Entrep.

Reviewer

Manufacturing Operation
 Manufacturing operations is the structure and system that produces a product that
can be sold to a customer.

 Assess
 Obtain
 Manufacture

The Three Important Element of Production System

 Input
 any resources used to create goods/services
1) Manpower
2) Machine
3) Materials

 Production Process
 process in which input are turned into products/services
1) Method

 Output
 finished product
1) Manpower
2) Machine
3) Materials
4) Method

4 M’s of Operation
I. Manpower
II. Machines
III. Methods
IV. Materials

I. Manpower
 Talks about human labor force involved in manufacturing of products.

Criteria:
 Educational qualifications and experience
 Numbers of workers required
 Skills and expertise required for the job
II. Material
 Talks about raw materials necessary in the production of a product.
 Materials mainly form part of the finished product

The entrepreneur may consider :

 cost
 quality
 availability
 credibility of suppliers and waste that the raw material may produce.

III. Machines
 manufacturing equipment used in the production of goods or delivery of services.

In the process of selecting the type of equipment to purchase, the entrepreneur may
consider:
 types of products to be produced
 cost of the equipment
 capacity of the equipment
 availability of spare parts in the local market
 efficiency of the equipment
 skills required in running the equipment.

IV. Methods
 Production method discusses the process or way of transforming raw materials to
finished products.

Product Description
 Promotes and explains what a product is and why it’s worth buying.
 Provide customers with details around the features and benefit of the product.

Benefits are the reasons why customers will decide to buy the product such as
affordability, efficiency or ease of use.

Entrepreneurs main concern is the satisfaction of a customer, for they are the life
blood of business.

Prototype
 created before the massive production of such product
 It is a duplication of a product as it will be produced

Revenue
 This part allows the entrepreneur to make decisions based on financial
assumptions without even having started the business.
Factors trhat is essential in making informed estimates by the entrepreneur.

Revenue
 Is a result when sales exceed the cost to produce goods or render the services.

Sales
 The nature of the business

Service Income
 Record revenue earned by rendering services

Factors to consider in forecasting revenues.

 The economic condition of the country

 The competing businesses or competitors
 Changes happening in the country
 The internal aspect of the business
Personal Development

 Stressors are something that causes a state of strain or tension.

 External stressors are those that come outside of you like situations, people and
experiences. e.g., Major life changes, such as death of a loved one.

 Internal stressors are those coming from within you like thoughts that you have
that caused you to feel fearful, uncertainties about the future, lack of control over
situations, and even your personal beliefs, which include your own expectations.
e.g.,Negative self-talk, Unrealistic expectations

Causes of Stress
 Selecting a School, College Course, or Career.
 Separation Anxiety. High school graduation, to some, means a temporary ending
or separation from some of their friends.
 College Life
 Romantic Relationship or the Lack of It.
 Family Demands and Expectations
 Health Concerns.
 Demands of Social Life.
 Bullying

We're all different, so a situation that doesn't bother you at all might cause someone
else a lot of stress.

Effects of stress;

Physical stress Symptoms:

1. headaches/migraine;
2. feeling tired;
3. palpitations or rapid pulse;
4. indigestion or heartburn;
5. breathing difficulty; joint pains;
6. loss of appetite skin problems;
7. frequent urination;
8. LBM/diarrhea;
9. numbness/pin and needles

Emotional stress Symptoms:

1.feeling unhappy;
2.depressed;
3.easily angry;
4.frustrated;
5.feeling helpless;
6. irritable; anxious;
7. loss of sense of humor
Behavioral stress Symptoms:

1. restless;
2. difficult to sleep;
3. overeating;
4. loss of appetite;
5. eating too fast;
6. not chewing food well;
7. eating too much;
8. drinking too much fluid while eating meal (it dilute stomach acid and digestive);
9. enzymes affecting digestion.

Stress is any change in the environment that requires your body to react and adjust in
response.

You can experience good or bad forms of stress from your environment, your body,
and your thoughts.

The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses.

Stress Management

Tip 1: Identify the sources of stress in your life

Tip 2: Practice the 4 A’s of stress management
Avoid unnecessary stress
Alter the situation
Adapt to the stressor
Accept the things you can’t change
Tip 3: Get moving
Tip 4: Connect to others
Tip 5: Make time for fun and relaxation
Tip 6: Manage your time better
Tip 7: Maintain balance living

Teens can handle stress with the following behaviors and techniques

1.Exercise and eat regularly.

2.Avoid excess caffeine intake which can increase feelings of anxiety and agitation.
3. Avoid illegal drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.
4. Learn relaxation exercise
5. Develop assertiveness training skills
6. Rehearse and practice situations which cause stress.
7. Learn practical coping skills.
8.Decrease negative self-talk
9. Learn to feel good about doing a competent or good enough job rather than
demanding perfection from yourself and others.
10.Take a break from stressful situations.
11..Build a network of friends who help you cope in a positive way.
Coping is necessary to avoid psychological trauma and mental diseases.

Degrees of stress experienced are a function of both emotional response and coping
abilities.
Group 1
The Brain
 Is a very complex organ made-up of mutually dependent parts, each with it’s
precise purpose
 The fattest organ in the body consist of at least 60 percent fat.

It has three important sections;

 Forebrain
- is the largest part of the brain
-It contains the cerebral cortex and several other structures that lie beneath the cortex
(called subcortical structures): thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the
limbic system (collection of structures).

Cerebral Cortex
 is the outer surface of the brain, is associated with higher level processes such as
consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.

 Each cerebral hemisphere can be subdivided into four lobes, each associated with
different functions.
 These hemispheres are composed of four sections called lobes;
1. Frontal Lobe
 known as the central sulcus.
 is involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language.

The frontal lobes are important for;

1. voluntary movement
2. expressive language
3. managing higher level executive functions.

Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the capacity to

plan, organize, initiate, self-monitor and control one's responses in order to achieve a
goal.

2. Parietal Lobe
 located immediately behind the frontal lobe and is involved in processing
information from the body’s senses.
 It contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory
information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.
 The parietal lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration, including the
management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell.

3. Temporal Lobe
 located on the side of the head (temporal means “near the temples”), and is
associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language.
 most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with
 the encoding of memory.
 to play an important role in processing affect/emotions, language, and certain
aspects of visual perception.

 The auditory cortex, the main area responsible for processing auditory
information, is located within the temporal lobe
 Signals from the right ear travel to the auditory cortex located in the temporal
lobe on the left side of the brain.

 Wernicke’s area, important for speech comprehension, is also located here.

 supports a critical component of speech production, referred to as phonologic
retrieval

4. Occipital
 contains the primary visual cortex, which is responsible for interpreting
incoming visual information.
 responsible for visual perception, including colours, form and motion.

The Limbic System

 It is the center of emotions.
 the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses
 regulates temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar.
 Hippocampus, and Amygdala assist from memories.

 Midbrain
 also called mesencephalon
 serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the
eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
 midbrain is relatively small.

 Hind brain
 also called rhombencephalon
 composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.
 functions that are fundamental to respiratory rhythm, motor activity, sleep, and
wakefulness.

 The left side of the brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the
 body.
 It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and
mathematics.

 The right hemisphere coordinates the left side of the body and performs tasks
that have do with creativity and the arts.

Both hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum and serve the body in
different ways.

Group 2
Intellegence
 is often defined as our intellectual potential; something we are born with,
something that can be measured, and a capacity that is difficult to change

Alfred Binet
 French psychologist who played an important role in the development
of experimental psychology
 Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon came up known as the Binet-Simon
Scale and was the first recognized IQ test.

Howard Gardner
 is an American developmental psychologist
 his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, where he
suggested that all people have different kinds of "intelligences."Gardner proposed
that there are eight intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of a
ninth known as "existentialist intelligence

I. VISUAL-SPATIAL
II. INTERPERSONAL
III. LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL
IV. BODILY-KINESTHETIC
V. LINGUISTIC-VERBAL
VI. INTRAPERSONAL
VII. MUSICAL
VIII. NATURALISTIC

Emotional Intellegence
 It is the ability to manage feelings so that they are expressed appropriately and
effectively
 The term emotional intelligence – also called emotional quotient or EQ
 Emotion is an inner realization or feeling of, for example, joy anger, fear, or
sadness. Emotions are attitudes or responses to a situation or an object, like
judgments.

Robert Plutchik
 theorized that emotions are multi-dimensional, or having various intensities

Daniel Goleman
 father of Emotional Intelligence

Goleman 8 Familied of Emotions

1) Anger
2) Sadness
3) Fear
4) Enjoyment
5) Love
6) Surprise
7) Disgust
8) Shame
Unlike IQ, which stays constant throughout life, emotional intelligence, or quotient
(EQ) can be developed and sharpened over time.

Components of Emotional Intelligence

1. Self-awareness
I. Emotional Self-awareness
II. Self-confidence
III. Accurate self-awareness

2. Self-management
I. Self-control
II. Adaptability
III. Transparency
IV. Initiative
V. Achievement

3. Social Awareness
I. Empathy
II. Service Orientation
III. Organizational Awareness

4. Relationship Management
I. Develop Others
II. Teamwork and Collaboration
III. Change Catalyst
IV. Influence

Emotional intelligence help manages stress level and make it more stable, thus
increase participants’ life satisfaction and happiness

High emotional intelligence encourages to develop a positive self and self-esteem by

being more open and assertive in facing difficulties and intelligently developing better
abilities to create a happy life
Group 3
 Relationship is a state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional
connection)
 Personal relationships are relationships between people, especially those
between friends, lovers and family members
 Love is a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personalities
<maternal love for a child>
 Commitment is the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a
course of action and a message that makes a pledge.
 Attraction is the act, power, or property of attracting
-Attractive quality; magnetic charm; fascination; allurement; enticement
 Responsibility is the social force that binds you to the courses of action
demanded by that force

Three kinds of personal relationships:

 Family
 is an essential component in any discussion of relationships, but this varies
greatly from person to person.

 Friend
 A friendship can be thought of as a close tie between two people that is often
built upon mutual experiences, shared interests, proximity, and emotional
bonding.
 Note that online friends don’t count toward close ties—research indicates that a
large online network isn’t nearly as powerful as having a few close, real-life
friends.

 Partnership
 Romantic partnerships, including marriage, are close relationships formed
between two people that are built upon affection, trust, intimacy, and romantic
love.
Day 4
Relationships are necessary to live a healthy life, but there is no such thing as a
perfect relationship.

Good relationships are fun and make you feel good about yourself.

Relationships should not be abusive;

 Sexual abuse
 is also a type of violence, and involves any kind of unwanted sexual advance.
 Emotional abuse
 is anything that harms your self-esteem or causes shame. This includes saying
things that hurt your feelings, make you feel that you aren’t worthwhile, or trying
to control who you see or where you go

BASIC RIGHTS IN A RELATIONSHIP

-The right to emotional support
-The right to be heard by the other and to respond
-The right to have your own point of view, even if this differs from your partner's
-The right to have your feelings and experiences acknowledged as real
-The right to live free from accusation and blame
-The right to live free from criticism and judgment
-The right to live free from emotional and physical threat
-The right to live free from angry outbursts and rage
-The right to be respectfully asked, rather than ordered

Patience
 Patience is essential to a healthy relationship. There are times when others will
respond to us in a way that is disappointing.
Honesty
 To build honesty in a relationship, you should communicate your feelings openly,
and expect the other person to do the same. Over time, this builds trust
 Honesty is another essential quality in healthy relationships
Kindness
 Kindness is extremely important to maintaining healthy relationships. You need
to be considerate of others' feelings and other people need to be considerate of
yours
Respect
 Respect is a cornerstone of all healthy relationships. If you don't have respect for
another person, it will have a negative impact on all of your interactions.