MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

WEEK 1: MEASURES OF CENTRAL Mode: Identify the most frequent number in the
given data set.
TENDENCY
MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE Mode: 8 Unimodal

• Its purpose is to describe a whole set of data

with a single value that represents the center or
average of its distribution.
• It is a way to describe or summarize the given
data set.
• Condenses the data to one representative value,
which is useful when working with a large
amount of data.
MEAN is the sum of all the values in the observation
or a dataset divided by the total number of
observations. This is also known as the arithmetic
average.
WEEK 2: MEASURES OF RELATIVE
LOCATION
QUARTILE, DECILE, PERCENTILE
• When it comes to statistic, it is helpful to group
subjects into several equal parts when
presenting or analyzing the data set. In some
cases, we are using the measures of relative
location such as quartiles, deciles and
percentiles.

Formula: QUARTILE is a measure of position that divides the

data into 4 equal parts.

is the sum of the scores and

n is the total number of scores.

MEDIAN considered as the physical middle point in

DECILE is a measure of position that divides the
a distribution because it is located at the center
data into 10 equal parts.
position when the values are arranged in ascending
order (array scores).

Median (x ̃) is the (n+1/2)th number.

MODE is the most commonly occurring value in a

distribution. It can be unimodal, bimodal, trimodal or PERCENTILE is a measure of position that divides
multimodal. It is also possible in some cases that the data into 100 equal parts.
the distribution may have no mode at all (i.e. if all
values are different)

Example: The scores of Luna’s friends in her 15

items friendship test are 8, 5, 6, 8, 4, 7, 8, 2, 3, 9,
and 10. Find the Mean, Median and Mode of their
scores. Always remember that Q2 = D2 = P50 = MEDIAN

Array Scores: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10,

QUARTILE DECILE PERCENTILE
Mean: Median:

70 Median: (11+1)
11 2 N = is the population
k = is the location/position
6.45 = 6 (6th place)
If the answer has decimal, always round up or +1 (to
=8 whole number) for the location.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
EXAMPLE: VARIANCE is the squared of standard deviation.
Given the ages of the a KPOP boy band member.
Ages are 28, 26, 22, 23, 17, 23, 20, 21, 20, 19,
and 27. Find the Q2, Q4, D3, D8, P88 and P97.

Array Scores: 17, 19. 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 23, 26,
27, 28. N= 11 EXAMPLE
The amounts of merchandise that can be found in
Find Q2: the local shops are ₱185, ₱180, ₱155, ₱150,
Q2 = k(N)/4 = 2(11)/4 = 5.5 6th (round up) ₱190, ₱175 and ₱170. Find the (a)range, (b)mean
Q2 = 22 absolute deviation, (c) variance and (d) standard
deviation.
Find Q4:
Q4 = k(N)/4 = 4(11)/4 = 11 𝒙 | 𝒙- 𝒙
̅ | | 𝒙- 𝒙
̅ |2
Q4 = 28 150 22.14 490.18
155 17.14 293.78
Find D3: 170 2.14 4.58
D3 = k(N)/10 = 3(11)/10 = 3.3 4th 175 2.86 8.18
D3 = 23 180 7.86 61.78
185 12.86 165.38
Find D8: 190 17.86 318.98
D8 = k(N)/10 = 8(11)/10 = 8.8 9th
D8 = 26
Solve for 𝑥̅ :
Find P88: 𝚺𝐱 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟓
𝑥̅ = = = 172.14
P88 = k(N)/100 = 88(11)/100 = 9.6 10th 𝑵 𝟕
P88 = 27
A) Range
Find P97: R= HS – LS
P97 = k(N)/100 = 97(11)/100 = 10.6 11th R= 190 – 150
P97 = 28 R= 40

B) Mean Absolute Deviation

WEEK 3: MEASURES OF DISPERSION MAD =
𝚺| 𝑥− 𝑥̅ |
𝑵
RANGE, MAD, STANDARD DEVIATION, VARIANCE 𝟖𝟐.𝟖𝟔
MAD =
𝟕
• The measure that shows the scatterings of the MAD = 11.84
data.
• It shows the homogeneity or the heterogeneity C) Variance
of the scores of the given data set. 𝚺| 𝑥− 𝑥̅ |2
V=
𝑵−𝟏
RANGE is the difference between the highest and 1342.86
lowest scores in the set. It is the simplest and V=
𝟕−𝟏
easiest way to determine measure of dispersion. V = 223.81

MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION pertains to the average D) Standard Deviation

difference between each score to the mean.
S = √𝑉
S = √223.81
S = 14.96

STANDARD DEVIATION pertains to the average

difference between each score to the other scores.
The more spread apart the data, the higher the
deviation.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
WEEK 4: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE:
Find the are under the normal curve between z=0 and
AREA UNDER THE CURVE, APPLICATION OF THE CURVE z=1.25.

• The distribution is bell-shaped.

• The mean, median, and mode are equal and are
located at the center of the distribution.
• The normal distribution is unimodal.
• The normal distribution curve is symmetric
about the mean (the shapes are same on both • If it is from zero, we can get it straight from the table.
sides). To get the area, we can locate it by looking at the line
• The normal distribution is continuous. of 1.2 in the left side column and 0.05 in the upper
• The normal distribution is continuous. column.
• The total area under the normal distribution
curve is 1.00 or 100%.

Find the are under the normal curve between z=0 and
z=-2.13

GETTING THE AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

• To get the area, we can locate it by looking at the line

of 2.1 in the left side column and 0.03 in the upper
column.

Area of the curve is 1 or 1.00. A = 1 or 1.00 and P =

100%.

• A z value can be negative.

Since it has a symmetrical side, both sides have an area
of 0.5 or 0.50. A = 0.5 or 0.50, P = 50%
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
• The area under the normal curve of z=0 and z=0.90
Find the area under the normal curve to the left of z=1.08 is 0.3159.

A = 0.5 – 0.3159
A = 0.1841 P = 18.41%

• To get the area under the normal to the left of

z=1.08, we will be needing to add the 0.5 to the
value of z=0 and z=1.08.

Find the area under the normal curve between z=0.34

and z=1.05

A = 0.5 + 0.3599
A = 0.8599 P = 85.99%

• To get the area under the normal curve between

Find the area under the normal curve above z=0.90 z=0.34 and z=1.05, we need to get the area of z=0
and z= 1.05 as well as the area of z=0 and z=0.34.

• The area under the curve of z=0 and z=1.05 is

0.3531.

• The area under the curve of z=0 and z=0.34 is

0.1331.

• To find the are under the normal curve above z=0.90, • To get the normal curve between z=0.34 and z=1.05,
we will be needing to subtract the 0.5 to the z=0 and we will be subtracting the 0.1331 to 0.3531.
z=0.90.

A = 0.3531 - 0331
A = 0.22 P = 22%
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Find the area under the normal curve between z=1.11
and z=2.75

APPLICATION OF NORMAL CURVE

• To get the area under the normal curve between z=- FORMULA
1.11 and z=2.75, we need to get the area under the
normal curve of z=0 and z=-1.11 as well as the z=0
and z=2.75.

• Once we got the area for both of z=0 and z=-1.11 as

well as the z=0 and z=2.75, we are going to add it.

Example:
The scores of Grade 12 students have a mean of 5.35
and standard deviation of 1.45. What percentage of all
these scores are lower than 4?

• Step 1: Write the given

• Area of z=0 and z= -1.11 is 0.3665

• Area of z=0 and z= 2.75 is 0.4970
• Step 2: Graph the curve based on the question being
asked.

• Step 3: Convert the raw scores to z-scores

THINGS TO REMEMBER
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
• Step 4: Get the area using z-scores.
• Subtracting the area of z=0 and z= -0.93 to 0.5 to get
A = 0.1762
• Step 5: State your final answer.
A = 0.1762
P = 17.62%
Answer: The percentage of all the scores that are
lower than 4 is 17.62%.
WEEK 5: CONSTRUCTION OF
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
USING THE 2k rule or Rule #1
• Frequency Distribution Table (FDT) is the organization
of data in a tabular form.
Example: An owner of a travel agency wants additional
information on the ages of people taking travel tours. A
random sample of 50 customers revealed these ages:
Construct a frequency distribution using 2k rule or
Rule 1.
• Arrange the data in ascending order
Find the range:
Range = Highest score - Lowest Score
= 77 – 18
Range = 59
• Find the “k” using 2k
• Take note that the 2k must be greater or equal
to N.
N = 50
• Solve the “i” or class interval (width)
• Round up, i =10.
• Construct the table using the class interval i=10.
• To get the Class, starting from the LS of 18 we
need to count until the 10th number. Ex: 18, 19,
20, 21, 22 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Repeat the
process until the HS. (Take note that it is 10
because our interval is 10).
• To get the Class Boundaries, you need to
subtract 0.5 from the lower class limit and add
0.5 to the upper class limit
• To get the Frequency, you need to count how
many customers age occur in the interval.
Example: 4 customers appear to have an age
from 18-27.
• To get the Relative Frequency, you will be
dividing the Frequency to the total number of
data values. For this table we have 50 total
customers, 4 divided by 50 is 0.08.
• The Cumulative Frequency is calculated by
adding each frequency from a frequency
distribution table to the sum of its predecessors.
Example for this table, starting with 4 plus 7 and
so on.
• Midpoints are adding the lower class limit and
higher class limit and divide to 2.

Arranged and prepared by:

Sophia Berte
PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC,
EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE