TECHNOLOGI

CALI
NSTI
TUTEOFTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES–MANI
LA

COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NGANDARCHITECTURE
CI
VILENGI
NEERI
NGDEPARTMENT

HYDRAULI
CSENGINEERI
NG
CE319

LABORATORYREPORT#6

Measur
ementofDi
schar
geUsi
ngWei
rs

RATI
NG

FONTANI
LLA,
JANDARREND.
2112275 SUBMI
TTEDBY: _
___
___
___
___
_
STUDENTNUMBER SI
GNATURE
CE31S4–BATCH1
SECTI
ON

SUBMITTEDTO:
ENGR.LARRI
ZSAMUDIO

Nov
ember12,
2023
DATESUBMI
TTED
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Di
schar
gei
sdef
inedast
hev
olumeofwat
ert
hatpassest
hroughacr
oss-
sect
ionoft
he
channelperuni
toft
ime.Onecommonmet
hodf
ormeasur
ingdi
schar
gei
sthr
ought
he
useofawei
r,whi
chi
sast
ruct
urepl
acedacr
ossachannelt
hatcr
eat
esav
ert
ical
obst
ruct
ionov
erwhi
chwat
erf
lows.Wei
rscanbecat
egor
izedbasedont
heshapeof
t
hei
ropeni
ngnamel
yrect
angul
ar,
tri
angul
ar,
andt
rapezoi
dal
.

Thev
eloci
tyov
ert
hewei
rcanbedet
ermi
nedusi
ngBer
noul
l
i’
sequat
ionbet
weent
he
appr
oachandt
hewei
r.Consi
der
inganopenchannelf
low,
thepr
essur
eheadi
sequalt
o
zer
oast
hesy
stem i
sopent
otheat
mospher
e.Bynegl
ect
ingt
hev
eloci
tyofappr
oach,
t
hev
eloci
tyov
ert
hewei
rcanbeexpr
essedas:

Equat
ion4.
1isusedt
oder
ivet
hef
ormul
afordi
schar
geov
erwei
rs.I
nthecaseofa
r
ect
angul
arwei
r,t
hiscanbeder
ivedusi
ngFi
gur
e4.
1asar
efer
ence.

Byi
ntegr
ati
ngeq.4.
3,t
her
esul
ti
ngf
ormul
afordi
schar
geov
err
ect
angul
arwei
rsi
s
showni
n6.
4.
Toconsi
derl
ossesi
ntheact
ualsy
stem duet
ofr
ict
ion,i
mpact
,andot
hercauses,t
he
coef
fi
ci
entofdi
schar
ge(
cd)shoul
dbemul
ti
pli
edbyt
het
heor
eti
calv
aluecomput
ed
usi
ngeq6.
4.Thef
ormul
afort
heact
ual
dischar
gewi
l
lbe:

Di
schar
geov
erV-
not
chwei
rscanbecomput
edusi
ngequat
ion6.
6.

MATERI
ALUSED

HYDRAULI CBENCH( HM 150)-i sutil

izedf or
measur i
ngdi schar geusi ngwei r
s.Iti nvolves
setti
ngupt hebench,sel ectingawei rt ype
(e.g.
,rect angul ar,V- not
ch),adjustingt hef l
ow
rate,measur ingt hehead( wat erlevelabov e
the wei r cr est), r ecordi
ng dat a, and
calculating di schar geusi ng theappr opr i
ate
wei r equat ion. The HM 150 f acili
tates
experiment s to understand fl
ow
charact eri
sti
cs and di scharge coef fici
ent s,
providing apr acticalappr oach t o hy dr
aul i
c
studies.

RECTANGULAR WEI R – I n di scharge

measur ement exper i
ment s,a r ectangular
plastic wei ri s empl oyed wi th a hy drauli
c
bench,l iket heHM 150.Thel ightweightand
corrosion-resi stant nature of t he pl asti
c
facil
itateset upandhandl i
ng.Thepr ocedure
i
nv olves adj usting flow r ates,measur i
ng
heads accur ately,r ecording dat a, and
calculating di scharge.The use ofpl asti
c
mat erialpr ov ides practi
caladv antages for
specific exper imental condi ti
ons and
applications.
V-NOTCH WEI R - For di schar ge
measur ement exper i
ment s usi ng a V-
notchwei rwi thahy draulicbenchl iket he
HM 150, aV- shapednot chmadeofpl ast i
c
i
scommonl yempl oyed.Theex per i
ment
i
nv olvesset ti
ngupt heV- not
chwei rint he
hydraul i
cf low,adj usting the f low r ate,
measur i
ngt heheadaccur ately,recor ding
data,andcal culati
ngdi schar geusi ngt he
V-notch wei r f ormul a. The pl ast i
c
const ruct
ion enhances conv enience and
corrosion r esistance i n t his pr ocess,
maki ng i t sui t
able f or speci fi
c
exper i
ment al condi
tionsandappl icat i
ons.

STOPWATCH – I n t he di scharge
measur ementexper iment,ast opwat chis
usedt oti
met heflowov erthewei runt i
la
predetermi ned 10 l iter
s of wat erar e
coll
ected.St arti
ngt hest opwat chwhen
theflowbegi nsandst oppingitwhent he
desir
ed v ol ume i sr eached allows f or
accuratet imi ng.The r ecorded t i
me i s
then used t o calculatet he flow r ate,
contri
buting t o t he exper i
ment '
s
preci
sion, andpr ov i
dingvaluabledat afor
hydrauli
canal ysi
s.

HEI GHT GAUGE – I nt he dischar

ge
measur ementexper imentwi thwei r
s,a
heightgaugei suti
lizedt omeasur ethe
head,whi chi sthewat erlevelabovethe
wei r cr est. Thisi nst r
ument ensur es
accur ateandconsi st entr eadingsofthe
wat erhei ghtdur i
ngt heexper i
ment.By
recor ding the head atdi ff
erentf l
ow
rates,r esearcherscanpr eciselyanalyze
the r elat
ionship bet ween head and
dischar ge, cont ributing t
o a
compr ehensive under standing of the
hydr auliccharacter
isticsi nvol
ved.
PROCEDURE:
RECTANGULARWEI
R

1.At
tacht
her
ect
angul
arwei
ront
heHy
draul
i
csBench(
HM 150)t
otheout
letoft
he
channel
usi
ngt
hescr
ewsateachend.
2.I
nst
all
thehei
ghtgaugewhi
chwi
l
lbeusedt
omeasur
ethewei
rhead.
3.Swi
tchont
hepumpofHM 150sowat
erwi
l
lst
artt
ofl
ow.
4.St
artwi
thl
owdi
schar
gebyadj
ust
ingt
hef
lowcont
rol
val
ve.
5.Taket
her
eadi
ngoft
hehei
ghtoft
hewat
er(
y)usi
ngt
hehei
ghtgauge.
6.Fr
om f
igur
e6.
2,t
hewei
rhead(
H)canbecomput
edusi
ngequat
ion6.
1wher
eh1 =
4.
7cm andh2=5.
0cm.

7.Comput
efort
hemeasur
edv
olumet
ri
cdi
schar
ge,( )usi
ngequat
ion6.
5.Use
Cd=0.
63f
orshar
p-cr
est
edwei
rsandL=6.
0cm.
8.Det
ermi
net
hecomput
edv
olumet
ri
cfl
ow( )byt
aki
ngt
het
otalt
imet
ofi
l
lup
10Lofwat
eri
nthev
olumet
ri
ctankusi
ngast
opwat
ch.St
artt
het
imerwhent
hev
olume
ofwat
eri
s20Landendt
het
imerwheni
treaches30L.Thev
olumecanbedet
ermi
ned
usi
ngt
her
emot
esi
ghtgauge.Useequat
ion6.
8tocal
cul
atef
or i
nL/
s.

9.Repeatst
eps5–8f
oranot
her4t
ri
alswi
thdi
ff
erentv
aluesofhei
ghtofwat
er.
10.Det
ermi
ne t
he di
schar
ge coef
fi
cientbydi
vi
ding t
he comput
ed v
alue wi
tht
he
measur
edv
alueofdi
schar
ge.
 V-
NOTCHWEI
R

1.Remov etherectangularweiront hehydrauli

csbenchandr eplacei
twithV-
Not
ch
weir
.
2.Swit
chont hepumpofHM 150sowat erwillstar
ttoflow.
3.Star
twithlowdischargebyadjusti
ngtheflowcont r
olv al
ve.
4.Takethereadi
ngoft heheightofthewater(y)usingtheheightgauge.
5.From Fi
gure6.3,theweirhead( H)canbecomput edusingequat i
on4.5wher
eh1=
4.
7cm andh2=5. 0cm.Figure6.3Cross-
Sect i
onofV- NotchWeir

1.Inst
allt
he 2.Setupt
hehy
draul
ic 3.Cali
brat
etheheight4.RecordtheHead
r
ectangular wei
r bench r
eadings andti
mein5t r
ial
s

1.I
nst
allt
heV-
not
ch 2.Setupt
hehy
draul
ic 3.Cali
brat
ethehei
ght4.Recor
dtheHead
weir bench readi
ngs andt
imein5tr
ial
s
DATAANDRESULTS:

Rect
angul
arWei
r
Tr
ialNo. Hei
ghtof Weir Timefor Measur ed Comput ed Percent
Wat er
,y HeadH 10L,
t(s) Discharge Di scharge Di
scharge
(
cm) (
cm) Qmeas(
L/ s) Qcomp(
L/ s) (%)
1 8 1.
7 111.
70 0.
247 0.
09 176.
301
2 6.
8 2.
9 21.
32 0.
551 0.
469 17.
526
3 5.
2 4.
5 7.
35 1.
066 1.
361 21.
683
4 8.
3 1.
4 126.
03 0.
185 0.
079 133.
032
5 6.
1 3.
6 9.
36 0.
762 1.
068 28.
636
Av
erage%Di
ff
:75.
4476

V-
Not
chWei
r
Tr
ialNo. Hei
ghtof Weir Timefor Measur ed Comput ed Percent
Wat er
,y HeadH 10L,
t(s) Discharge Di scharge Di
scharge
(
cm) (
cm) Qmeas(
L/ s) Qcomp(
L/ s) (%)
1 6.
7 3 40.
22 0.
232 0.
249 6.
679
2 5.
7 4 15.
91 0.
476 0.
629 24.
228
3 8.
1 1.
6 216.
51 0.
048 0.
046 4.
344
4 6.
85 2.
85 34.
76 0.
204 0.
288 29.
062
5 4.
25 5.
45 6.
16 1.
032 1.
623 36.
429

Av
erage%Di
ff
:20.
50

Sampl
eComput
ati
ons:
H=h1+h2-
y

80mm
=4.
7cm +5cm-
10
=1.
7cm
 Cd=0.
63
L=6.
0cm
3

Qmeas=0.
63
2
3 ()
2×9.
81
6.
( )( )
0 1.72
100 100

474135179×10 (
s 1m )
3
m 1000L
-
4
Qmeas =2. 3

L
Qmeas=0.
2474137
s
10
Qcomp=
t
10
Qcomp=
111.
70
Qcomp=0.
08952551477

ANALYSI
S
Anal
ysi
sofDi
schar
geMeasur
ementUsi
ngWei
rs
I
ntheexper
imentconduct
edt
omeasur
edi
schar
geusi
ngwei
rs,t
wot
ypesof
wei
rswer
eempl
oyed:r
ect
angul
arwei
randV-
not
chwei
r.Thepr
imar
yobj
ect
ivewast
o
showcaset
hepr
act
ical
appl
i
cat
ionofwei
rsi
ndet
ermi
ningt
hef
lowr
ateofopenchannel
f
low.Eacht
ri
ali
nvol
vedspeci
fi
cpar
amet
ers,
incl
udi
ngt
hehei
ghtofwat
er(
y),
wei
rhead
(
H),t
imef
or10Li
ter
s,measur
eddi
schar
ge,comput
eddi
schar
ge,andt
her
esul
ti
ng
per
centdi
ff
erence.

Rect
angul
arWei
rObser
vat
ions:
I
nthe t
ri
als wi
tht
he r
ect
angul
arwei
r,not
abl
evar
iat
ions i
nthe per
cent
di
ff
erenceswer
eobser
ved.Tr
ial1exhi
bit
edaconsi
der
abl
edi
ff
erenceof176.
361%,
suggest
ingasi
gni
fi
cantdev
iat
ionbet
weent
hemeasur
edandcomput
eddi
schar
ges.
Howev
er,Tr
ial2di
spl
ayedamor
emodestdi
ff
erenceof17.
526%,i
ndi
cat
ingacl
oser
al
i
gnmentbet
weent
het
wov
alues.Thi
str
endcont
inuedacr
osst
het
ri
als,wi
thv
ary
ing
degr
eesofper
centdi
ff
erences,
reachi
nganot
abl
eav
eragedi
ff
erenceof75.
4476%.
Thedi
spar
it
iesi
nther
ect
angul
arwei
rexper
iment
smayst
em f
rom f
act
orssuchast
he
pr
eci
sion ofmeasur
ement
s,t
he accur
acyofcomput
ati
on met
hods,and pot
ent
ial
i
rr
egul
ari
ti
esi
nthef
lowcondi
ti
ons.I
tiscr
uci
alt
oinv
est
igat
eandaddr
esst
hesef
act
ors
t
oenhancet
her
eli
abi
l
ityofdi
schar
gemeasur
ement
s.

V-
Not
chWei
rObser
vat
ions:
TheV-
not
chwei
rtr
ial
spr
esent
edadi
ff
erentpat
ter
nofper
centdi
ff
erences.Tr
ial
3st
oodoutwi
thar
emar
kabl
ylowdi
ff
erenceof4.
344%,
suggest
ingar
elat
ivel
yaccur
ate
al
i
gnmentbet
weenmeasur
edandcomput
eddi
schar
ges.Howev
er,Tr
ial5exhi
bit
eda
hi
gherdi
ff
erenceof36.
429%,
signi
fyi
ngamor
esi
gni
fi
cantdev
iat
ion.
Compar
ingt
het
wot
ypesofwei
rs,
theV-
not
chwei
rtr
ial
sgener
all
ydemonst
rat
edl
ower
av
erageper
centdi
ff
erencest
han t
her
ect
angul
arwei
rtr
ial
s.Thi
simpl
i
est
hat
,on
av
erage,t
heV-
not
chwei
rmet
hodpr
ovi
dedmor
eaccur
atedi
schar
gemeasur
ement
sin
t
heexper
iment
alcondi
ti
ons.

Ov
eral
lObser
vat
ion:
Thedi
scr
epanci
esobser
vedi
ntheper
centdi
ff
erenceshi
ghl
i
ghtt
hei
ntr
icaci
es
i
nvol
vedi
ndi
schar
gemeasur
ement
susi
ngwei
rs.Fact
orssuchast
hedesi
gnoft
hewei
r,
f
lowcondi
ti
ons,andmeasur
ementt
echni
quespl
aycr
uci
alr
olesi
ntheaccur
acyoft
he
r
esul
ts.
Toenhancet
her
eli
abi
l
ityofdi
schar
gemeasur
ement
s,i
tisessent
ialt
oref
ine
measur
ementt
echni
ques,ensur
e pr
eci
se dat
a col
l
ect
ion,and pot
ent
ial
l
yreassess
comput
ati
onmet
hods.Fur
therexper
iment
ati
onandanal
ysi
smayhel
ppi
npoi
ntspeci
fi
c
ar
easf
ori
mpr
ovement
,ul
ti
mat
elycont
ri
but
ingt
oamor
eaccur
ateanddependabl
e
di
schar
gemeasur
ementpr
ocessusi
ngwei
rs
CONCLUSI
ON
I
nconcl
usi
on,t
heexper
imentont
hemeasur
ementofdi
schar
geusi
ngwei
rs
successf
ull
yachi
evedi
tspr
imar
yobj
ect
iveofdemonst
rat
ingt
hepr
act
icalappl
i
cat
ionof
wei
rsi
ndet
ermi
ningt
hef
low r
ateofopenchannelf
low.Thr
ought
het
ri
alswi
thbot
h
r
ect
angul
arandV-
not
chwei
rs,st
udent
sengagedi
nahands-
onexpl
orat
ionofhy
draul
i
c
pr
inci
ples,
aimi
ngt
obr
idget
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edgewi
thr
eal
-wor
ldappl
i
cat
ions.

Thef
ir
stobj
ect
ive,whi
chai
medt
oenabl
est
udent
stodet
ermi
net
heact
ualv
alue
ofv
olumet
ri
cdi
schar
gef
oropenchannelf
low andcompar
eitt
othet
heor
eti
calv
alue,
r
eveal
edi
nter
est
ingi
nsi
ght
s.Theper
centdi
ff
erencesobser
vedi
nthet
ri
als,
especi
all
yin
t
her
ect
angul
arwei
rexper
iment
s,emphasi
zedt
heneedf
orpr
eci
sionandaccur
acyi
n
measur
ementt
echni
ques.Addr
essi
ngt
hesef
act
orsi
scr
uci
alf
oral
i
gni
ngact
ualand
t
heor
eti
calv
alues,pr
ovi
ding st
udent
s wi
thav
aluabl
elesson i
nthe chal
l
enges of
t
ransl
ati
ngt
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edgei
ntopr
act
ical
measur
ement
s.

Thesecondobj
ect
ivef
ocusedonhel
pingst
udent
sunder
standt
heef
fect
sof
di
ff
erentshapes ofwei
rs on t
he channelf
low r
ate.The exper
iment
s wi
th bot
h
r
ect
angul
arand V-
not
ch wei
rs showcased v
ari
ati
ons i
nthe per
centdi
ff
erences,
i
ndi
cat
ingt
hatt
hedesi
gnoft
hewei
rindeedi
nfl
uencest
heaccur
acyofdi
schar
ge
measur
ement
s.Thi
sinsi
ghtal
l
owsst
udent
stoappr
eci
atet
hepr
act
icali
mpl
i
cat
ionsof
wei
rshapei
nthef
iel
dofhy
draul
i
cengi
neer
ing.

Theknowl
edgegai
nedf
rom t
hisexper
imenthol
dssi
gni
fi
cantr
elev
ancei
nthe
f
iel
dofci
vi
lengi
neer
ing.Accur
atemeasur
ementofdi
schar
gei
scr
it
icalf
ordesi
gni
ng
ef
fi
cientandsust
ainabl
ehy
draul
i
cst
ruct
ures.Engi
neer
swor
kingonpr
oject
srel
atedt
o
wat
err
esour
cemanagement
,dr
ainagesy
stems,andr
iverengi
neer
ingbenef
itf
rom a
deepunder
standi
ng ofhow di
ff
erentwei
rshapesi
mpactf
low r
ates.Theabi
l
ityt
o
t
ransl
atet
heor
eti
calconcept
sint
o pr
act
icalappl
i
cat
ions equi
ps ci
vi
lengi
neer
ing
pr
ofessi
onal
swi
tht
heski
l
lsneededt
oaddr
esst
hecompl
exi
ti
esofr
eal
-wor
ldhy
draul
i
c
scenar
ios.

I
nconcl
usi
on,t
hisexper
imentnotonl
ymeti
tseducat
ionalobj
ect
ivesbutal
so
pr
ovi
dedst
udent
swi
thv
aluabl
einsi
ght
sint
othepr
act
icalchal
l
engesandappl
i
cat
ionsof
di
schar
gemeasur
ementusi
ngwei
rs.Theknowl
edgegai
nedi
nthi
slabor
ator
yset
ti
ng
hasdi
recti
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
orf
utur
eci
vi
lengi
neer
ingendeav
ors,
cont
ri
but
ingt
othe
dev
elopmentofski
l
ledpr
ofessi
onal
sint
hef
iel
d.