Childhood Voyages in Development 5th Edition Rathus Test Bank

Childhood Voyages in Development 5th
Edition Rathus Test Bank

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Chapter 7—Infancy: Social and Emotional Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as

a. an emotional tie between one animal or person and another individual.
b. a negative co-dependency developed between a parent and child.
c. imprinting that occurs in the first few hours after birth.
d. not necessary for healthy human functioning.
ANS: A REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Factual
2. John Bowlby viewed infant behaviors such as crying, smiling, and clinging as
a. reflexes and non-meaningful.
b. essential to the infant’s survival.
c. indicators of separation anxiety.
d. having different meanings depending upon whether the infant was a girl or boy.
ANS: B REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Conceptual
3. In the United States, most infants, children, and adults can be classified as
a. insecurely attached.
b. unattached.
c. securely attached.
d. avoidantly attached.
ANS: C REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Factual
4. A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry. This may represent
a. attachment.
b. separation anxiety.
c. temperament.
d. It could represent all of these
ANS: D REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Applied
5. Ainsworth used the __________ to study attachment.

a. Strange Situation
b. Mother-Present Procedure
c. Mother-Absent Procedure
d. Stranger Test
6. The Strange Situation assesses

a. how the infant responds when the mother leaves the room.
b. how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger.
c. how the infant responds when the mother returns.
d. All of these
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7. An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This
infant shows
a. ambivalent attachment.
b. insecure attachment.
c. avoidant attachment.
d. secure attachment.
8. In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, Aluisio plays with his toys without fuss when he’s alone and
ignores his mother when she returns to the room. This form of attachment is
b. insecure attachment.
ANS: C REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Applied
9. In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, Evan showed severe distress when his mother left the room.
When she returned, he ran to cling to her and then pushed her away. What type of attachment is
this?
a. Ambivalent/resistant attachment
b. Confused attachment
c. Avoidant attachment
d. Secure attachment
ANS: A REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Applied
10. An infant appears dazed and confused by her mother’s departure. This child may have
b. disorganized attachment.
ANS: B REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Applied
11. When compared to insecurely attached children, those who are securely attached are
a. better adjusted at school.
b. more cooperative with parents.
c. happier.
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Factual
12. Infants who are securely attached are more likely to

a. stray from their mothers, using them as a secure base.
b. stay close to their mothers, using them as a secure base.
c. stay close to their mothers because they are afraid to explore.
d. stray from their mothers as they show ambivalence towards them.
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13. Attachment can be used as a measure of the

a. SES of the parents.
b. attachment classifications of siblings.
c. IQ scores of the parents.
d. quality of parenting the child receives.
14. Securely attached infants

a. are probably this way because of genetics.
b. are probably this way because of good parenting.
c. are probably this way because of a combination of genetics and parenting.
d. There is no way to know what causes attachment
ANS: C REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Conceptual
15. Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that

a. attachment is a biologically driven and heritable trait.
b. all children in one family will have the same attachment classification.
c. secure mothers tend to raise secure children.
d. the attachment styles of mothers transfer to children, but not those of fathers.
16. Home visits to economically disadvantaged families increased maternal involvement with infants
and secure attachment. The home visitors helped mothers
a. positively conceptualize their fetuses.
b. accurately interpret infant cues.
c. engage in positive play.
d. All of these
17. Attachment
a. may be passed along generationally.
b. is determined solely by the environment.
c. has nothing to do with the parents and everything to do with the child.
d. is more likely to affect female children than male children.
18. Mothers of securely attached infants

a. are more likely to be affectionate to their children.
b. respond more sensitively to their babies’ social behaviors.
c. provide more predictable caregiving.
d. All of these
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19. Economically disadvantaged mothers

a. usually have children with ambivalent attachment.
b. usually have children with avoidant attachment.
c. usually have children with disorganized attachment.
d. have better attachment relationships with their infants when they are provided childcare
information and social support.
20. Secure attachment can be increased by

a. increasing the amount of physical contact between mother and child.
b. better prenatal nutrition.
c. better postnatal nutrition.
d. It cannot be increased as it is genetically determined
21. Which of the following appears to be TRUE?

a. Attachment runs in families
b. Siblings tend to develop the same kind of attachment relationships with parents
c. Attachment predicts important outcomes later in life
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: Attachment OBJ: 1 DIF: Conceptual
22. In terms of attachment,

a. daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behavior.
b. the father plays no role in attachment relationships.
c. the quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent upon the mother.
d. None of these
23. Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?

a. Maternal mental illness
b. Maternal abusive behavior toward the child
c. Maternal insensitivity to the child
d. All of these are associated with insecure attachment
24. An infant with a difficult temperament who is very active and displays negative emotions
a. is likely to have a mother who is sensitive and responsive.
b. is likely to become securely attached.
c. is likely to have a mother who has other children to tend to.
d. is likely to become insecurely attached.
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25. The involvement of the father with the child

a. can be predicted by the number of diapers the father changes.
b. is unrelated to infant attachment.
c. is based upon the mother’s pattern of attachment.
d. only affects boys and not girls.
26. Infant-father attachment is predicted by

a. the amount of time the father spends with the infant.
b. the quality of time the father spends with the infant.
c. the child’s attachment to the mother.
d. the marital relationship.
ANS: B REF: Attachment OBJ: 2 DIF: Factual
27. Michael Lamb (1992) found that when observed in the home or other familiar settings, infants
sought out mothers as much as they did fathers. However, when infants were stressed, they tended
to
a. seek out their mother.
b. seek out their father.
c. seek out whichever parent was closest in proximity.
d. isolate themselves from caregivers.
28. Jerome is securely attached to his parents. However, his parents undergo a divorce, and Jerome is
now being neglected. What is likely to happen to his level of attachment?
a. It may change because of the change in care he is receiving
b. Once attachment bonds are in place, they will not change
c. It depends upon whether he is living with his mother or his father
d. It depends upon age, as attachment will not change after age 3
29. Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

a. No
b. Yes
c. It depends upon the sex of the child
d. It depends upon whether the strongest attachment is to the mother or the father
30. Omar spent his first year of life in an orphanage where he was insecurely attached to his
caregivers. He has now been adopted by a loving parent. His adoptive parent wants to know, can
Omar’s insecure attachment pattern change?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Attachment patterns can change, but only in girls
d. It depends upon the child’s age at adoption
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31. With “indiscriminate” attachment,

a. the child sways back and forth in attachment between the father and the mother.
b. the child shows no tendency to form attachment bonds.
c. the child shows no preference in attachment between parents or other caregivers.
d. the attachment is weak and will quickly become insecure.
32. Research with Ugandan infants shows

a. indiscriminate attachment early on.
b. the beginning of specific attachment to the mother at 4 months, which grew intense by 7
months of age.
c. fear of strangers developing by about 8-9 months.
d. All of these
33. Brenna is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to
hold. Emily showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. In which
of Ainsworth’s phases of attachment is Brenna?
a. Absolute-attachment phase
b. Initial-preattachment phase
c. Attachment-in-the-making phase
d. Clear-cut-attachment phase
34. According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

35. Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar faces?

36. Christopher is 4 months old. He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or
people he’s never met. In terms of attachment, in which of Ainsworth’s phases is Christopher?
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37. Makani is 7 months old. She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver, her
grandmother. Which of Ainsworth’s (1978) attachment phases does this best represent?
a. Over-attachment
38. Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

39. In studies of Scottish and Ugandan infants, which of the following was TRUE?
a. The Ugandan infants were more likely to be securely attached than the Scottish infants
b. Fear of strangers followed separation anxiety in both studies
c. The Scottish infants showed no separation anxiety
d. Fear of strangers preceded separation anxiety in both studies
40. A cognitive view of attachment assumes that

a. attachment will assist in developing the child’s cognitive skills.
b. attachment and cognitive skills are unrelated.
c. some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment.
d. infant-specific attachments will occur as soon as the child can recognize faces.
41. According to the cognitive perspective, at what age will a child develop specific attachments?
a. 6-7 months
b. 4-5 months
c. 3-4 months
d. 1-2 months
42. According to the behavioral view, infants become attached to caregivers because
a. caregivers feed infants and tend to their physiological needs, thus becoming reinforcers.
b. infants develop object permanence and miss their caregivers.
c. caregivers are love objects.
d. infants become imprinted on a specific caregiver.
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43. Which theoretical view contends that caregivers become “love objects” and form the basis for all
later attachments?
a. Cognitive
b. Behavioral
c. Psychoanalytic
d. Biological
44. Dr. Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment. Her hypothesis is that infants who have not
yet developed some concept of object permanence will not show specific attachments to
caregivers. Which theoretical view of attachment does Dr. Martin hold?
a. Cognitive
b. Behavioral
c. Psychoanalytic
d. Biological
45. According to Erikson, what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life?
a. A sense of trust
b. A sense of autonomy
c. A sense of identity
d. A sense of self-efficacy
46. Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding
was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested?
a. Ainsworth
b. Erikson
c. Freud
d. None of these
47. Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that

a. the basis of attachment is the food provided by the mother.
b. contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food.
c. attachment is driven by the need for trust.
d. infants become attached because it helps them to form their identity.
48. When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion, they were afraid
of the “bear monster.” But when the cloth mother was present, the infant monkeys
a. clung to the cloth mother and did not explore their surroundings.
b. were as afraid of the cloth mother as they were the bear monster.
c. used the cloth mother as a secure base.
d. sought out the wire mother who offered food.
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49. Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant

a. is random until about 6 months of age.
b. is usually due to gastrointestinal distress.
c. is unrelated to attachment.
d. may serve as a releasing stimulus for affection from others.
50. Any pattern triggered by a species-specific releasing stimulus is called

a. a reflex.
b. development.
c. a fixed-action pattern.
d. maturation.
51. Three-month-old Jocelyn smiles in response to the sound of her father singing her a silly bedtime
song. This is called
a. social smiling.
b. reflexive smiling.
c. genetic smiling.
d. responsive smiling.
52. The development of smiling

a. is entirely genetic.
b. is entirely social.
c. is random and must be learned.
d. follows similar patterns cross-culturally.
53. The fixed-action pattern of attachment is theorized to occur during a critical period of life. This
means
a. it is essential for the survival of the organism.
b. if it does not occur during this period, it may never occur.
c. if it does not occur, that means it was not needed.
d. None of these
54. Konrad Lorenz’s goslings (1962; 1981) ran to him when frightened, honked with distress at his
departure, and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him. This is an example of
a. secure attachment.
b. bonding.
c. imprinting.
d. object permanence.
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55. Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called
a. imprinting.
b. fixed response.
c. maturation.
d. maternal instinct.
56. Infant attachment involves

a. perceptual processes in the infant.
b. the caregiving provided.
c. cognitive processes in the infant.
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: Attachment OBJ: 4 DIF: Conceptual
57. Which of the following might impair the development of attachment?

a. Autism
b. Social deprivation
c. Child abuse
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Factual
58. Can social deprivation experiments be conducted with infants?

a. Yes, and the findings are consistent with animal studies
b. No, it would be unethical to experimentally induce social deprivation
c. No, because infants do not need social contact to attach and thrive
d. Yes, but the studies are longitudinal and extremely expensive to conduct
ANS: B REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Applied
59. Social deprivation refers to

a. a lack of social smiling on the part of the infant.
b. a lack of responsive smiling on the part of the parent.
c. an overall lack of social stimulation provided to the infant.
d. None of these
ANS: C REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Factual
60. The impact of social deprivation

a. can be overcome if the deprived organism is placed with younger members of their
species.
b. cannot be overcome; once social deprivation has occurred, the effects are permanent.
c. can be overcome for females, but not for males.
d. can be overcome for males, but not for females.
ANS: A REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Factual
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61. Shyla is a socially withdrawn 4-year-old girl. Given what you know about the studies done on
social deprivation with rhesus monkeys, what might help Shyla overcome being withdrawn?
a. Socially advanced elders
b. Younger playmates
c. Female playmates only
d. Intense psychodynamic therapy
62. Institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation

a. may develop physical problems.
b. may develop intellectual problems.
c. may die.
d. All of these
63. Amy is a 4-month-old infant. She appears withdrawn and depressed, and is losing all interest in the
world. Amy
a. may suffer from early-onset schizophrenia.
b. probably has severe neurological damage.
c. may be the victim of social deprivation.
d. may be displaying early signs of mental retardation.
ANS: C REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Applied
64. What appears to influence the effects of social deprivation?

a. The lack of love and affection
b. The deficiency in social stimulation
c. The deficiency in sensory stimulation
d. The age of the infant
65. Children transferred from foster homes to adoptive homes after 6 months of age
a. showed worse developmental outcomes than children transferred at younger ages.
b. did not bond with adoptive parents, but also did not show developmental deficits.
c. greatly outpaced non-adopted children in terms of social development.
d. were less likely to have developmental problems because of age.
ANS: A REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Applied
66. Yarrow and Goodwin (1973) found that the incidence of problems in adopted children, such as
decreased social responsiveness and extremes in attachment behaviors, were positively correlated
to the
a. caregiving styles of the adoptive parents.
b. age of the adoptive parents.
c. SES of the adoptive parents.
d. age at which child was separated from the temporary foster parents.
ANS: D REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 4 DIF: Applied
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67. Believing that sunshine and fresh air will make children ill, the natives in one Guatemalan village
isolate their children until they are 13 to 14 months of age (Kagan & Klein, 1973). After this
isolation, the children
a. remain apathetic.
b. are physically and mentally retarded through adulthood.
c. are as intellectually and physically able as American children by age 11.
d. regress even further in their physical and emotional development.
68. Skeels (1966) found that the difference between those children who were functioning well and
independent as adults and those who were still in some type of institutional setting as adults was
a. educational opportunity.
b. early nutrition.
c. individual attention and environmental stimulation.
d. exposure to physically stimulating activities.
69. When we consider the relationship between a child abuser and a victim, which is LEAST likely?
a. A child being maltreated by someone other than their parent
b. A child being maltreated by their mother acting alone
c. A child maltreated by their parents acting together
d. A child maltreated by their father acting alone
70. Statistically speaking, who has the highest rates of victimization?

a. Older children and boys
b. Younger children and boys
c. Older children and girls
d. Younger children and girls
71. Approximately how many children in the United States are reported to be abused or neglected
each year?
a. About 1 million
b. 750,000
c. Almost 3 million
d. 5 million
72. What percentage of child abuse cases is estimated to be unreported?

a. 60-70%
b. 50-60%
c. 30-40%
d. 10%
ANS: B REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 5 DIF: Factual
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73. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recognizes six types of child maltreatment.
Which is NOT one of these forms?
a. Emotional neglect
b. Sexual abuse
c. Educational neglect
d. Sibling assault
74. A 2-year-old child, left home alone all day to feed and fend for himself, is an example of
a. physical neglect.
b. emotional abuse.
c. emotional neglect.
d. physical abuse.
75. In comparison to physical abuse, physical neglect

a. occurs less frequently.
b. is more obvious.
c. is less damaging.
d. causes more deaths.
76. “Actions impairing the child’s emotional, social, or intellectual functioning” is the definition of
a. physical neglect.
b. educational neglect.
c. emotional neglect.
d. emotional abuse.
77. Sexual abuse

a. is sometimes hard to define.
b. is usually just misinterpreted and harmless.
c. is clear and unambiguous.
d. None of these
ANS: A REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 5 DIF: Conceptual
78. Austin has been maltreated by his parents. As a result, he is more likely
a. to suffer low self-esteem.
b. to show impaired cognitive functioning.
c. to act aggressively toward a date or spouse.
d. All of these
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79. Which of the following is an example of a situational stressor that may contribute to child abuse?
a. Unemployment
b. Having a sick child
c. Parental divorce or separation
d. All of these
80. Compared to the effects of maltreatment, the effects of childhood sexual abuse
a. result in a higher incidence of psychological and physical problems.
b. are less likely to lead to syndromes and other disorders.
c. are less predictable and more variable.
d. None of these
81. The research of Christine Heim and colleagues (2000) on the differences between women who
experienced abuse as children and those who did not found that
a. the ANS and endocrine systems were the same across all women.
b. women who had been abused showed lower ANS responses to the stressors.
c. women who had been abused and were depressed showed the highest ANS and endocrine
responses.
d. women who were depressed, but not abused, showed the highest ANS and endocrine
responses.
82. Parents are more likely to abuse

a. sick or unhealthy children.
b. first-born children.
c. full-term infants.
d. older children.
83. Which of the following parents is MORE likely to be abusive?

a. A mother who believes the child’s actions are accidental
b. There are no consistent factors that predict who will abuse or not abuse a child
c. A mother who believes she has a lot of control over what her child does
d. A mother who believes her child misbehaves intentionally
84. When we say abusive parenting tends to run in families, what does this mean?
a. Abusive would-be parents are more likely to get married to each other
b. Abused children are more likely to abuse their own children than the non-abused
c. More abused children abuse their own children than do not abuse them
d. Abusive tendencies are genetic and cannot really be avoided
ANS: B REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 5 DIF: Conceptual
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85. In terms of abuse,

a. children learn to use violence as a means of coping with stress.
b. children may accept family violence as a norm.
c. child abusers may argue that all parents hit their children.
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 5 DIF: Conceptual
86. How can feelings of stress and anger be diffused without resorting to violence?
a. Through humor
b. By discussing those feelings
c. By reasoning through the causes of those feelings
d. All of these could work
87. Research on the use of violent punishment

a. confirms the old saying, “spare the rod, spoil the child.”
b. finds that spanking and hitting a child really is “for their own good.”
c. finds that virtually all families use some violent form of punishment.
d. strongly suggests that violent punishment is not a very effective form of punishment.
88. What attachment pattern would you expect to find in a non-familial perpetrator of child sexual
abuse?
a. Secure
b. Insecure
c. There is no relationship between attachment and child sexual abuse
d. Oversecure
89. Child abuse

a. is not illegal.
b. occurs in over 80% of American families.
c. is a crime.
d. occurs in less than 1% of American homes.
90. How can child abuse be prevented?

a. Strengthening parenting skills in the general population
b. Providing home visitors for those in high-risk for abuse situations
c. Creating child abuse hotlines
d. All of the above
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91. How do physical punishment and child abuse differ?

a. It depends upon the age of the child
b. They do not differ
c. Physical punishment involves spanking; abuse involves hitting
d. The difference is extremely difficult to tell
ANS: D REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 5 DIF: Conceptual
92. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

a. tend to be evident by age 3.
b. are generally not apparent until the child enters kindergarten.
c. are found in 100 out of 1,000 children.
d. are found in 200 out of 1,000 children.
93. Cynthia has Asperger’s syndrome. Which of the following is TRUE?

a. This is not characterized by significant cognitive or language delays
b. This is similar to autism in that there are significant cognitive and language delays
c. She will not show social deficiencies or stereotyped behaviors
d. Her symptoms will diminish and eventually disappear with time
94. Which of the following is/are considered an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
a. Asperger’s disorder
b. Rett’s disorder
c. Childhood disintegrative disorder
d. All of the above
95. Kai was developing normally until the age of 2, after which he began to lose skills that he had
previously acquired. Kai may be said to have
a. Asperger’s disorder.
b. Rett’s disorder.
c. childhood disintegrative disorder.
d. All of the above
96. The word “autism” is derived from the Greek word “autos” meaning
a. brain.
b. self.
c. closed.
d. isolated.
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97. Autism
a. is 3 to 4 times more likely in girls than boys.
b. is more likely to strike a child from a low socioeconomic background.
c. shows very strong ethnic differences.
d. is 4 to 5 times more likely in boys than in girls.
98. Which of the following language patterns is common in autistic children?

a. Mutism
b. Echolalia
c. Pronoun reversal
d. All of these
99. David always refers to himself as “you.” This

a. could represent an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal.
b. is an indication of insecure attachment in relationships.
c. is typical when language is first acquired.
d. is a common feature in childhood schizophrenia.
100. Bryan’s mother bought a new mobile and hung it over his bed. When Bryan woke up and noticed
this, he started to scream and would not stop screaming until the old mobile was returned to its
place. Bryan
a. may show “preservation of sameness.”
b. may suffer from childhood depression.
c. was simply frightened by the change.
d. showed a reaction typical of all young children.
101. Which of the following may accompany autism?

a. Preservation of sameness
b. Echolalia
c. Self-mutilation
d. All of these
102. Which of the following represents echolalia?

a. Referring to the self as “you” or “she”
b. Refusing to speak
c. Automatic repetition of sounds
d. None of these
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103. Which of the following has been found in the research to be associated with autism?
a. Poor parenting
b. A viral infection during infancy
c. The mercury preservative used in the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine
d. Very low birth weight and advanced maternal age
104. Which of the following research findings would lend support for a biological cause of autism?
a. Discovering that parents of autistic children are deficient in their parenting
b. Finding that peer rejection is correlated with autistic behaviors in children
c. Discovering that the concordance rates for ASDs are about 60% among identical twins
d. Finding that poor nutrition is related to ASDs
ANS: C REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 6 DIF: Conceptual
105. Biological factors suspected of contributing to ASDs include

a. abnormal brain wave patterns or seizures.
b. increased activity in the frontal and temporal lobes.
c. contact with lead or other heavy metals in utero.
d. vaccines, particularly those that include a mercury preservative.
106. Nathan does not want to vaccinate his infant son as he has heard from friends that some
vaccinations, and the mercury preservative used in some vaccines, can cause autism. As a child
development expert, you tell him that
a. this has been substantiated in many research studies.
b. there is no scientific evidence for this view.
c. only certain vaccines cause autism.
d. vaccinations do not cause autism, but do worsen the symptoms in autistic children.
107. How can autism be treated?

a. Behavior modification has been used to increase children’s interactions with others
b. Antipsychotic medications have proven most effective in treating cases of autism
c. No treatments have proven effective in diminishing ASD symptoms
d. Electric shock treatments are effective in enhancing language development
108. The research of O. Ivar Lovaas (1989) found that what type of treatment was effective with
autistic children?
a. Mild electric shock therapy
b. One-to-one behavior modification
c. Use of major tranquilizers
d. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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109. Biological approaches to the treatment of ASDs include the use of __________, such as those used
to treat depression, and _______________, usually used to treat schizophrenia.
a. behavior modification techniques; electric shock therapy
b. major tranquilizers; SSRIs
c. SSRIs; major tranquilizers
d. Drugs have proven ineffective in treating the symptoms of autism
110. How does placement in daycare affect attachment?

a. Most children in daycare are insecurely attached to their mothers
b. It depends greatly upon the type of daycare facility
c. It affects attachment bonds of boys more so than girls
d. Regardless of use of daycare, most children are securely attached
ANS: D REF: Day Care OBJ: 7 DIF: Applied
111. How does experience in daycare affect children’s social and emotional development?
a. There are no differences on these dimensions between children in daycare and those not in
daycare
b. Children with daycare experience show lower levels of cooperation and affection
c. Children in daycare are more peer-orientated and play at higher developmental levels
d. Daycare is associated with lower language and cognitive skills
ANS: C REF: Day Care OBJ: 7 DIF: Applied
112. About _____ of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers
and adults than children reared at home by their mother.
a. 0%
b. 17%
c. 45%
d. 67%
ANS: B REF: Day Care OBJ: 7 DIF: Factual
113. “A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components” is the definition
of which of the following terms?
a. Emotion
b. Temperament
c. Mood
d. Trait
ANS: A REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 8 DIF: Factual
114. Izard’s theory of emotion assumes that

a. children are born with only one emotion and other emotions differentiate across time.
b. infants are born with no emotions and must learn them all.
c. infants are born with all emotions and they appear along with the child’s cognitive
development and social experience.
d. None of these
ANS: C REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 8 DIF: Factual
191
Chapter 7
115. Izard (1987) claimed to have found four infant facial expressions that he believed were associated
with the basic emotions of anger/rage, enjoyment/joy, fear/terror, and interest/excitement. What
instrument did he use to assess this?
a. Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System
b. Child Behavior Checklist
c. Infant Emotion Inventory
d. Reactive Emotion Scale
116. Kochanska (2001) found that for resistantly-attached children, their most powerful and persistent
emotion was
a. anger.
b. fear.
c. joy.
d. sadness.
ANS: B REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 8 DIF: Factual
117. What is the relationship between emotional development and patterns of attachment?
a. Resistant children have been found to be more fearful and less joyful
b. Secure children were found to show more fear and anger
c. There is no relationship between emotional development and attachment
d. There is a relationship between emotional development and attachment, but only in the
first year of life
118. Stranger anxiety

a. occurs more often in girls than boys.
b. develops at approximately 2 years of age.
c. occurs around 6-9 months of age.
d. occurs in American infants, but not in those in other countries.
119. If you want to make friends with a child who is showing stranger anxiety, which of the following
should you do?
a. Rush over to the child and pick them up
b. Approach the child when he/she is far away from their attachment figure
c. Talk in a friendly manner from a distance, smile, and offer toys to the child
d. Approach the child in unfamiliar surroundings, rather than in their own home
ANS: C REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 8 DIF: Applied
120. A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. Then, the observing
child also stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of
a. social referencing.
b. secure attachment.
c. insecure attachment.
d. activation of reflexes.
ANS: A REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 9 DIF: Applied
192
Chapter 7
121. Emotional regulation refers to

a. an infant’s attempt to understand the range of emotions they feel.
b. a parent’s attempt to decrease negative emotionality in their child.
c. the ways in which young children control their emotions.
d. a child who has overcome stranger anxiety.
122. While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a spot of makeup on her nose. When Neisha wakes up,
her mother places her in front of a mirror, and Neisha reaches and physically touches her own
nose. This means Neisha
a. is at least 18 months old.
b. recognizes that it is she in the mirror.
c. has begun to develop a self-concept.
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: Personality Development OBJ: 10 DIF: Applied
123. Self-awareness
a. does not reliably occur until about 24 months of age.
b. is not necessary for sharing and cooperation.
c. makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and
envy.
d. None of these
ANS: C REF: Personality Development OBJ: 10 DIF: Applied
124. Erikson stated that the major developmental task of the child between the ages of 2 and 3 is to
acquire a sense of autonomy and independence from their parents. One way toddlers do this is by
a. refusing to comply with parental requests or commands.
b. refusing to share their toys with others.
c. learning emotional regulation.
d. engaging in social referencing.
ANS: A REF: Personality Development OBJ: 10 DIF: Applied
125. “An individual’s distinctive ways of responding to people and events” is called
a. temperament.
b. personality.
c. self-concept
d. genotype.
ANS: B REF: Personality Development OBJ: 11 DIF: Factual
126. Which is the MOST common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas
(1989)?
a. Easy
b. Difficult
c. Slow-to-warm-up
d. All occurred equally in the studies by Chess and Thomas
ANS: A REF: Personality Development OBJ: 11 DIF: Factual
193
Chapter 7
127. Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, he responds to frustrations with tantrums and
loud crying, and he takes a long time to adjust to new routines. Which temperament classification
most accurately describes Nathan?
a. Easy
b. Difficult
c. Slow-to-warm up
d. Disengaged
ANS: B REF: Personality Development OBJ: 11 DIF: Applied
128. How stable is temperament?

a. Moderately stable from infancy onward
b. No stability from infancy to adulthood
c. Stable for boys, but not for girls
d. Stable, but only in certain ethnic and racial groups
ANS: A REF: Personality Development OBJ: 11 DIF: Factual
129. Mallory and Steve are parents of a difficult temperament infant. In response to the child’s
temperament, they become less available and less responsive. As a result, their child becomes
more difficult to handle. This is an example of
a. insecure attachment.
b. slow-to-warm-up temperament.
c. goodness of fit.
d. None of the above
ANS: C REF: Personality Development OBJ: 11 DIF: Conceptual
130. Research discussed in the textbook indicates that the statement “children prefer gender-typed toys
only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society” is
a. true.
b. false.
c. true, but only for boys.
d. true, but only for girls.
ANS: B REF: Gender Differences OBJ: 12 DIF: Factual
131. One of the most obvious ways in which parents treat their sons and daughters differently is in their
a. ways of speaking to sons and daughters.
b. choice of schools for sons and daughters.
c. choice of clothing, room furnishings, and toys.
d. None of the above, parents treat sons and daughters similarly
ANS: C REF: Gender Differences OBJ: 12 DIF: Factual
194
Chapter 7
MATCHING
Match the following:

a. distressed when attachment figure leaves k. use caregiver’s facial expressions to
and ambivalent upon reunion interpret ambiguous situations
b. adapts with time l. one’s impression of oneself
c. agreement between parental expectations m. also referred to as pervasive
of child and child temperament developmental disorders
d. repeating what is heard n. preference for familiar figures
e. believes attachment is essential for infant o. appears around 18 months of age
survival
f. individual differences in styles of reaction p. refers to self as “you” or “she”
that are present early in life
g. begins to develop at 6 to 9 months of age q. indifferent to separations and reunions
with attachment figure
h. child’s increasing sense of becoming r. occurs in response to human voice or face
separate from and independent of the
caregiver
i. pleasure derived from physical contact s. inability or refusal to speak
with another
j. Izard’s view of emotion t. infant looks away from an unpleasant
stimulus
1. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
2. Fear of strangers 1. ANS: M
3. Contact comfort 2. ANS: G
4. Social referencing 3. ANS: I
5. Self-concept 4. ANS: K
6. Social smile 5. ANS: L
7. John Bowlby 6. ANS: R
8. Self-awareness 7. ANS: E
9. Ambivalent attachment 8. ANS: O
10. Mutism 9. ANS: A
11. Goodness of fit 10. ANS: S
12. Echolalia 11. ANS: C
13. Differential emotions theory 12. ANS: D
14. Avoidant attachment 13. ANS: J
15. Emotional regulation 14. ANS: Q
16. Temperament 15. ANS: T
17. Separation-individuation 16. ANS: F
18. Attachment-in-the-making 17. ANS: H
19. Pronoun reversal 18. ANS: N
20. Slow-to-warm-up child 19. ANS: P
20. ANS: B
195
TRUE/FALSE
1. Babies who show disorganized/disoriented attachment may move toward their mothers while looking
away from them.
ANS: T REF: Attachment OBJ: 1
2. Siblings of the same sex are more likely to form similar attachment relationships with their mother
than are girl-boy pairs.
3. Attachment patterns remain stable even if childcare or family conditions change.
ANS: F REF: Attachment OBJ: 1
4. From a behaviorist perspective, caregivers are conditioned reinforcers.
5. According to ethologists, one component of the FAP of attachment in humans is a baby’s smile.
6. Full-term children are more likely than preterm children to be abused.
ANS: F REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 5
7. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are generally evident by age 3.
ANS: T REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 6
8. Autistic children show little interest in social interactions.
ANS: T REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 6
9. Parents of autistic children frequently report that they were “difficult babies.”
ANS: F REF: When Attachment Fails OBJ: 6
10. Bridges found that infants have one emotion: diffuse distress.
ANS: F REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 8
11. Fear of strangers peaks between 9-12 month of age and again at 18-24 months of age.
ANS: T REF: Emotional Development OBJ: 8
12. One’s self-concept is well-formed at birth.
ANS: F REF: Personality Development OBJ: 10
196
Chapter 7
13. The mirror technique is used to assess the development of self-concept among infants.
ANS: T REF: Personality Development OBJ: 10
14. Girls tend to advance more rapidly than boys in motor development during infancy.
ANS: T REF: Gender Differences OBJ: 12
15. Parents talk more and are more emotionally expressive with infant sons than they are infant daughters.
ANS: F REF: Gender Differences OBJ: 12
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is the difference between a securely attached infant and an insecurely attached infant?
ANS:
In terms of the Strange Situation, a securely attached infant will be somewhat upset upon the exiting of
the mother and happy to see her return. An insecurely attached infant may exhibit either an avoidant or
ambivalent/resistant attachment pattern. In avoidant attachment, the infant shows little or no distress
when the mother leaves the room. Ambivalent/resistant infants are very emotional, becoming
extremely upset if mother leaves the room, and acts of two minds upon her return. The majority of
infants are securely attached.
OBJ: 1
2. Describe how autistic children can be distinguished from non-autistic children.
ANS:
Autistic infants are usually physically normal, learning to crawl and walk at normal ages. However,
they seem to lack almost any attachments or social skills. As infants, they tend not to smile or explore
things with their mouths. They do not seek cuddling or hugging and prefer to play by themselves, even
when other children are present. Some autistic children even mutilate themselves in a variety of ways.
As these children get older, differences become more obvious. Autistic children tend to practice
echolalia and mutism. They tend to have a strong desire for exact sameness. Any change in their
environment may cause an outburst. The most prominent feature of autistic children is how contently
alone they seem.
OBJ: 6
3. Explain how social referencing functions in infancy.
ANS:
Infants and children tend to use social referencing when a social situation is ambiguous. They observe
those around them to see how others are reacting to the situation. They use this information to make
decisions on how to act, often modeling others’ responses. For example, an infant will judge the
friendliness of the expression his/her mother has on her face when interacting with a stranger,
subsequently showing the stranger a similar expression.
OBJ: 9
197
Chapter 7
4. Explain how self-concept develops in infants.
ANS:
Infants eventually begin to realize that the hand passing in front of their eyes belongs to them. At about
18 months of age, infants begin to be able to detect a spot of rouge on their face in a mirror. Once the
infant becomes self-aware, social graces such as sharing can form. Being self-aware makes way for the
development of feelings such as envy, pride, and shame. Infants over 18 months of age thus tend to
seek parental approval, whereas younger infants do not.
OBJ: 10
5. Explain the concept “goodness of fit.”
ANS:
Even though research has shown temperament to remain fairly stable from infancy to adulthood, the
environment can play a role in modifying, or moderating, child temperament. In other words, a child’s
initial biological tendency toward a certain disposition may be strengthened or weakened due to
caregiver response to the child. For example, a child’s initial reluctance to eat new foods, enter a new
school, or try new experiences may be improved by caregivers who are patient, present one new event
at a time, and give the child chances for repeated exposures to new things. In this instance, the child
may adapt more positively. Further, child behavior can be positively modified when the caregiver does
not view the child as weak or willfully disobedient, and when the caregiver does not view the child’s
reluctance as a poor reflection on their parenting style.
OBJ: 11
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Childhood Voyages in Development 5th

Edition Rathus Test Bank

1. Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as

5. Ainsworth used the __________ to study attachment.

6. The Strange Situation assesses

12. Infants who are securely attached are more likely to

13. Attachment can be used as a measure of the

14. Securely attached infants

15. Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that

18. Mothers of securely attached infants

19. Economically disadvantaged mothers

20. Secure attachment can be increased by

21. Which of the following appears to be TRUE?

22. In terms of attachment,

23. Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?

25. The involvement of the father with the child

26. Infant-father attachment is predicted by

29. Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

31. With “indiscriminate” attachment,

32. Research with Ugandan infants shows

34. According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

35. Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar faces?

38. Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

40. A cognitive view of attachment assumes that

47. Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that

49. Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant

50. Any pattern triggered by a species-specific releasing stimulus is called

52. The development of smiling

56. Infant attachment involves

57. Which of the following might impair the development of attachment?

58. Can social deprivation experiments be conducted with infants?

59. Social deprivation refers to

60. The impact of social deprivation

62. Institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation

64. What appears to influence the effects of social deprivation?

70. Statistically speaking, who has the highest rates of victimization?

72. What percentage of child abuse cases is estimated to be unreported?

75. In comparison to physical abuse, physical neglect

77. Sexual abuse

82. Parents are more likely to abuse

83. Which of the following parents is MORE likely to be abusive?

85. In terms of abuse,

87. Research on the use of violent punishment

89. Child abuse

90. How can child abuse be prevented?

91. How do physical punishment and child abuse differ?

92. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

93. Cynthia has Asperger’s syndrome. Which of the following is TRUE?

98. Which of the following language patterns is common in autistic children?

99. David always refers to himself as “you.” This

101. Which of the following may accompany autism?

102. Which of the following represents echolalia?

105. Biological factors suspected of contributing to ASDs include

107. How can autism be treated?

110. How does placement in daycare affect attachment?

114. Izard’s theory of emotion assumes that

118. Stranger anxiety

121. Emotional regulation refers to