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Transduser
Dr Ir Dina Maizana MT
maizanadina@gmail.com

Mari kita berdoa menurut agama dan kepercayaan

masing-masing sebelum kelas dimulai.

Doa dimulai…

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Jadwal Kandungan Jam

Pendahuluan, penyampaian kontrak kuliah, Konsep-konsep pengukuran, Kesalahan- Rencangan

Minggu-1
kesalahan pembacaan alat ukur Pembelajaran
Minggu-2 Satuan pengukuran dan besaran standar listrik, Nilai dan fungsi satuan Semester (RPS)
Besaran listrik, Alat ukur dengan termokopel, besi putar, elektrodinamis, Sem. A ta 2019/20
Minggu-3
elektrostatis dan induksi.
Instrument penunjuk arus searah, Volt Ammeter DC, Prinsip kerja, Cara kerja,
Minggu-4
Penggunaan alat ukur DC
Instrument arus bolak-balik, Voltmeter elektrostatis, Prinsip Kerja,Cara kerja,
Minggu-5
Penggunaan alat ukur untuk AC
Pengukuran daya, Wattmeter, Pengukuran daya tanpa Wattmeter, Type alat
Minggu-6 Selasa
pengukur daya
(9.40-12.10
Penggunaan jembatan Wheatstone, Prinsip dari jembatan wheatstone, Contoh dari wib) R. III.3
Minggu-7
jembatan wheatstone
Selasa
Minggu-8 UTS
(19.00-
20.30 wib)
Minggu-9 Pengukuran dengan alat ukur oscilloscope
R. A.II.6
Minggu-10 Generator sinyal
Minggu-11 Alat-alat ukur digital
Trafo Instrumentasi, Trafo arus untuk alat ukur, Trafo tegangan alat ukur, Kwh
Minggu-12
meter.

Minggu-13 Transduser

Minggu-14 Konversi Data analog ke digital

Minggu-15 Sistem data akusisi

Minggu-16 UAS

CPMK
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan transduser

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Content:
1. Introduction
2. Temperature Sensor
3. Optical Sensor
4. Other Sensor

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to:

• define basic concept of transducers and sensors

• apply in-depth knowledge in transducer's and
sensor’s application

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Objectives:
1. To get familiarize with
several types of transducers
and selection criteria.
2. Able to apply basic
principles of operation and
application of common
transducer.

Introduction
Content:
• 1. Definition of Transducer
• 2. Types of Transducers
• 3. Application of Transducers
• 4. Advantage of Electrical
• 5. Transducers
• 6. Classification Of Transducers
• 7. Selecting A Transducers
• 8. Parameter

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DEFINITION OF TRANSDUCER & SENSORS

Transducer - device that converts one form of energy into
another form of energy
sensor - device that measures a physical quantity and converts it
into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an
instrument.

Microphone Speaker Generator

 Sound > Electric  Electrical > Sound  Mechanical motion >

Electrical Signal

TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS

Electrical Transducers
– Converts the input measurand into an
electrical voltage/current

Mechanical Transducers
– Converts the input measurand into a
mechanical energy

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APPLICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

Electrical Sensor
 Device that capable to detect electrical signal and
sent it to another

measurand electrical output

TRANSDUCER

excitation

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS

 Electrical amplification and attenuation can be

easily done

 Mass-inertia effects are minimized

 Effect of friction are minimized

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ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS

 The output can be indicated and recorded

remotely at a distance from the sensing
medium

 The output can be modified to meet the

requirements of indicating or controlling units

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS

 The signal can be conditioned or mixed to

obtain any combination with outputs of similar
transducers or control signal

"Strive always to excel in virtue and truth." (Bukhari)

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CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

Active Transducer
– Do not requires external power produce an analog
voltage

measurand electrical output

Active Transducer

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

Passive Transducer
– Require external power source to operate

measurand electrical output

Passive Transducer

external power

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SELECTING A TRANDUCER

Operating Range Maintain range requirements and good

resolution
Sensitivity Sensitivity enough to allow sufficient
output
Environment Compatibility Ability to make it applicable and
interactions
Accuracy Subject to repeatability and calibration
error
Physical Condition Depend on its usage
Electrical Length and type of cable is required

PARAMETER

Linearity Relationship between physical

parameter and resulting electrical
signal must be linear
Sensitivity Defined as the electrical output per
unit change in physical parameter
Dynamic Range Operating range should be wide to
permit it use under wide range of
measurement condition
Repeatability Input or output relationship for a
transducer should be predictable over a
long period of time
Physical Size Minimum weight and volume

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Potentiometer
• Electromechanical device containing a
resistance element that is contacted by a
movable slider
• The motion of the movable slider may be
translatory or rotational.

• The output voltage of the position of the

movable slider and is

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• Example: A displacement transducer with a

shaft stroke of 30 cm is applied to the circuit.
The total resistance of the potentiometer is 5k
Ω . The applied voltage VS is 5V. Calculate the
output voltage when the wiper is 9cm from B.

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Example:
• A potentiometer transducer with a shaft stroke of 8.0cm is used in
circuit below. The applied voltage is 10V. The total resistance of
potentiometer R1 and R2 is 6 kΩ. The total resistance of the
potentiometer R3 and R4 is 4 kΩ. The initial position to be used as
a reference point is set such that R1 is 4.5 cm and R3 is 3.5 cm of
the shaft stroke length (from point A).
• i. Calculate the values of R1, R3 and VE at initial position
• ii. Calculate the displacements of potentiometer R3 and R4 in the
case that VE =0.Then identify the direction of the displacement

"Strive always to excel in virtue and truth." (Bukhari)

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 Exercise: A displacement transducer with a shaft

of 2.0mm is used in the circuit as shown in figure
below. The total resistance of the potentiometer
R1 and R2 is 5000Ω and the applied voltage is 5.0V.
The total resistance of the potentiometer R3 and
R4 is also 5000Ω.The initial position to be used as
reference point is set such that R1 = R2 (i.e. when
the shaft is at mid-stroke). Initially, potentiometer
R3 and R4 is adjusted so that the bridge is
balanced (i.e. VE = 0). Assuming the shaft of the
potentiometer R3 and R4 will be moved 0.5mm
towards A, what is the value of VE?

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• Potentiometer senses displacement by means

of sensing shaft, which is mechanically
connected to the point or objects whose
displacement, is to be measured.
Example: Petrol-tank level indicator.In this case,
potentiometer is used to indicate/sense the
petrol level in a tank as shown in Figure below.
The output signal (voltage) is proportional to
the petrol level,v

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Advantages & Disadvantages of

Potentiometer

Capacitive transducer
• A capacitor consists of two parallel plates separated
by an air space or by a dieletric (insulating material)
as shown in figure below
• The capacitance of the pair of plates is measure of
the amount of charge that can be transferred before
a certain voltage is reached.
• If the capacitance is large, more charge is needed to
establish a given voltage difference

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• The equation for capacitance of a parallel plate

capacitor is given by:-

• the capacitive transducer works on the

principle of changing of capacitance which may
caused by:

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• Advantages :
1. Required extremely small forces to operate them and hence are very
useful for use in small systems.
2. Extremely sensitive.
3. A good frequency response as high as 50kHz and useful for dynamic
studies.
4. High input impedance therefore the loading effects are minimum.
5. The force requirements is very small and therefore require small
power to operates them
• Disadvantages:
1. The metallic parts of the transducer must be insulated from each
other in order to reduce the effects of stray capacitance, the frames
must be earthen.
2. The output impedance of the capacitive transducers tends to be high
on account of their small capacitance value this leads to loading
effects.

 Uses of Capacitive Transducer

1. It can be used for measurement of both linear and
angular displacements.
2. It can be used for measurement of force and
pressure. The force and pressure to be measured
are first converted to displacement which caused a
change in capacitance.
3. It can be used for measurement of humidity in
gases since the dielectric constant of gases changes
with change in humidity thereby producing a
change in capacitance.
4. It is commonly used in conjunction with
mechanical modifiers for measurement of volume,
density, liquid level, weight and etc.

"Strive always to excel in virtue and truth." (Bukhari)

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Capacitive sensor is used to detect the presence of boxes

on the conveyor belt

• Example: A capacitive transducer is used for the

measurement of linear displacement, X, as shown
in below. The parallel plate has a dimension of
5.0cm X 5.0cm and is separated by a distance of
1.0cm. The space between the plates is filled with
a dielectric material of 1.0cm thick, which has a
dielectric constant of 4.0. If the dielectric constant
for air is 1.0cm, determine the value of the
capacitance when x is equal to:
(i) 0.0cm
(ii) 2.0cm

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• Exercise:Figure below shows a capacitive transducer used for

measurement of linear displacement, x. the parallel plates
have a dimension of (4.0 cm x 4.0cm) and separated by a
distance of 10 mm. the space between plates is filled with a
dielectric material with constant of 3.0.If the dielectric
constant for air is 1.0, determine the value of the capacitance
when x is equal to:
• i) 0.0 cm
• ii) 2.0 cm
• iii) 4.0 cm
• What is the effect of capacitance when the displacement of
dielectric is increased? Given εo = 8.854 x 10-12 F/m.

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Thermocouple
• Thermocouple -thermal transducer.
• It consists of a pair of wire made of different metals
that joined together at one end as shown in below.
• When there is a temperature difference between
the two ends of wire, a voltage will be produced
between the two wires – Seeback effect

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• The magnitude of voltage depends on :

i) the materials used for the wires
ii) the temperature difference between the
joined ends and the other ends.

• The voltage of the thermocouple is given as

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• Normally the cold / reference temperature is

set to 0oC as shown in figure below:
Cold junction compensation

• Thermocouple tables give the relationship

between the voltage for a particular type of
thermocouple and the measured temperature
when the reference junction is at a particular
reference temperature

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Thermistor
 Thermistors - THERMally sensitive resISTOR are
non-metallic resistors(semiconductor material)
made by sintering mixtures of metallic oxides such
as manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper and uranium.
 Thermistor - type of resistance thermometer, uses
the change in the electrical resistance to
determine the temperature.
 Thermistors have a Negative Temperature
Coefficient (NTC) – resistance decrease as
temperature rises as shown in below.

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"Strive always to excel in virtue and truth." (Bukhari)

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Strain gauge
• Strain gauge - passive transducer that uses the variation in
electrical resistance in wires to sense the strain produced by
force on wires.
• It is used for measuring weight, pressure, mechanical force and
displacement.
• A bonded strain gauge consists of a fine wire looped back and
forth on a mounting plate which is usually cemented to the
member undergoing stress as shown below

Bonded strain gauge

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• Strain gauge is generally uses as one arm of a

bridge is shown Figure below.
• This method is capable to measure the change
in resistance when the wire is under strain.

• In some cases, strain gauges are used in pairs

(active gauge and dummy gauge) to provide
temperature compensation as in Figure below.
However, only the active gauge will respond to
stress.
• The dummy gauge is mounted in an insensitive
orientation to provide some compensation for
temperature effects.

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Strain gauge 1 is stretch

Strain gauge 2 is compressed

APPLICATION OF STRAIN GAUGE

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EXAMPLE OF STRAIN GAUGE

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• The strain will cause:

• i) The change in length ΔL
• ii) The change in gauge resistance ΔR

"Strive always to excel in virtue and truth." (Bukhari)

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Linear Variable Differential

•
Transformer
When an AC excitation signal is applied to the Primary Coil (P), voltages
are induced-Inductive
in the two Secondaryposition sensor
Coils (S). The MAGNETIC CORE inside
the COIL WINDING ASSEMBLY provides the magnetic flux path linking the
Primary and secondary Coils.
• Since the two voltages are of opposite polarity, the Secondary Coils are
connected series opposing in the center, or Null Position. The output
voltages are equal and opposite in polarity and, therefore, the output
voltage is zero. The Null Position of an LVDT is extremely stable and
repeatable.
• When the MAGNETIC CORE is displaced from the Null Position, an
electromagnetic imbalance occurs. This imbalance generates a differential
AC output voltage across the Secondary Coils which is linearly
proportional to the direction and magnitude of the displacement.

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• As shown in the figure, when the MAGNETIC CORE is moved from the Null Position, the
induced voltage in the Secondary Coil, toward which the Core is moved, increases while the
induced voltage in the opposite Secondary Coil decreases.
• LVDTs possess the inherent ruggedness and durability of a transformer and truly provide
infinite resolution in all types of environments. As a result of the superior reliability and
accuracy of LVDTs, they are the ideal choice for linear motion control.

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• Advantages -LVDT compared to a resistive potentiometer are that its linearity,

that is its voltage output to displacement is excellent, very good accuracy,
good resolution, high sensitivity as well as frictionless operation and is sealed
against hostile environments

Example
• An AC LVDT has the following data. Input = 6.3V, output=5.2V range +/- 0.5 in.
Determine:
a) Calculate the output voltage vs core position for a core movement going from
+0.45 in to -0.30in.
b)The output voltage when the core is -0.25in from the centre.
Solution

a)0.5 in core displacement produces 5.2V,therefore a 0.45 in core movement

produces(0.45x5.2)/0.5 = 4.68V
At -0.30 in core movement produces
(-0.30x-5.2)/(-0.5) = -3.12V
b) -0.25 in core movement produces
(-0.25x-5.2)/(-0.5) = -2.6V

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Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD).

 RTD's are precision temperature sensors made from

high-purity conducting metals such as platinum,
copper or nickel wound into a coil and whose
electrical resistance changes as a function of
temperature, similar to that of the thermistor
 Also available are thin-film RTD's. These devices
have a thin film of platinum paste is deposited onto
a white ceramic substrate.
 They have poor sensitivity, that is a change in
temperature only produces a very small output
change for example, 1Ω/oC.

• RTD is a resistive device - need to pass a current through them and

monitor the resulting voltage.
• Any variation in resistance due to self heat of the resistive wires as
the current flows through it, I2R, (Ohms Law) causes an error in the
readings.
• To avoid - RTD is usually connected into a Whetstone Bridge network
which has additional connecting wires for lead-compensation and/or
connection to a constant current source.
• Relationship between temperature and resistance of conductors :-
» Rt=Rref(1+αΔt)
Rt – resistance of conductor at temperature t degree
Rref – resistance of the reference temperture, usually 0
degree
α – temperature coefficient of resistance
Δt – difference between operating and reference
temperature

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Exercise
• A platinum resistance thermometer has resistance
of 180Ω at 20 degree Celsius. Calculate its
resistance at 60 degree Celsius. (α20 = 0.00392)
ans:151.78 Ω

• A platinum resistance thermometer has a

resistance of 100 Ω at 23 degree Celsius. Find its
resistance at 50 degree Celsius. The resistance
temperature coefficient of platinum is 0.00392 Ω/
Ω celsius. If the thermometer has a resistance of
200 Ω, calculate the value of temperature.

Thank you for coming

• .

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