11/3/2011

Pitting corrosion
An electrochemical redox process occuring within localized holes on the surface of the
metal. This is worse than uniform corrosion.

Octane.nmt.edu

Starts from a mechanical damage on the protective surface.

Reactions: Fe = Fe 2+ + 2e‐
Presence of Chloride ion and
½ O2 + 2e‐ + H2O = 2(OH)‐ dissolved oxygen accelerates
FeCl2 + 2H2O = F(OH)2 + 2HCl pitting
More info: http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=pitting_corrosion
CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

Microbial action (external corrosion)

Sulphates in the environment
Anaerobic environment Vibrio desulphuricans
Nutrients

Hydrogen Sulphide
Water

2H+ + 2e‐=H2 Fe = Fe 2+ + 2e‐

Sulphuric Acid
Fe 2+ to FeS or FeSO4

Acidic (low pH) and low

alkaline environment helps
corrosion.

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

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 11/3/2011

Other factors affecting corrosion

TDS and temperature

TDS influences the electrical conductivity. Temperature affects reaction rates.

Velocity of water
Shear exerted by high velocity water can remove tubercules, expose new pipe
materials and promote corrosion. Also turbulent flow has an abrasive effect.

Cavitation
Bombardment of surroundings
g with particles
p of water and water vapour
p
accelerate corrosion.

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

Scale formation in pressure pipes

Some scale formation is useful in preventing corrosion. But excessive scaling
will render the pipe network unusable.

Causes: Hardness causing substances.

Bayliss curve
Corrosive Water Scale forming
water
•Low pH •High pH
•Low Alkalinity •High Alkalinity
•Soft or with •Hard or with
primarily primarily
noncarbonate carbonate
hardness hardness

Objective of water treatment is

to obtain stable water

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

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Forces Acting on Pipes

Internal Forces due to Static Head
t

pd d = diameter of pipe
Hoop stress, S h =
2t p = water pressure

pd
S ht S ht

Longitudinal (tensile) stress

pd p (πd 2 / 4)
St =
4t

St (πd )t

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

Forces Acting on Pipes

Water hammer

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

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Forces Acting on Pipes

Eliminating water hammer

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

Forces Acting on Pipes

Forces at bends and changes in cross‐section
Can be calculated using conservation of momentum in conjuction with
Bernoulli’s equation (Ref: WRE 201)

Forces due to temperature changes

Longitudinal stress, σ = EαΔT

Modulus of Elasticity Coefficient of thermal

expansion

Expansion joints provided to reduce temperature stress

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

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Forces Acting on Pipes

External forces due to backfill
Force on a horizontal plane above the pipe due to backfill
=Weight of the backfill – shear force between the fill material and trench

Force depends on:

(1) rigidity of the pipe (2) type of fill material (3) character of bedding

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

External forces due to backfill

Rigid pipe: w = cγB 2
Flexible pipe: w = cγBD
w = load (pounds per foot)
γ = specific weight (pound per cu.ft)
cu ft) H
c = load calculation coefficient

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

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External forces due to backfill

Embankment conditions: w = c pγD 2 H

w = load (pound per foot)

γ = specific weight (pounds per cu.ft) D
cp = load calculation coefficient
B

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

Forces due to superimposed loads

Concentrated
loads: Impact factor,
I = 1.50 (highways),
w = c1 P( I / L)
1.75 (Railways),
1.00 (Airfields)

Distributed
loads:
w = c1 pID

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

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Pipe laying operation

‰ Preparation of detailed plans of roads and streets

‰ Locating the proposed alignment on the ground
‰ Excavating
E ti trenches
t h
‰ Preparation of the bottom of the trench excavated
‰ Lowering of pipes into the trench
‰ Laying of pipes
‰ Jointing pipes
‰ Anchoring
A h i off pipes
i
‰ Back filling the trench with excavated material
‰ Pipe testing

CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed