PSYCHOLOGICAL

PERSPECTIVES
Harlynd Phoebe A. Pascasio
 THE SELF - PSYCHOLOGY

• ψ:
– scientific study of how people behave, think, feel.
– topics: how the brain works, how our memory is
organized, how people interact in groups, how
children learn about the world.
 WILLIAM
JAMES
Father of American ψ
 I-SELF: PURE EGO

• A sense of being the agent or initiator of

behavior
• A sense of being unique
• A sense of continuity
• A sense of awareness about being aware
 ME-SELF: OBJECT

• Material: physical appearance and

extensions of it such as clothing, immediate
family, and home.
• Social: social skills and significant
interpersonal relationships
• Spiritual: personality, character, values.
SIGMUND FREUD

Philosopher,
physiologist, and
psychologist
Father of
Psychoanalysis
o He is the founder of
Psychodynamic approach –
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
o Three Levels of
Consciousness:
1. Conscious
2. Pre-Conscious
3. Unconscious
 SIGMUND FREUD

Childhood experiences
+
unconscious desires
= behavior
SIGMUND FREUD
CARL RANSOM
ROGERS
American Psychologist
One of the founders
of Humanistic
Approach to
Psychology
 CARL RANSOM ROGERS
CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY

• Humanistic Psychology: mid-20th century

➢ individual’s innate drive toward self-
actualization
➢ process of realizing and expressing one’s
own capabilities and creativity.
 CARL RANSOM ROGERS
CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY

➢ active role of the individual in shaping their

internal and external worlds.
➢ person is an active, creative, experiencing
being who lives in the present
➢ free will and great reservoir of human
potential for goodness
 CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY
ASSUMPTIONS:
• Human beings
simpler to a more complex forms
= Formative Tendency
move toward completion
= Actualizing Tendency
 CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY
ASSUMPTIONS:

Actualizing Tendency
Drive
toward
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
 CARL RANSOM ROGERS
CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY
SELF
CONCEPT
Organized, fluid, conceptual
pattern of concepts and
values related to the self
 CARL RANSOM ROGERS
CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY
SELF
AWARENESS
Ideal Self
&
Real Self
 SELF-AWARENESS
• Ideal Self
person that you would like yourself to be;
“best me”: influenced by the society
• Real Self
person you actually are
 IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT
“If the way that I am is aligned with the way that
I want to be, then I will feel a sense of mental
well-being or peace of mind.”
=CONGRUENCE
 IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT
“When there is a great inconsistency between
your ideal and real selves or if the way you are is
not aligned with what you want to be.”
=INCONGRUENCE
 CONDITIONS OF WORTH
beliefs that we are worthy of approval only when
we express desirable behavior and attitudes and
refrain from expressing those that bring
disapproval from others.
 INCONGRUENCE

Anxiety Defenses

Denial
Perceptual Distortion
 INCONGRUENCE

Relationship with another

person:
➢ C ongruent
➢ U nconditional Positive Regard
➢ E mpathy
GORDON
ALLPORT
Psychologist
 PERSONALITY TRAIT THEORY
TRAIT
essential characteristic that is stable,
constant, or that never, ever changes and
sticks with you all your life.
Traits shape who you are
 PERSONALITY TRAIT THEORY
Common Traits
General characteristics held in common by
many people.
Personal dispositions
Individual traits
 LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS

1. Cardinal Dispositions: obvious. Ruling

characteristics
2. Central Dispositions: ones that make up
personality. Person: 5-10 CD’s
3. Secondary Dispositions: less conspicuous but
far greater in number than central
dispositions.
 D.W.
WINNICOTT
English pediatrician;
Psychoanalyst
 TRUE VS FALSE SELVES
Winnicott: the “self” is simply
“the person who is me”
The healthy core of a healthy person’s self is hidden
from the outside world, uninfluenced by external
world.
The false self is put up to defend the core from these
realities and prevent it from any changes.
 TRUE VS FALSE SELVES
False Self: product of early experience. “MASK”
Healthy false self and Unhealthy false self

-defensive organization formed by the infant because

of inadequate mothering or failure in empathy.
-also based on being completely obedient to the
parents’ wishes.
 TRUE VS FALSE SELVES
True Self: flourishes in infancy if the mother is
positively responsive to the child’s spontaneous
expressions.
-based on “spontaneous authentic experience”
-sense of being alive and real in one’s mind and body.
=to be genuinely close to others and to be creative
 REFERENCES

• Gallinero, W. B. et al., 2018. Understanding The Self. Malabon City: Mutya

Publishing House, Inc.
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. J., 2008. Theories of Personality. 7th ed. United States of
America: McGraw-Hill Primis.