WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY (WSU) COLLEGE OF NATURAL

SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF APORT SCIENCE

TITTLE: SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON EFFECTS OF SPORT

SCIENCE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ON STUDENTS FITNESS
PERFORMANCE IN CASE OF THIRD YEAR FEMALE STUDENTS IN
WOLITA SODO UNIVERSITY

PREPARED BY:ABIYOT TILAHUN ID:1091

SUBMITTED TO: ENDALKACHEW

JANUARY 2023

WOLAITA SODO
ETHIOPIA

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 Acknowledgement

Above all, I would like to thank the almightily God who enabled me to do things well and helps
me in every aspect of my life. Next, my deepest gratitude goes to my instructor Mr. Guta for
giving his precious advice, Constructive suggestion, support and comment on the paper at every
draft in this proposal to enhance knowledge, skill, experience and for his unreserved teaching in
the class about the subject matter-technical writing.

Next I’m also thankful to Wolaita Sodo University College of natural and computational for
providing vital information about the student academic status and other necessary information
about sport science.

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 Table of contents
Contents Page

Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................ii
Table of contents....................................................................................................................................iii
List of figures...............................................................................................................................................v
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................vi
Acronyms...................................................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................2
1.3 General Objective..............................................................................................................................3
1.4 Specific Objectives.............................................................................................................................3
1. 5 Significance of the study...................................................................................................................3
1.6 Delimitation of the study...................................................................................................................4
1.7 Definition of terms.............................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................6
2.1 Definition of health............................................................................................................................6
2.2 Physical Fitness..................................................................................................................................6
2.3 Components of Health-related Physical Fitness................................................................................7
2.3.1 Cardiovascular Endurance..........................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Muscular Strength......................................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Muscular Endurance...................................................................................................................9
2.3.4 Flexibility.....................................................................................................................................9
2.3.5 Body Composition.....................................................................................................................10
2.4 Benefits of physical fitness..............................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................12

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 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................12
3.1 Study design....................................................................................................................................12
3.2 Study Area.......................................................................................................................................12
3.3 Target population............................................................................................................................12
3.4 Sampling techniques........................................................................................................................12
3.5 Method of data collection...............................................................................................................12
3.6 Source of Data.................................................................................................................................12
3.7 Data Collection Instruments............................................................................................................13
3.8 Methods and Procedures of Data Collection...................................................................................13
3.8.1 Push up test..............................................................................................................................13
3.8.2 Sit and reach test......................................................................................................................13
3.8.3 Handgrip Strength Test.............................................................................................................14
3.8.4 Minute step test.......................................................................................................................15
3.9 Ethical consideration.......................................................................................................................15
3.9.1 Work Plan.................................................................................................................................16
3.10 Budget schedule............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................18
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................19
Appendix 1.............................................................................................................................................19
Appendix 2.............................................................................................................................................20
Appendix 3.............................................................................................................................................21
Appendix 4.............................................................................................................................................22
Appendix 5.............................................................................................................................................22
Participant information sheet................................................................................................................23

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 List of figures
Figure 1 women push up...........................................................................................................................13
Figure 2 Sit and reach test.........................................................................................................................14
Figure 3 hand grip dynamometer..............................................................................................................15

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 Abstract
This study aims to assess the factors that affect the participation of female students in physical
and sports activities of practical class at Wolaita Sodo University among sport science students.
To accomplish this purpose across sectional descriptive survey design, which is supplemented by
qualitative research, was employed. The study was carried out at Wolaita Sodo University which
is found in west Guji zone, Oromia regional state in Ethiopia. The participants in this study were
8 female students at Wolaita Sodo University. All the participants were third year students. The
study took place in the second semester of 2014/2022 academic year. The study shows that
effects of practical activity on students fitness performance that used for significant health
practical activity

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 Acronyms
WHO: World Health Organization

BMI: Body Mass Index

PRT: Progressive Resistance Training

PRE: Progressive Resistance Exercise

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Concept of physical fitness will be also as human kind. Through the history of mankind physical
fitness has been considered an essential element of everyday life. The ancient people were
mainly depending on their individual strength, vigor and vitality for physical survival. This
involved master of some basic skills like strength, speed, endurance, agility for running,
jumping, climbing and others skills employed in hunting for living. Physical fitness is
deterioration in adult across all genders, age, and racial /ethnic group (Inchinoheet al., 2004).The
negative effect of degraded physical fitness on both individual and society are, serious and multi-
dimensional. It can cause many risk factors to healthy including coronary heart disease, certain
form of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and stroke. Gall bladder diseases, osteoarthritis and
respiratory problems and is associated with increase in all cause mortality (Cataldo, 1999).

In adults relationship among physical activity, healthy related fitness, and healthy higher risk of
all cause and disease fitness is the ability to perform daily activity components of sport but those
of healthy specific mortality (Thune et al, .1998). Physical as well as regular physical activity
prevents or limits weight pain, and gain body mass index (BMI) (Kyle et al 2001)

The National College of Health Risk Behavior Survey reported that 35% of American College
Students are overweight (Lowery et al, .2000). This is not surprising considering that more than
two third of American adult population are classified as over weight (Flegalet al., 2002), making
weight gain Americans leading health problem (Mokdadetal., 2000).The expert committee of age
muscular work satisfactorily.’ Every person has a different level of physical fitness which may
change with time, place of work situation and there is also an interaction between daily activity,
and the fitness of an individual, the point if where to put the level of optimum fitness.Many
children are not developing fitness habits our do they value physical activity styles style.
Sedentary behaviors have become common place. Schools have the potential improve the health
of young people by providing instruction in physical education that promote enjoyable lifelong

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physical activity. Disease and health problem resulting from an in active life style have their
origins early in life. This is when an active life style should be established. Fitness begins at birth
and should continue throughout a person’s life. Physical activity and fitness behaviors should be
normal necessary part of every one’s life. Fitness improves general health and it is essential for
full and vigorous living.

Physical fit child feels more alert and eager to do things. A weak child is a weak brick in the wall
of the nation. The wealth of nation depends entirely upon the health of every citizen of the
country. Hence physical fitness of school children is major factory to be considered. So, School
physical education programmers should include multi furious activity appropriate to each age
group. The complex nature of physical fitness can be best understood in terms of its components
such as cardio-vascular endurance, strength, flexibility muscular endurance. In addition to these
components of physical fitness there are many other factors which contribute to physical fitness
including heredity, living, nutrition, hygienic condition, environmental and climate factors etc.

In general sense, health can be related physical fitness. According to a recent view point,
physical fitness has two dimension via health related fitness and motor fitness. Physical fitness is
a highly complex phenomenon; in the literature various definition of physical fitness is given.
According to President’s of Council on Physical fitness and sports (2005), Physical fitness is the
ability to carry out daily tasks with vague and alertness without undue fatigue and with ample
energy to leisure time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies.

Many research studies says exercise are important for the development of all physical fitness but
few research were done on the area of health related physical components such as cardiovascular
endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, body composition and flexibility. Now days
in our country Ethiopia, because of sedentary life style most people are attacked by chronic
disease such as chronic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and so on. This caused by lack of
awareness.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Now day’s physical exercise is a non- pharmacological treatment of modern and busy lifestyle
around the world. Although many studies believe that regular physical activity can have

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immediate health benefit by positively affecting body composition and musculoskeletal
development of females.

Cardiovascular endurance, body composition, flexibility and muscular endurance are a

component of health related physical fitness, in which to improve health, when cardiovascular
endurance, body composition, flexibility and muscular endurance exercise are doing at regular
time our physical is comfortable and more with your body and better ability to demand that every
day life make up on you. However cardiovascular endurance, body composition, flexibility and
muscular exercise are not doing our body are attacks by many diseases such as; Diabetes, chronic
disease, risk of low bone density and muscular skeleton injuries.

Generally this study will intend to answer the following basic question related three year sport
science student in Wolaita Sodo University .

 Do practical activity that sport science students practiced in their course bring significant
change in their fitness performance?

 there significant difference between the comparisons of health related physical fitness
components among sport science female students?

 there any difference in cardiovascular endurance, body composition, flexibility and muscular
endurance in third year sport science female’s students?

1.3 General Objective

The general objective of the study will be to compare the health related physical fitness level
among third year sport science female students in Wolaita Sodo university .

1.4 Specific Objectives

 To assess the fitness level between third year sport science female students
 To compare the health related physical fitness of sport science female students.
 To examine the health related physical fitness status of sport science female students in
Wolaita Sodo University.

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1. 5 Significance of the study
The main aim of this study will be to asses health related physical fitness between sport science
female students in Wolaita Sodo University with the following intended significance;

 To increase awareness of importance of regular physical activity on how the

sport female students upgrade health level.
 To guide a physical educator on the procedures of training and practically
applying of selecting exercise to train their trainees.
 To improve the health relative physical fitness.

1.6 Delimitation of the study

This study will be delimited in physical fitness test: cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, body
composition, cardiovascular endurance& muscular strength in the Wolaita Sodo University of
third year sport science female students.

1.7 Definition of terms

Body composition -is the proportion of body fat to lean body mass.
Cardiovascular endurance- is the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
lower efficiently delivering oxygen to the muscle for an extended period of time

Flexibility- is the range of motion in a joint or group of joints or the ability to move joints
effectively through a complete range of motion. Although flexibility varies widely from person to
person, minimum ranges are necessary for maintaining joint and total body health.

Fitness -is the ability to meet the demands of the environment and relates to how physically
demanding life is.

Muscular endurance- The number of repeated contraction muscle or muscle group can perform
for a long period of time or the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to perform repetitive
contractions against a force for an extended period of time.

Muscular strength: refers to the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal
effort. Muscle strength is measured during muscular contraction. The size of your muscle fibers
and the ability of nerves to activate muscle fibers are related to muscle strength.

Physical activity- is any body movement that works your muscles and requires more energy
than resting.

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Physical fitness -is the capacity of an in individual to perform given takes involving perform
muscular effort,

Physical exercise- is the performance of some activity in order to develop or maintain physical
fitness and overall health. Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or
maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various
reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic
skills, weight loss or maintenance, as well as for the purpose of enjoyment. Frequent and
regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent the "diseases of
affluence" such as heart disease, cardiovascular

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of health

Most people think they are health, just because they are not sick. Not being sick is not a good
indicator of being that health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has definite health as ‘’ a
state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and merely the absence of disease or
infirmity’’ (Shriver et al., 1996). Health is also seen as optimal well-being that contributes to
quality of life. It is more than freedom from disease and illness, thought freedom from disease is
important to good health. Optimal health is said to include high-level mental, social emotional,
spiritual and wellness within the limits of one’s heredity and personal abilities. (Corbin and
Lindsey, 1997).

To be health, a person should not only physically fit, but emotionally, mentally sound, as well as
socially acceptable. A physically well-built person with a lot of problem to think about or under
stress could not be a health person. To be health, a person should have all three components of
health as indicated by definition of WHO. The absence of one factor does not make a person
healthy.

According to Hahn et al. (2003),’’ Health is the ability to access and apply resources from the six
dimension of health to the experiences of daily living, thus assuring growth development and the
sense of well-being that affords’’. The six dimension of health are physical, emotional, social,
intellectual, spiritual, and occupational dimensions. This definition, like the first ones, does not
mention the absence of disease as an indication of being health, but confirms the facts that health
is a composite situation. It also indicates that health is not static; it could change in the next
moment, positively or negatively.

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2.2 Physical Fitness
Physical fitness can be defined as the capacity to do physical work within granted level of
performance quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative parameters are health related and
skill related components of muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and cardiovascular
endurance where as the qualitative training parameters are skill related in nature and include
components of agility, speed, balance, coordination and power. Fitness for living in the house or
the farm at office or factory or in work places or in any services implies freedom from disease,
enough strength, endurance and other abilities to meet the demands of daily living. Doing
physical activity every day contributes to optimum health and quality of life. Life styles can
change to improve and health through daily exercise. Physical fitness is a set of attributes of that
people have or achieve, being physically fit has been defined as ‘’the ability to carry out daily
tasks with vigor and alertness without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time
pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies (Caspersenet al., 1985).

2.3 Components of Health-related Physical Fitness

Health-Related physical Fitness is the portion of physical fitness directed toward the prevention
of or rehabilitation from disease, the development of a high level of functional capacity for the
necessary and discretionary task of life, and the maintenance or enhancement of physiological
functions in biological systems that are involved in performance but are influenced by habitual
activity(Plowman,2014). Maintain an appropriate level of health related fitness allows a person
to Meet emerge, Reduce the risk of disease and injury, work efficiently, participant and enjoy
physical activity (sports, recreation, leisure);and look one’s physical best.

2.3.1 Cardiovascular Endurance

Cardiovascular endurance is considered as the most important aspect of health-related fitness due
to its importance in decreasing risk of heart disease, and promotion of optimum performance.
Other names given to cardiovascular endurance are cardio respiratory fitness, cardio-respiratory
endurance, cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness. The name cardio-respiratory fitness is given
because it requires the delivery and utilization of oxygen, which is only possible if the
circulatory systems are capable to perform these functions.
The term ‘’aerobic ‘’ has been in use, because aerobic capacity is considered to be the best
indicator of cardio-vascular fitness, and aerobic physical activities are the only means to achieve

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it (Corbin et al., 2003). Cardio-vascular endurance, according to Wuestand Lombardo (1994),is
often referred to as cardio respiratory endurance. It is the entire body’s ability to exercise
vigorously for extended periods of time without undue fatigue.

Cardio-respiratory endurance, according to Inselet al., (2001), depends on the ability of the lungs
to deliver oxygen from the environment to the bloodstream, the hearts capacity to pump blood,
ability of the nervous system and blood vessels to regulate blood flow, the muscle capacity to
generate power and capability of the body’s chemical systems to use oxygen and process fuels
for exercise. They have made it clear that improved cardio-respiratory fitness helps the heart to
function efficiently, resting heart rate slow down, blood volumes increase, improved blood
supply to tissue, blood pressure at rest decrease, bio-chemical function in muscle and liver are
improved, increase in the ability of the body to use energy supplied by food and to do more
exercise with less from the oxygen transport system.

Good cardiovascular fitness requires a fit heart muscle, fit vascular system, fit respiratory
system, fit blood with adequate hemoglobin in the blood cells and fit muscle tissue capable of
using oxygen. These reduce risk of heart disease, other hypo kinetic conditions and early death.
It is now known that appropriate physical activity can build cardiovascular fitness in all types of
people and those with excess body fatness. Good cardiovascular fitness enhances the ability to
perform various tasks, improves the ability to function and is associated with a feeling of well-
being (Newport, 2001). Cardiovascular fitness could be developed through performance playing
football, swimming and many others. For optimal level of development, activities should be done
daily, at least, not less than three times a week.
However, it should be noted that vigorous physical activities have the potentials to increase the
risk of orthopedic injury if done to frequently. In view of this, most experts recommend, at least,
one day a week off. The recommended duration of physical activity capable of building
cardiovascular fitness is 20-60 minutes of active aerobic activity. Activity could be either
intermittent or continuous if the amount of exercise is the same, and last at least 10 minutes
(Walt, 2003)

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2.3.2 Muscular Strength
Strength in the muscle is necessary for the normal physical activities and enjoyment of a happier
life. Hoeger, (2002) have condemned the idea that strength is necessary only for highly trained
athletes other individuals who have jobs that require muscular work. To them, strength is seen
undoubtedly a basic component of fitness and wellness, and is crucial for optimal performance in
daily activities such as sitting, walking, running, lifting carrying objects and doing household
work or even enjoying recreational activities.
Strength is seen as an equally important aspect of health-related fitness and refers to the
maximum tension or force muscles develop in a single contraction against a given resistance.
West and Lembardo(1994) also state that muscle strength is the ability of a muscle or muscle
group to exert a force in a single effort against resistance. It is also made clear, that there is some
crossover effect between muscular strength and muscular endurance.
Development of muscular strength also produces some increase in muscular endurance.
However, muscular endurance does not enhance strength. Muscle strength is best developed with
exercises done against resistance; also referred to as progressive resistance training (PRT) or
progressive resistance exercise (PRE). This name is given because the frequency, intensity, and
length of time of muscle overload are progressively increased as muscle strength increases.

2.3.3 Muscular Endurance

Muscular endurance is the ability to perform repeated contraction against s sub- maximal
resistance (Andersenet al., 1995).The ability of the muscle to exert a sub-maximal force against
resistance repeatedly or to sustain muscular contraction continuously ov3er time is characterized
by activities of long duration but low intensity (Robbins et at., 1997).Corbin et al.(2003) define
muscular endurance as maximum of repetition or muscle contraction one can perform against a
given resistance.

2.3.4 Flexibility
The achievable distance between the flexed position and the extend position of a particular joint
or muscle group. This measurement depends on the length and looseness of muscle and
ligaments due to normal human variation and shape of the bones and cartilage that make up the
joint (Chek, 2002).

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Wuestand Lombardo (1994) has definite flexibility as the ability of the various joints of the body
to move through their full range of motion. Inselet al. (2001) refers to flexibility as the ability to
move the joints of motion. To them flexibility is not a significant factory in the everyday
activities of most people, but inactivity cause the joints to become stiffer age, causing poor
posture, back shoulders and neck pains. Prentice (1997), has defined flexibility as the ability to
move freely throughout a full non-free range of motion about a joint or serious of joints.
It is interesting to know that-there is no ideal standard for flexibility. There is little scientific
evidence to show that a person who can reach 2 inches past his or her toes on a sit-and-reach test
is less fit than the person who is able to reach 6 inches past his or her toe. Too much flexibility as
well as too little flexibility could be detrimental (Corbin et al., 2003). To develop flexibility, it is
recommended that muscle are stretched be held from 5 to 10 seconds initially 30 to 45 seconds
(Wuestet al., 1994).
The importance of flexibility to health, good posture and physical performance is even
appreciated by animals like the cat and the dog that stretch after sleeping to maintain good joint
mobility. Every person needs some flexibility to perform efficiently and effectively in daily life.
Body builders, who have developed bulged muscle through improper weight-training, usually
sacrifice flexibility in order to develop muscle strength. In strength training, it is important to
ensure that all movements are carried through their full range of motion to satisfy the good
thumb rule; ‘’ stretch what you strengthen and strengthen what you stretch ‘’(Scott, 2002).

2.3.5 Body Composition

Regular physical exercise reduce the body fat percentage without the loss of the muscle as well
as important effect on anthropometric and hematologic level of obese and overweight women
and men (Martin et al 1996). Body composition changes for over fat or borderline over fat
people, regular physical exercise reduce body mass and body fat. Increases in fat body mass also
accompany a regular program of resistance training. Exercise only, or exercise combine with
calorie restriction, reduce body fat more than fat lost with only dieting because exercise conserve
the body’s lean tissue mass (Lohmanet al., 1999).
Regular exercise will produce beneficial effect for age group providing the exercise is specific
and appropriate to the level of fitness of the individual. Progressive exercise correctly performed
will increase the level of fitness and improve health. It will also create a sense of well- being
produce greater energy and reduce the risk of developing many diseases.

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2.4 Benefits of physical fitness
The Governor‘s Council on Physical Fitness and Nutrition believes that regular physical activity
is one of the most important things Iowans can do for their health. It can help:
 Control weight
 Reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
 Improve core strength
 Contribute to productivity in the class room and worksite
 Reduce risk for type 2 diabetes
 Reduce some for cancers
 Improve bone and muscle strength
 Contribute to mental and mood

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study design

This chapter focuses on the methods of that would be used collect data analyzes. It great concern
the research design, the population to be studied, the sample selection procedures and sample
techniques, data collection techniques employed and data analyses employed.

The study will aim to assess the differences of female sport science student in some selected
physical fitness variables. A onetime field test design will employ.

3.2 Study Area

This study will be conducted at Wolaita Sodo university, faculty of natural science, on
department of sport science students, Wolaita Sodo University is one the higher education
institution in Ethiopia, which of is founded in Oromia region southern part of Ethiopia .

3.3 Target population

This study will be going to be conducted on third year female sport science students would be
taken as a target population. There are about 9 regular females in third year sport science
student in Wolaita Sodo university in 2014, thus study are third year sport science female
students, 9 From this total population I will some students from third year sport science female
students and by using simple random sampling.

3.4 Sampling techniques

There will be many techniques of sampling design methods. For this study simple random
sampling will be used to select sample from a total population of third year sport science female
students at Wolaita Sodo University.

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3.5 Method of data collection
Field test will collect data. 3 minute step test, push up test, sit-reach test, Height and weight
measurement are the means to gather data.

3.6 Source of Data

Primary data will be use. The primary data will obtain from participants through field test.

3.7 Data Collection Instruments

Measuring tape, stop watch meter, balance, mats, pen, paper, will use as instruments for to
collect the data during the test.

3.8 Methods and Procedures of Data Collection

The data will collect through the appropriate health related physical fitness tests measures like
hand grip dynamometer for muscular strength, push up test for Muscular endurance, 3minute
step for cardiovascular endurance, Sit and reach test for flexibility, body mass index (BMI) test
for body composition.

3.8.1 Push up test

 Purpose: This test measures muscular endurance of the upper body muscles (anterior
deltoid, pectorals major, and triceps). Muscular endurance is defined as the ability to
contract the muscle repeatedly over a specific period of time without undue fatigue.
 Procedure: For this test participants (students) lay on the floor. Their hands are placed
parallel to the shoulder of participants, toes does not touch the floor. For this test
participants lay on they on the floor. Your hands should be wider than shoulder width
apart, with fingers pointing forward. Toes do not touch the floor.

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  Score: the maximum numbers of push up done within 1 minute was taken as the score

Figure 1 women push up

3.8.2 Sit and reach test

 Purpose: This test measures the flexibility of the lower back and harm sting muscle.
 Equipment required: box and ruler
 Procedure: The participants perform warming up exercise activities and some stretching
activities for 5-10 minutes before starting test. Then sit on the floor with legs stretched
out straight ahead. The soles of the feet are placed flat against the sit and reach box. Both
knees should be locked and pressed flat to the floor. The palms facing downwards and the
hands on top of each other or side by side the subject reaches forward along the
measuring line as far as possible. Three times trail were permitted to the subject and the
best one from three trials were taken as his score. The subject reaches out and holds that
position for at one-two seconds while the distances recorded.
 Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimeter or half inch as the distance
reached by the tip of the fingers.

. Figure 2 Sit and reach test

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 3.8.3 Handgrip Strength Test

 Purpose: this test will be to measure the maximum isometric strength of the hand and
forearm muscles. Handgrip strength will be important for any sport in which the hands
are used for catching, throwing or lifting. Also, as a general rule people with strong hands
tend to be strong elsewhere, so this test will be often used as a general test of strength

 Equipment required: handgrip dynamometer

 Procedure: The subject holds the dynamometer in the hand to be tested, with the arm at
right angles and the elbow by the side of the body. The handle of the dynamometer is
adjusted if required - the base should rest on first metacarpal (heel of palm), while the
handle should rest on middle of four fingers.. No other body movement is allowed. The
subject should be strongly encouraged to give a maximum effort
 Scoring: The best result from several trials for each hand is recorded, with at least 15
seconds recovery between each effort. The values listed below (in kg and lbs) give a
guide to expected scores for adults. These values are the average of the best scores of
each hand. .

Figure 3 hand grip dynamometer

3.8.4 Minute step test

 Purpose: to measure the cardiovascular endurance.
 Equipment required: step or plat form /50 cm high and stopwatch
 Procedure:
o Stand in front foot up first, followed by the left
o Step your right foot up, followed by the left

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 o Step your right down followed by the left
o Do in this 3 minute
 Scoring: count the pulse 10 second multiply by 6

Record the 60 second the heart rate

The total one-minute post-exercise heart rate is the subject's score for the test

3.9 Ethical consideration

The permission will be obtain from department of sport science and similar asking for
permission to gather information from Wolaita Sodo university sport science teacher and sport
science students teaching learning process of regular, practical class in sport science physical
activity

which is available during practical and explain the objective and its important briefly about team
study before starting filling out the questionnaire to the students.

3.9.1 Work Plan

This study will take one months(4-week) the plans of the study is allocated for various
activities of the research as shown below on the table.
Table 3:1 Plans of the study

NO Activities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

week week week week

1 Topic selection 

2 Development of 
research proposal

3 Proposal 
submission

4 Data collection 

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 5 Data organization, 
analysis and
interpretation

6 Presentation

3.10 Budget schedule

In this study the following material cost will be appropriately available.

Table 3.2 material cost

No Item Units Unit Cost Amount Total Remark

1 Pen No 4.00 3 12.00

2 Pencil No 2.00 1.5 3.00

3 Paper No .30 300 90.00

4 Mobile card No 25.00 2 50.00

7 Flash 8GB No 200.00 1 200.00

8 Internet Access GB .46 100 46

Sub Total 243.76 415.5 437

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 REFERENCE
[1]. Anderson, D. F., E. F. Broom., J. C. Pooley., B. Schrodt and E. Brown, (1995).Foundation of
Canadian Physical Education, Recreation and Sports Studies. Iowa: Brown and
Benchmark. www.atomos-meas-teach.net

[2]. Baumgartner. And Jackson, A, (1991).Measurement for Endurance in Physical Education.

Dubuque: W.C.Brown.

[3]. Calabrese, K,(2001).Fit and Flexibility. Retrieved, August 28, 2007,

www.kellicalabrese.com

Cataldo, C. (1999). Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Principles and Practice, St. Paul: West
Publishing Company, pp. 232-238.

[4]. Chek, P., (2002).StretchingforFlexibility. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flexibility

[5]. Choudhary, A., (1998).Physical Fitness of Female Students Studying in University.

[6]. Corbin, C.B. and R, Lindsey, (1997).Concepts of Physical Fitness. Dubuque: McGraw
Hill.www.earlychildhoodnews.com/earlychildhood/article
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[7]. Corbin, C.B., G.I, Welk, R.LindseyandW.R.Corbin, (2003).Concepts of Physical
Fitness.Dubuque: McGraw Hill.(p.Walt,R.,(2003).Exercise and fitness.
www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0434.htn

[8].Wue,D.AandB.JLombardo,
(1994).CurriculumandInstructionforSecondarySchoolPhysicalEducation Experience.
Missouri. Mosby-Year Book Inc. http//www.learnwhy.org/

APPENDIX

Appendix 1
The international physical fitness award or qualify standard

Table 1 Parameters used to test Flexibility Sit & Reach (Girls)

Cm Inches
Super >+30 ¿+11.5

Excellent ++8.0 to 11.5

+21 to +30
Good +4.5 to +7.5
+11 to +20
Average +1 to +10
+1 to +10
Fair - +0.5 to +4.0
7 to 0
Poor -6.0 to -3.0
-15 to -8
Very poor <-6.0
<-15

Table source: Topendsports (based on personal experience)

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Appendix 2

Table .2 Grip strength rating for female (in kg)

AGE Weak Normal Strong

10-11 < 11.8 11.8-21.6 > 21.6

12-13 < 14.6 14.6-24.4 > 24.4

14-15 < 15.5 15.5-27.3 > 27.3

16-17 < 17.2 17.2-29.0 > 29.0

18-19 < 19.2 19.2-31.0 > 31.0

20-24 < 21.5 21.5-35.3 > 35.3

25-29 < 25.6 25.6-41.4 > 41.4

30-34 < 21.5 21.5-35.3 > 35.3

35-39 < 20.3 20.3-34.1 > 34.1

40-44 < 18.9 18.9-32.7 > 32.7

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 45-49 < 18.6 18.6-32.4 > 32.4

50-54 < 18.1 18.1-31.9 > 31.9

55-59 < 17.7 17.7-31.5 > 31.5

60-64 < 17.2 17.2-31.0 > 31.0

65-69 < 15.4 15.4-27.2 > 27.2

70-99 < 14.7 14.7-24.5 > 24.5

Source: Camry Electronic Hand Dynamometer Instruction manual

Appendix 3
Table 3 Push up Test norms for women

30-
Age 17-19 20-29 40-49 50-59 60-65
39

Excellent > 35 > 36 > 37 > 31 > 25 > 23

30-
Good 27-35 30-36 25-31 21-25 19-23
37

22-
Above Average 21-27 23-29 18-24 15-20 13-18
30

10-
Average 11-20 12-22 8-17 7-14 5-12
21
Below average 6-10 7-11 4-7 3-6 2-4
5-9

Poor 2-5 2-6 1-4 1-3 1-2 1

Very Poor 0-1 0-1 0 0 0 0

Source: adapted from Golding, et al. (1986). The Y's way to physical fitness (3rd ed.)

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Appendix 4

Table 4 Standard sores of body mass index

Classification BMI(kg/m2) Sub classification BMI(kg/m2)

Severe thinness <16.00

Under weight <18.50 Moderate thinness 16.00-19.00

17.00-18.49
Mild thinness
18.5-24.99
Normal range 18.5 -24.99 Normal
25.00-29.00
Pre-obese

Overweight ≥25 Obese obese class I 30.00-34.99

obese class II 35.00-39.99
obese class III ≥ 40

Source: world health organization

Appendix 5
Table 5 3minute step test (women)-heart rate

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 Age 18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 65+
Excellent <88 <90 >94 <95 <90
<85
Good 88-99 90-102 94-104 95-104 90-120
85-98
Above average 99-108 100-111 103-110 105-115 105-112 103-115

Average 109-117 112-119 111-118 116-120 113-118 116-122

Below average 118-126 120-126 119-128 121-129 119-139 123-128

Poor 127-140 127-138 129-140 130-135 129-139 129-134

>140 >138 >140 >135 >139 >134

Source: Canadian public health association project (see Canadian home fitness test)

Participant information sheet

SPORTSCIENCE SCORING SHEET SPORT

AGE CVE FLEXIBILIT MUSCULAR MUSCULA HEIGHT WEIGH BMI

NO Y ENDURACE R T
STRENGTH
1 21 97 15 35 35.5 1.65 67 23

2 22 89 14 30 34.5 1.66 60 21.78

3 21 90 10 32 22 1.52 45 19.73

4 22 99 13 29 20.7 1.52 62 25

5 22 105 16 34 34.1 1.66 47 18.36

6 23 102 11 32 21.7 1.80 50 15.43

7 21 96 10 30 20.5 1.58 46 18.42

8 23 107 11 33 28.5 1.51 40 17.62

9 22 93 16 35 26.2 1.60 51 19.92

10 22 98 12 31 25.7 1.74 64 21.1

11 21 94 11 29 22.5 1.56 55 22.6

12 21 91 13 27 23.5 1.64 56 20.82

13 22 95 15 31 30.5 1.54 46 18.42

14 21 98 10 31 30.5 1.60 40 17.6

15 23 92 12 34 26.5 1.52 47 18.36

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