Forum Activity 1_QSU60104 PPA_M231

Refer to chapter 4 of the book and answer the below questions:

1. Define the below terms:

Oxygen deficit
The term "oxygen deficit" describes the discrepancy between the amount of oxygen that the body
actually supplies and uses during the early phases of hard activity and the amount that it needs.
Incremental exercise tests
Incremental exercise tests, also known as incremental or graded exercise tests, are evaluations that
systematically increase the intensity of activity at specified intervals. These tests are used to
assess an individual's physiological responses to increasing physical activity, such as heart rate,
oxygen consumption, and lactate generation.

Maximal oxygen uptake, or V̇ O2 max

VO2 max, or maximal oxygen uptake, is a measure of an individual's maximum ability to

consume and utilise oxygen during intense exercise. It is often regarded as the gold standard for
assessing aerobic fitness.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which the body produces glucose, a sugar, from non-
carbohydrate substances such glycerol, amino acids, and some citric acid cycle intermediates.
Lactate threshold
During exercise, the blood concentration of lactate (lactic acid) starts to build up more quickly
than it can be eliminated. This is also referred to as the anaerobic threshold or lactate threshold.
This threshold denotes the change in energy metabolism from mostly aerobic to more anaerobic.
It's a crucial physiological indicator of endurance capacity.
lactate shuttle
The process by which lactate produced in one tissue (generally skeletal muscles) is transferred to
another (usually the liver or heart), where it can be utilised as an energy source or undergo
gluconeogenesis to convert back into glucose, is known as the "lactate shuttle." Maintaining
energy balance and making the most use of the lactate produced during exercise are two goals of
the lactate shuttle.
Oxygen debit
Oxygen debit is a concept connected to the payback of the previously described oxygen
deficiency. It indicates the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), or the amount of
oxygen required by the body after intensive physical activity to return physiological processes to
their pre-exercise state.
Respiratory exchange ratio (R)
The respiratory exchange ratio (R) is a ratio that compares the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
produced to the amount of oxygen (O2) consumed during metabolism. It is frequently used to
determine the type of fuel (e.g., carbs or fats) that the body preferentially metabolises. The R
value can range between 0.7 and 1.0 (predominantly fat metabolism vs. carbohydrate
metabolism).
Onset of blood lactate accumulation
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation: The exercise intensity at which blood lactate levels start to
rise noticeably is referred to as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), also known as
the lactate turn point or second lactate threshold.

2. What are the factors that might contribute to excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
(EPOC)?

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), also known as the "afterburn effect," is the
phenomenon in which the body consumes oxygen at an increased rate after exercise has ended.
This increased oxygen demand is linked to several causes, including:
 Oxygen Debt Repayment
 Elevated heart rate and respiration
 Temperature Regulation
 Lactate Removal
 Glycogen Resynthesis
 Post-exercise muscle repair & growth
 Elevated metabolic rate
 Hormonal Factors
 Individual Factors

3. Does Lactate Cause Muscle Soreness? Discuss it.

Contrary to popular belief, lactate does not directly cause pain in the muscles. Delay in onset
muscular soreness is a term used to describe muscle soreness, particularly the kind that
follows hard or unusual exercise (DOMS). Rather than the presence of lactate, the primary
cause of DOMS is microdamage to muscle fibres and the ensuing inflammatory response.
This is how it operates.

4. Discuss several possible reasons why blood lactate begins to rise rapidly during
incremental exercise and graph it.

Blood lactate levels can rise quickly during gradual activity because of a blend of elements,
including expanded lactate creation and diminished lactate freedom. This peculiarity is
frequently connected with the lactate limit, which denotes the place where blood lactate starts
to gather at a sped up rate. A few explanations behind this fast expansion in blood lactate
during steady work-out include:

 Increased Glycolsis
 InsufficientOxygen Supply
 Accelerated Lactate Production
 Muscle fiber recruitment

5. What is McArdle’s Syndrome?

McArdle syndrome, also known as glycogen storage disease type V (GSD V), is a rare inherited
metabolic disorder that primarily affects muscle cells.. This condition is characterized by a
deficiency in the enzyme myophosphorylase, which is responsible for breaking down glycogen
into glucose in muscle cells.. Glycogen is a form of stored carbohydrate used as energy during
physical activity

6. How Carbohydrate Feeding via Sports Drinks Improves Endurance Performance

Sports drinks can be a great source of carbohydrates for athletes who are engaged in intense or
long-distance running or other strenuous activities. here is how it works, giving you a quick way
to get power, and maintaining blood glucose levels is essential for optimal health. maintaining
glycogen in muscles, improving absorption of fluids, giving it a psychological lift, effort
perception reduction, postponing central fatigue,

7. Explain the percentage of energy derived from the four major sources based on figure 1.

Figure 1. Four major sources of energy derived

According to Figure 1, a significant amount of oxygen is required for the first hour of low-
intensity, sustained activity, such as walking, long slow runs, and cycling, in order to produce
the energy required. The breakdown of carbohydrates stored in your muscles' glycogen
provides the majority of our energy. However, until the amounts of muscle glycogen drop,
this primary energy source will be our main source of energy for extended periods of
exercise.

- When muscle glycogen levels drop, our body starts using fat instead of carbs as a source of
energy. Our bodies will release more adrenaline throughout this phase of transition, which
occurs when we exercise. Our body is signalled by epinephrine to begin burning fat for
energy. Epinephrine's function is to activate an enzyme known as lipase, related to a
mechanism that breaks down fat. Lipolysis is the term for the process by which lipase reduces
fat to smaller pieces. Our muscles can then utilise these smaller fat molecules as an energy
source.

Longer periods of exercise improve our body's ability to burn fat for energy. There's a limit
to how long this change from carbohydrates to fat can last, though. When blood glucose
levels fall too low and muscle glycogen stores are depleted, the body is no longer able to
produce pyruvate. At this moment, our body is unable to make enough pyruvate, which is
necessary for converting oxygen into energy, because our blood sugar is too low and our
muscle glycogen is depleted. Our ability to exercise consequently begins to decline.