi.

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 Goats and Sheep
• Found almost all over Pakistan
• Reared for their wool and meat
• Mutton is preferred over beef thus it has great demand in Pakistan.
• Goats are sure-footed, can survive in a variety of natural
topographical and climatic environment.
• They don’t need large grazing fields and can nibble thin grass
resultant overgraze which lead to soil erosion
• Government of Pakistan discourage Sure-footed goats as they
overgraze
• Government of Pakistan encourage Stall-fed goats as they kept in
sheds, food, water etc. provided there, not allowed to graze in open
fields therefore prevent overgrazing and soil erosion.
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 Poultry
• Poultry products include Chicken and eggs
• Demand for poultry products has greatly
increased in recent years
• White meat (Chicken) is widely used as it is
healthier, cheaper and easily available
• Commercial poultry found all over Pakistan
especially in surrounding areas of large cities to
meet growing demands.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of Developing
Livestock Farming In Pakistan
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Sustainable e.g. animal reproduce
Manure, dung used as natural fertilizer and Overgrazing cause soil erosion,
as a fuel, for burning
Increase export eg. Leather products etc.
Use in processing Industries like Milk and
Meat processing
More food e.g. Milk, Meat, Healthy food
and great demand
Provide products like hides, horn, bones
and wool etc.
Source of employment and income
Loss of land and water for food crops
Expensive as cows and buffaloes are high
priced and Cost of setting up, fodder and vets
bills etc.
Low income and profit
Some products not of export quality and
banned by Western countries
Disease transfer to humans
Disposal of waste, problems of cleanliness,
pollution (animal waste)
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 Problems Faced By Livestock Farming
and Their Possible Solution
Problems Solution

Few veterinary hospitals & vaccination facilities Improvement in vaccination facilities to Control diseases
Increasing in the number of veterinary hospitals and Vets.
Education and training
Programmes to fatten cows for milk and meat

Lack of grazing grounds lead to over grazing. Cultivation of fodder crops by reserving land or turning agricultural
land into grazing fields

Grazing unirrigated fields cause Soil erosion Provision of Irrigation facilities to prevent soil erosion and support
plant growth
High prices of animal feed Subsidiary
Insufficient marketing system leads to less profit and low Support price by Government to give maximum profit to the farmer
investment in Inputs. Strict monitoring and implementation of Laws by Government to
Gap in price of livestock products in Rural and Urban areas, control prices
discourage rural people to practice livestock farming due to low
profit
Inadequate storage facilities for meat Provision of electricity and storing as well as preserving facilities by
Government
Insufficient breeding Selective breeding and cross breeding for better quality animals
Primitive breeding methods Improvement on livestock research farms

Unhygienic conditions in animal husbandry lead to unhealthy Maintaining Hygienic condition during animal husbandry
animals Mechanization
Awareness programs by NGOs, Community services and Government
authorities.
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 Factors Affecting Agricultural
Production In Pakistan
Natural / Physical Factors
• Land / Terrain
• Soil
• Water Bodies
• Climatic Conditions (
mainly Temperature and
Rainfall)
• Natural Hazards ( Floods,
Droughts, Pest and
Diseases)
Human / Economic
Factors
• Irrigation
• Chemical Fertilizers
• HYVs / GM seeds
• Mechanization
• Plant Protection Programs
• Marketing System
• Size of Farm
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 Natural Factors Affecting
Agricultural Production In Pakistan
S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

1 Land / Terrain Even / Plain / • Easy to use machinery Indus Plains -

Flat / and build canals, sow (Punjab and
Undulating seeds etc. Sindh),
• Large surface area Valleys and
means more cultivation Coastal areas
• Cheap

Uneven / • Difficult to use Northern and • Terracing

Rough / machinery and build Western • Contour
Rugged canals, sow seeds etc. Mountainous Ploughing
• Small / less surface area areas, Most • Strip
means less cultivation part of Farming
• Costly Balochistan

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S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

2 Soil Fertile • Support plant growth Indus Plains -To support some
(Soil rich in • Cheap as less money (Punjab and crops and to
organic (capital) use in Sindh) and maintain soil
matter) increasing fertility of Valleys fertility due to
soil excessive
• More and better output / cultivation
yield Natural and
Chemical
Fertilizers are
used.
Infertile • Does not support plant Arid Region • Chemical /
(Soil lack growth (Deserts like Natural
organic • Costly as chemical / Thar and Fertilizer
matter) natural fertilizer will be Kharan etc.) • Crop Rotation
used to support plant Most part of • Fallow
growth. Balochistan Technique
and KPK • Forestation /
Afforestation
• Ash
production to
increase soil
fertility
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S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

3 Natural Presence / • Ensure water supply Indus Plains To regulate the

Water Availability of • Increase soil fertility (More in flow of water in
Bodies Natural water • Lower down the Punjab and Rivers and to
(Like bodies like temperature less in Sindh), ensure the
Rivers, Rives, • Easy and comparatively Valleys etc availability of
Lakes, Streams, cheap to build canals water canal
Springs Lakes, Ponds and other methods of network and other
etc.) etc. irrigation. methods of
• More production irrigation like
Tube wells etc.
developed there.
Absence / • Water shortage Arid Region • Irrigation
Unavailability • Cause Infertility of soil (Deserts like • Forestation /
of Natural • Risen the temperature Thar and Afforestation
water bodies • Burn crops Kharan etc.) • Drought
like Rives, • Increase water loss Most part of resistant
Streams, through Balochistan HYVs
Lakes, Ponds evapotranspiration and KPK (due
etc. to small and
seasonal
rivers)

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S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution
4. Climatic Extremely High • Increase water loss Arid Region • Irrigation
Conditions through (Deserts like • Forestation /
evapotranspiration Thar and Afforestation
• Burn crops Kharan etc.) • Drought
a). • Increase the infertility of Most part of resistant HYVs
Temperatur soil Balochistan • Nomadism
e • Less cultivation / output and KPK

Extremely Low • Result in covering of Northern • Transhumance

land with snow during Mountains /Seasonal
winters mostly in some mainly and Movement
areas throughout the some parts of /semi-
year, no area / space for Western nomadism
crop cultivation Mountains
• Frost bite ( Crops will
burn not ale to survive)
Moderate • Encourage crop Indus Plains
cultivation through out (Punjab and
the year as temperature Sindh), Valleys
is bearable and not burn and some parts -
crops of KPK and
Balochistan

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S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution
4. Climatic Arid • Infertile soil Arid Region • Irrigation
Conditions (Below 250 • Water shortage (Deserts like • Dams and
mm) • High temperature Thar and Barrages
• Cultivation not possible Kharan etc.) • Forestation and
b). Rainfall without Human inputs some areas of Afforestation
Balochistan • Desalination
and KPK Plants
• Drought
Semi arid • Water scarcity Indus Plain (
resistant HYVs
(250 – 750 mm) • Infertile soil mainly Sindh),
etc.
• Some crops cultivated Northern
without human inputs Mountains and
parts of
Western
Mountains

Humid • Ensure water availability Northern • Dams and

( Above 750 • Increase soil fertility Punjab and Barrages
mm) • But Rainfall source in Siwaliks (Sub- • Irrigation
Pakistan even in Humid himalayas) methods
areas, are not reliable as
they vary by means of
timing, amount and
distribution.

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S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution
5. Natural Positive • Fill dams, reservoirs Areas around
Hazards Impacts • Provide water for Rivers
irrigation especially
a) Floods • Recharge ground water Active and Old
• Increase soil fertility by Flood Plains of
depositing nutrients River Indus
and Its
tributaries (like
Jheluem,
Negative • Destroy everything comes Chenab, Ravi • Building Dams
Impacts in its way like settlements, etc.) and and barrages
building, properties, crops, Valleys etc. • Forestation and
livestock etc. Afforestation
• Cause Water born diseases • Increase the
height of Dams
and
embankments
• Building Flood
Diversion
Channels
• Avoid
Construction in
Active Flood
Zone areas etc.
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S. Natural Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution
5. Natural Drought ( • Water shortage Arid Region • Irrigation
Hazards Water • Rise in Temperature (Deserts like • Dams and
shortage) • Burn crops Thar and Barrages
b) Droughts • Increase infertility of soil Kharan etc.), • Forestation and
• Area will turn into Desert parts of Afforestation
(Desertification) Balochistan • Desalination
and KPK Plants
• Drought
resistant HYVs
etc.
c) Pest and Attack of Pest • Attack of pest like Locust Pest ( Locust, • Disease
Diseases and Diseases ( mostly on Cotton Crop) Army Worm, resistant HYVs
on Crops destroy the crop American Boll • Crop Rotation
• Disease like Leaf-curl Worm etc. • Aerial and
Virus ( mostly on Cotton Ground Sprays
Crop) results in falling of Diseases of pesticides,
flowers ( Leaf-curl Insecticides
• Attack by pest and Virus, Blights, and Herbicides
diseases results in low or Rusts) • Plant
not outputs Protection
Programmes.

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 • Locust

• American

PEST
Ball Worm

• Army
Worm

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 Diseases
• Wheat leaf rust. Wheat leaf rust is a
fungal disease that affects wheat.
• Infections can lead up to 20% yield
loss, which is exacerbated by dying
leaves, which fertilize the fungus.

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 Disease
• Cotton leaf curl virus.
Plants infected early in
the season are stunted
and yield is reduced
drastically.

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 Diseases
• Rice bacterial blight, also called
bacterial blight of rice, deadly
bacterial disease that is among the most
destructive afflictions of cultivated rice.
• n severe epidemics, crop loss may be as high as 75
percent, and millions of hectares of rice are
infected annually.

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 Human Factors Affecting
Agricultural Production In Pakistan
S. Human Conditio Affect Example Possible
N Factor n Solution
o
1 Irrigation Positive  Ensure water supply throughout the  Nara (part of
year i.e. crops can be grown Thar Desert),
throughout the year. Thal Desert
 Far away areas can also be irrigated and Lasbela
means increase cultivated areas. district of
 Even deserts can be cultivated. Balochistan
 Tube wells help to lower down the have been
water table therefore prevent made
waterlogging and salinity. productive.
 Modern methods of irrigation
(Perennial canals, Tube wells,  SCARP
Sprinkler etc) are fast and efficient. (Salinity
Control and
Reclamation
Project) in
Rachna Doab Safia Karim
S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

1 Irrigation Negative  Expensive  Canal  Installation of

 Traditional method of irrigation irrigated Tube wells
(Shaduf, Charsa etc) are slow areas of  Canal
and irrigates small araes Punjab Closures
 Continuous seepage from (Rachna  Lining of
unlined perennial canals Doab) canals
especially, causes Waterlogging  Planting
and Salinity. Eucalyptus
 Destroyed large cultivable areas trees
of Punjab and Sindh.  Surface drain /
 Wastage of water as canal were Flush off
built in British period and not technique.
maintained regularly.  Cleaning and
maintenance
of canals on
regular basis

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

2 Chemical Positive  Application of fertilizer both  Nitrogen

Fertilizers (Natural and Chemical)  Potash
increase output (yield), as they  Phosphate
provide nutrients to the soil
 Support plant growth
 Speed up the cultivation
process
 Make infertile / poor soil
(deficient in organic matter)
into fertile soil immediately
 Eliminate the need of crop
rotation (i.e. same crop can be
cultivated in same area)

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible Solution
No Factor

2 Chemical Negative  Expensive  Support Price (

Fertilizers  Too much use will exhaust the this is the price
soil. fixed of some of
 Availability the crops by
 Drain in water bodies (rivers / government in
lakes etc) cause eutrophication order to give
(this encourage the growth of maximum profit
Algae that block light from to the farmers)
getting into the water and harm  Subsidiary
the plants and animals that (reduce price of
need it and prevent oxygen agricultural goods
from getting into the water, / equipments by
making it hypoxic and creating the government to
a dead zone where no make them
organisms can survive. affordable for
 Pollution (Water / land and farmers.)
Air)

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

3 Mechaniz Positive  Fast  Tractors

ation  Easy  Transplanters
 Efficient  Harvesters
 Cultivate large area  Threshers
 Reduce human work and  Combine
labour cost Harvesters etc.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

3 Mechaniz Negative  Expensive  Advance

ation  Farm based unemployment machinery most
 High maintenance cost based on
 Need skilled labour. renewable
 Pollution (Noise and Air) resources
 Inefficient / ineffective in small  Training and
landholdings. Education
 Subsidiary
 Loans on easy
installment for
farmers etc.
 Land Reforms
 One Window
operation
 Non-farm
employment for
farmers like
repair shops for
machinery etc.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

4. HYVs / Positive  Improve 10 – 20 % quality and  Wheat (Maxi

GM Seeds quantity of the yield (output) Pak, Shah
 Crops can be grown in abnormal Khan 95)
conditions like winter crops can  Rice (Irri Pak,
be cultivated in summers and Basmati Super)
summers in winter season.  Cotton
 Drought and Disease resistant (Nayyab 76,
 Grows fast ( reduce growth time Sarmast
of crop) Qalandri)
 Sugar cane
(Thatta 10, JN-
88)
 Tobacco
(Virginia) etc.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

4. HYVs / Negative  Expensive  Subsidiary

GM Seeds  Not available everywhere  Support price
 Exhaust soil  One Window
 Need higher amount of chemical Operations
fertilizers and pesticides  Loans on easy
 Requires more reliable sources installments to
of water (more irrigation) farmer etc.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

5 Plant Positive  Efficient programs help in  Department of

Protection protecting plants from diseases, Plant Protection
Program pests and weeds, (DPP) [ consist of
 Help to increase crop yield 4 divisions and
 Also helps to get / obtain wings like Plant
desired output (yield) Quarantine,
 Help to prevent economic Pesticide
damage cause by parasites and Registration,
diseases in plants. Locust Control
and Survey, Aerial
Wings and 2
laboratories;
Central Plant
Quarantine Lab
and Federal
Pesticide Testing
and Reference
Lab]

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible Solution
No Factor

5 Plant Negative  Inefficient programs Crop Diseases  Aerial and Ground

Protection result in economic Research Sprays of Pesticides
Program damage Institute etc.
Insect Pest
 Not able to obtain  Disease and Drought
Management
desired yield Programme resistant HYVs
 Low quality crops. National  Support Price
 Reduce output (yield) Integrated Pest  Subsidiary
etc. Management  Education and
Programme etc. Training
 Use of Advance
technology like
Drones, Satellite
Image etc to monitor
and control pest and
diseases in plant.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

6. Marketing Positive  Efficient Marketing system involves less  Sale in

System people i.e. increase the profit margin of Village
(Business the farmers, resultant farmers are able to  Sale in
activity of upgrade their yields by using machines , Markets
directing tractors, modern irrigation methods etc.  Commiss
agricultura  Farmers able to get a fair return from his ion
l products product. Agents
from the Negative  Inefficient marketing involves number of  Retailers  Support
farms to people like retailers, commission agents  Whole Price
the and wholesaler etc. each one share some sellers.  One
consumers amount of profit which reduce the profit Window
) of main investor (Farmer). Operati
 It’s also disorganized with lack of ons
transport facilities.
 Due to less profit / income, farmers not
able to use Advance technology like
harvesters, Modern methods of Irrigation,
HYVs etc. they are forced to use
traditional methods of farming which
results in low yield / output.
 Farmer are trapped in poverty cycle.
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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution

7. Applicatio Positive  Help to kill pests, insects and unwanted

n of plants (weeds)
Pesticides,  Help to obtain desired / expected yield
Insecticide (output)
s and  Helps in preventing crop and economical
Herbicides damage by pest, insects or weeds.
 Easy to use
 Fast / give quick results
 Wide range of pesticides available,
farmers can chose according to their
requirement. For example, if pest has
developed resistance to a specific
pesticide, a farmer can use another.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution
7. Applicatio Negative  Expensive • Chlorinated  Subsidiary
n of  Not available everywhere Hydrocarbo  Eduction /
Pesticides,  Need knowledge / training for better n Pesticide Traning
Insecticide results • Aldrin,  Use of
s and  Pest can develop resistance which • DDT Eleronic
Herbicides could be genetic based, then the • Chlorobenzil media (
pesticide will no longer be effective ate Radio, TV
in controlling that pest. etc.)
 Some pesticides also kill beneficial  Crop
insects. Insects such as bees which Rotation
are agents of pollination can be • Natural Pest
killed by some pesticides. Predators
 some pesticides have residual effects • Biointensive
Integrated
that can be passed on to humans
Pest
who consume the crops on which Management
they are applied.  Support
 When used in the field, pesticides Price
are carried by rain water and  One
deposited in water bodies such as Window
rivers and lakes where they interfere Operations
with aquatic life.

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S. Human Condition Affect Example Possible
No Factor Solution
8. Size of Small Farms  Machinery cannot be used Feudal / 
Farm  Difficult to supervise Zamindari
 Loans cannot be obtained System
 Irrigation is difficult on (Created by
small and discontinuous British East
farms India Company.
 Experiments cannot be Under this
carried out for increasing system,
production. Zamindars hold
Large Farms  Machinery can be used a large land. Land Reforms
 Easy to supervise These landlords  ( to break down
 Loans cannot be obtained get the hold of large
 Irrigation is easier predetermined landlords
 Experiments can be share of the  Equitable
carried out for increasing production on distribution of
production. their land, land
cultivators are  Protection of the
only tenants right of tenants
and they have  Consolidation of
no rights on land)
land).

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 Feudal System
• Pakistan inherited a land tenure system (land ownership system)
based on feudalism
• In 1947, 7% of the landowners own 53% of the land.
• These landlords had little incentive to cultivate all the land or raise
the productivity of their land.
• They are actually a sleeping partner and takes no interest in land
utilization
• Landlords give small units of cultivation to tenants where modern
implements of agriculture cannot be used.
• The cultivators are exploited by the land lords due to high rents and
insecurity of the tenure.
• Government of Pakistan was aware of the importance of land
reforms and a number of measures were taken to abolish
Zamindari system.

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 LAND REFORMS
• Re-distribution of land amongst small land owners by expropriating /
taking land from large land owners
• Breaking up large land holdings and thereby changing the pattern of land
ownership to stop the concentration of land in a selected few hands
• Provide security to the farmers
• Equal access to agricultural occupation to the concerned persons (farmers)
• Minimize the exploitation of big landlords
• Lift Agricultural sector
• Tenants will become owners of the land and improve cultivation, which
helps in development of economy.
• Self-cultivation on owned land will minimize unemployment.
•

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 LAND REFORMS
YEAR IRRIGATED UNIRRIGATED

1959 200 Hectares 400 Hectares

1972 60 Hectares 120 Hectares

1977 40 Hectares 80 Hectares

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VIRTUAL WORKSHOP
PAKISTAN STUDIES PAPER I (HISTORY)

Conducted by the faculty of Pakistan

Studies
PECHS Campus
Saturday, 27 th June 2020
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfkV8dN1F4nQXfVgIshzKKisPmBCyf4ZPKgwrHuNrVO5k
VlQQ/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1 Safia Karim
 VIRTUAL WORKSHOP
PAKISTAN STUDIES PAPER II
(GEOGRAPHY)

Conducted by the faculty of Pakistan Studies

PECHS Campus
Saturday, 4th July 2020
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfkV8dN1F4nQXfVgIshzKKisPmBCyf4ZPKgwrHuNr
VO5kVlQQ/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1
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SUSTAINBALE AGRICULTURE
Development of agriculture in such a way that
agriculture resources will be available on regular basis
for present and future resources without harming the
environment.

It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and

animal production practices having a site-specific
application that will last over the long term",

Organic farming is a technique, which involves

cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in natural
ways.

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 Ways / Measures / Techniques
• Crop Rotation
Growing different crops (especially Pulses, Peas etc) in
succession in the same field.

It reduces pest pressure on all the crops by breaking the pest

reproductive cycles.
• Cover Crop
• Soil Enrichment
• Natural Pest Predators
• Biointensive Integrated Pest Management

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 Crop Rotation
• The growing of different crops in succession
on a piece of land to avoid exhausting the soil
and to control weeds, pests, and diseases.

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 Cover Crop
• A crop grown for the protection and enrichment of
the soil.
• Also called "green manure“.
• They are plants that are grown to suppress weeds,
help build and improve soil, and control diseases
and pests.
• These plants provide covering as of a straw,
compost, spread on the ground around the plants
to prevent excessive evaporation or soil erosion,
enrich the soil, inhibit weed growth.

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 Types of Cover Crops
• Grasses (Grasses have fine, fibrous root systems that are well suited
to holding soil in place and improving soil structure. Suitable grass
species for cover crops are fast growing and relatively easy to kill,
either chemically, mechanically or by winter weather. Grasses do not
fix any nitrogen out of the atmosphere)
• Legume (Legume cover crops can fix nitrogen from the air,
supplying nitrogen to the succeeding crop as well as protecting the
soil from erosion and adding organic matter. The amount of nitrogen
fixed varies between species, although generally, more top growth
equals more nitrogen fixed.)
• Non-Legume Broadleaves
• These broadleaf crops may have a role as green manure crops and in
providing a different plant species and root system for soil building.
They cannot fix nitrogen out of the air, but they can absorb large
quantities from the soil.

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 Soil Enrichment
• Soil enrichment methods refer to the various methods used to improve the
quality (nutrients content, organisms activities) of soil. The basic types are the
organic and inorganic method.

Ways to Enrich Your Garden Soil

1. Composting (organic materials are comprised of decomposed matter such as
vegetable peels, fruit waste, coffee and tea grounds, grass clippings,
eggshells and leaves.)
2. Manure
3. Cover Crops
4. Wood Ash (Ash is made up of small percentages of potassium, lime,
phosphorus, magnesium, aluminum and sodium. )
5. Mineral Fertilizers (Shell meal fertilizer consists of bones and shells from
crabs and a variety of shellfish and other aquatic life. It's a good source of
calcium, phosphorus, lime, calcium and trace elements. ron potassium
silicate, known as greensand is an organic fertilizer found in shallow sea
beds that consists of marine deposits. It is a popular organic fertilizer and
conditioner that helps soil retain water and improves plant health.)

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 Natural Pest Predators
• Biological control or biocontrol is a method of
controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds
and plant diseases using other organisms.
... Natural enemies of insect pests, also
known as biological control agents,
include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and
competitors.

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Biointensive Integrated Pest Management

• Biointensive IPM is defined as 'A systems approach to pest

management based on an understanding of pest ecology. It begins
with steps to accurately diagnose the nature and source
of pest problems, and then relies on a range of preventive tactics
and biological controls to keep pest populations within acceptable
limits.
• Biointensive Integrated Pest Management is a complicated way of
saying that pest prevention is created through natural, non-chemical
means. Besides using pesticides, methods such as crop rotation can
prevent a pest problem. Other options include the introduction of
native predators of the pests, the introduction of sterile males, or the
reintroduction of natural, disease-fighting microbes into the plants
or soil. Chemicals are only used as very last resorts.

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 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Healthy Food
• Safe from Chemicals • Less food
• Use 30 % less energy per unit of • Expensive
crop yield than industrial • Slow production
agriculture. • Need Skilled labour and
• Maintains soil quality / fertility advance Technology.
• Reducing soil degradation and
erosion
• Safe water
• Increase biodiversity of the area
by providing a variety of
organisms with healthy and natural
environments to live in.
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 Farming and Environment
• Use of Fertilizer and Pesticides
• Removal of Vegetation
• Irrigation

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• Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or
other body of water, frequently due to run-off
from the land, which causes a dense growth of
plant life.

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