8.

Economy and Occupations

Q1. Choose the correct option:
1. An………….of a country depends on the economic activities carried out in that economy
country. (psychology, economy, sociology, history)
2. India's per capita income is less than Brazil due to………….. massive
(lack of jobs, massive population, big family size, low food grain production) population
3. The economy of Brazil is mainly dependent on the sector. (T) tertiary
(primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
4. The economies of India and Brazil are of the type. (T) developing
(undeveloped, developed, developing, highly developed)
5. The economy of India is mainly dependent on agriculture
(agriculture, mining, fishing, cattle rearing)
6. India and Brazil has…………..type of economy. mixed
(socialistic, capitalistic, mixed, traditional)
7. …………….is the largest exporter of coffee and soyabean in the world. Brazil
(India, USA, China, Brazil)
8. In India about…………per cent of the country's total fish production comes from 60
inland fisheries. (80, 24, 60, 70)

9. The plateau in India is a big storehouse of different minerals. Chhota Nagpur

(Deccan ,Chhota Nagpur, Kaas, Mysore)
10. ………………is an important part of diet of most of the people living in coastal areas. fish
(fish, egg, green vegetables, animal meat)
11. ………………is the poorest part of Brazil. north-east
(south east, south west, central, north east)
12. ……………is used for foreign transactions at international level. United States
(Indian Rupee, Brazilian Real, Pound, United States Dollar) Dollar
13. The large industries of Brazil are concentrated in…………..part of Brazil. south
(east, south, central, north)
Q2. Match the correct pairs:

Group A Group B Answer

1. Maize a. South-east Brazil 1— d
2. Cattle rearing b. North Brazil 2–c
3. Coffee c. Savannah grasslands 3—a
4. Minerals d. Central Brazil 4–e
5. Rubber e. Eastern Brazil 5-b

1
2)

Group A Group B Answer

1. Fishing industries a. Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra 1— c
2. Coal reserves b. Rajasthan 2–a
3.Concentration of copper, lead and
zinc industries c. Coastal areas 3—b
4.Concentration of manganese, steel 4–e
and aluminum industries d. Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu
5.Salt production e. Karnataka 5-d

2)
• Mixed economy
• Socialistic economy
Types of • Capitalistic economy
economy

• Primary
Economic • Secondary
activity • Tertiary

•Private sector
Ownership •Public sector

Q3. Answer in one sentence:

1. Mention different types of economic activities with examples.
A. Following are the three different types of economic activities:
1. Primary — agriculture, fishing, hunting, etc.
2. Secondary — automobile industries, steel industries, paper making industries, etc.
3. Tertiary — transportation, teaching, hospitality industry, etc.
2. Why USA is far ahead of Brazil and India in terms of per capita income?
A. USA is far ahead of Brazil and India in terms of per capita income because of well-educated citizens,
patents, modern technology and mechanical strength. Whereas, Brazil and India are progressing in the field
of technology, education and industry.

3. What is the main occupation of people living in the highlands & coastal areas of Brazil?
A. Agriculture is the main occupation of people living in the highlands & coastal areas of Brazil.
4. Name the major state of Brazil which is involved in coffee plantation.
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A. The major states of Brazil involved in coffee plantation are Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.
5. Which two crops dominate export of Brazil?
A. Coffee and soybean dominate export of Brazil.
6. Name few major food and cash crops of India.
A. Following are the major food and cash crops of India:
Food crop Cash crop
1. Wheat 1. Sugarcane
2. Rice 2. Cotton
3. Maize 3. jute
4. Sorghum
5. Millets
7. Why major fishing grounds are found in the south Atlantic coastline of Brazil?
A. The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current off the coast of south-east Brazil
makes south Atlantic coastline of Brazil a good fishing ground.
8. Name the major industries of Brazil.
A.Following are the few major Industries of Brazil:
1. Iron and steel production 2. Automobile assembly
3. Petroleum processing 4. Chemicals production 5. Cement making
9. Why distribution of Industries is highly uneven in India?
A. The distribution of industries is highly uneven in India. This is so partly on account of uneven distribution
of the necessary raw materials and power resources and partly due to the concentration of enterprises,
financial resources and other necessary conditions in large towns.
10. Name the major trading partners of Brazil and India.
A. Following are the major trading partners of Brazil and India:
Brazil India
1. India 5. Italy 1. UK 4. Japan
2. Germany 6. Argentina 2. USA 5. China
3. USA 7. Saudi Arabia 3. Germany 6. Russia
4. Canada
11. Mention the major import and export products of India.
A. India mainly exports tea, mangoes, coffee, spices, leather and leather goods, iron ore, cotton and silk
textiles while it mainly imports petroleum, machines, pearls and precious stones, gold and silver,
paper, medicines, etc.

Q. 4 Give geographical reasons:

1. Per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India. (T)
A. 1. India is the second most populous country in the world with a population of around 133 crores,
according to 2017 Census.
2. Whereas, Brazil is the most populated country in the South American continent. With a population
of around 19 crores, according to Census 2010, it ranks 5th in the world
3
3. Even being second most populous country, India occupies only 2.41 per cent of the land area of
the world. However, it supports 17.5 % of the world's population.
4. On the other hand, Brazil is fifth in the world with respect to area. It occupies 5.6 % of world's total
land and has 2.78% of world's total population.
5. So, the population in India is more than availability of land. Whereas, Brazil has more land
than its population. Therefore, per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India.

2. There is mixed economy in Brazil and India. (T)

1. Co-existence of private and public sectors refers to mixed economy. The main aim of mixed economy is
to maintain balance between capital profit and social welfare.
2. In India, Government organizations monitor the working of both private and public sector. Policies are
formed keeping in mind the interest of both the sectors. This creates harmony in the working of private
and public sector.
3. Government implement economic policies not only for profit purpose. Both profit and social welfare are
given equal preference.
4. Similarly in Brazil, major ownership of major service sectors lies with government organization or
collaboration of both government and private organization like Iron and Steel industry, Electricity
production, Education, Telecommunications, Railways, banking, etc.
5. Therefore, there is mixed economy in India and Brazil.

Try this [Textbook page — 52]

1. A table regarding the ownership of various sectors in both the countries is given. Like Brazil, fill the
details regarding India and complete the table.

India Sector Brazil

Private and Public both Banking Private and Public both
Largely Public, very little private Railways Private and Public both
Private and Public both Airways Private and Public both
Largely public Electricity production Largely public
Largely public Iron and Steel Industry Largely Public
Private and Public both Health Private and Public both
Private and Public Both Education Largely public, little private
Private and Public Both Telecommunications Private and Public Both
2. On the basis of the information about the ownership of various sectors in both the countries given in
the table, can you infer about the type of these economies?
A. On the basis of the information about ownership of various sectors in the above table, we can easily infer
that both the countries have mixed economy.
Give it a try [Textbook page — 52]
Read the following graph and answer the questions:
Gross National Incomes (GNI) from 1960 to 2016 (in million US $)

4
1. Which country's national income was highest in 2016 and was it how much? (T)
A. USA had highest national income above 1800 million US dollars in 2016.
2. Comparing India and Brazil, which country had a higher national income in 1980? (T)
A. In 1980, Brazil had higher national income compared to India.
3. Comparing India and Brazil, which country had a higher income in 2016? (T)
A. In 2016, India had higher national income compared to Brazil.
4. Tell the difference between the GNI of Brazil and India in 2016. (T)
A. In 2016, the difference between the GNI of Brazil and India is around 30 million dollars.
GNI helps to analyse whether the national resources are used for country's development or are
drained out of country.
GNI of a country = GDP + Inward flow of money in the country — outward flow of money
5. Calculate the difference between the national incomes of developed and developing countries
in 2016. (T)
A. There is a huge difference of around 1670 million US $ between the national incomes of developed
and developing countries in 2016.
Q 5. Answer in detail:
1. What are the similarities and differences fishing activities in Brazil and India?(T)
The similarities in the fishing activities in brazil and India.
1. The marine fishing is practiced in brazil as well as India.
2. The fishing is carried out on a large scale in salt water in brazil and India.
Fishing in India Fishing in Brazil
1.Total Coastline
India has about 7500 kms of coastline. Brazil has a sea coast of around 7,400 kms.
2. Marine Fishing
Marine fishing accounts for about 40 Marine fishing is the main source of total
Percent of the total annual production of fish. annual production of fish.

5
 3. Marine fishing grounds
In India, marine fishing is confined to coastal ln Brazil, marine fishing is confined to South
waters in the west from Kachchh, Malabar coast Atlantic coast of Brazil.
to Coromandal coast in the east.
4. Inland fishing
About 60 percent of the country's total fish Even though there are large numbers of river
production comes from inland fisheries. in Brazil, inland fishing contributes very less to
fish production.
5. Variety of fishes
Major fishes are sardines, mackerel, Bombay Swordfish, shrimp, lobsters, sardines are
duck and prawns. mainly found in Brazil.
On the eastern coast, the important fish are
horse mackerels, clupeids and silver bellies.
Silver bellies carp (chopda) etc. are major
freshwater verities.
Find out [Textbook page — 56]
Obtain information regarding pisciculture in India with the help of internet and reference books and
write a note. Pisciculture refers to raising fishes in an artificial tank or pond usually for food or
industrial purpose. This practice helps to meet the increasing demand of fishery products in global
market. [Student's own response]
2. Write about agriculture and mining in Brazil. (or) Why has mining not developed ln the western part of
Brazil? (T)
A. Agriculture in Brazil
1. Places - In Brazil, agriculture is the main occupation of the people living in the highlands and coastal areas.
2. Food grains -Rice and maize are the main cereal crops. Production of maize is largely concentrated in the
central part.
3. Commercial crops - Commercial crops tike coffee, cocoa, rubber; soybean and sugarcane are cultivated on
a large scale. Brazil is the largest exporter of coffee and soybean in the world. The major states growing
coffee are Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.
4. Fruits - Besides these crops, production of fruits like bananas, pineapples, oranges and other citrus
fruits is also done.
5. Animal husbandry - Cattle, sheep and goats are also reared in the Savannah grasslands in the south.
Consequently, meat and dairy products are produced on a large scale.
Mining in Brazil
1. Types of minerals - The eastern part of Brazil is rich in various types of minerals. Iron ore, manganese,
nickel, copper, bauxite, tungsten, diamonds, etc.
2. Limitations - Inaccessibility, lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources, dense forests, etc. are
factors which have led to limitations in mining in the interior and western parts of the country.
3. Developed in highland region - Nevertheless, because of increasing demand in the country, mining work
has developed well in the highland region.

6
3. Write about agriculture and mining in India.
A. Agriculture in India
1. Favorable climate and fertile lands – Around 60% of land in India is under cultivation. Its enormous
expanse of level plains, rich soils, high percentage of cultivable land, wide climatic variety, long growing
season, etc. provide a strong base to agriculture.
2. Subsistence type of agriculture - In India, agriculture has been a long standing activity. Indian agriculture is
mainly subsistence type.
3. Types of crops - India produces rice, wheat, maize, sorghum and millets as major food crops; plantations
of tea, coffee, rubber and cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, jute, etc. are also produced.
4. Major producer - India is also a major producer of variety fruits and vegetables.
Subsistence refers to act of supporting.
Agriculture supports about 60% population in India.
Mining in India
1. Chhota Nagpur plateau hub for minerals - The Chhota Nagpur plateau in India is a big storehouse of
different minerals. Mining is the main occupation of the people there.
2. Coal- Coal is mined in Korba in Chhattisgarh and in eastern Maharashtra.
3.Mineraloil – Mineral oil wells are found in Digboi in Assam, Mumbai High in Arabian Sea near Maharashtra,
Kalol and Koyali ln Gujarat.
4. Natural gas - Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been discovered at the mouth of river Godavari.
5. Marble - Stones like marble are found in Rajasthan and Cuddapah in Andhra Pradesh.
6. Write about the industries in India on the basis of raw material.
A. 1. Uneven distribution of raw materials: The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven. This is due
to uneven distribution of the necessary raw materials and power resources.
2. Metal Industries
a) Jharkhand, Orissa, adjoining Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu account for most of the reserves of metallic minerals.
b) This area, therefore, particularly the north eastern part of the peninsula, has a very high concentration
of heavy metallurgical industries with almost all the steel centers situated here.
c) Availability of large quantities of coal and refractory materials along with cheap power from the
Damodar-Valley Corporation and a number of thermal Power projects, has added to the advantages.
d) Rajasthan has copper, lead and zinc; Karnataka has steel, manganese and aluminum; and Tamil Nadu
has aluminum metal industries
3. Agro based industries: Agro-based industries including cotton, jute and sugar are heavily concentrated in
the raw material producing areas.
4. Forest based industries: The forest-base industries including paper plywood, matches, resins and lac are
increasingly finding concentration in the forest areas of various states.
5. Fisheries: The coastal belt of Kerala has a heavy concentration of coir copra and fish
canning industries.
6. Petroleum refineries: Koyali, Digboi, Noonmati and Bongaigaon refineries are situated close to the
petroleum producing areas, and Mathura and Barauni refineries in the interior; away from the coast and oil-
producing areas.
7. Cement industry: The distribution of cement industry ls also highly conditioned by the availability of raw
materials.
7
8. Salt manufacturing: Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu produce the bulk of salt in the country.
9. Other industries: Mechanical engineering, electrical, automobile, fertilizer and numerous consumer
industries, which show little bias for raw material, have come up at over the country with heavier
concentration near the bio cities.

Use your brain Power

[Textbook page - 58]
If Rajasthan does not have a coastal area, then how does it Produce salt?
A. Even if Rajasthan does not have a coastal area, it does produce salt because of Sambhar Salt Lake.
Sambhar Salt Lake is India's largest inland Salt Lake. It is a landlocked lake surrounded by Aravalli
hills. The salt production of Sambhar Salt Lake contributes about 9% to the total salt production of
India.
Q6. Read the adjoining table and answer the following question.
Export Import and Balance of Trade (Value in US $)
India Brazil
Year Export Import Export Import
2009-10 178751.4 288372.9 152994.7 127647.3
2010-11 251136 369770 197356.4 180458.8
2011-12 304623.53 489181.3 256038.7 226243.4
2012-13 214099.8 361271.9 242579.8 223149.1
1. What is balance of trade? (T)
A. Balance of trade refers to the difference between total import and export of a country for a given period
time.
2. Tell the types of balance of trades. (T)
A. There are three types of balance of trade
1. Favorable balance of trade.2. Unfavorable balance of trade.3. Equilibrium balance of trade.
. Favorable balance of trade = When Export is more than the imports (Export > import)
. Unfavorable balance of trade = When import is more than export (Export < import)
. Equilibrium balance of trade = When export is equal to import (Export = import)
3. In which country export exceeds import in all the years? (T)
A. In Brazil export exceeds import in all the years.
4. Brazil's balance of trade belongs to which type?
A. Brazil's balance of trade ls favorable balance of trade.
5. India's balance of trade belong to which type? (T)
A. India's balance of trade is unfavorable balance of trade.
Colours of both
[Textbook page - 58]
Answer the following.
1. What does BRICS stand for? (T)
A. BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
2. When was it established? (T)
A. BRICS was established in June 2016.
8
3. What are the objectives of this bloc? (T)
A. The main objective of BRICS is the cooperation between the member nations for development. Financial
assistants, infrastructure, export, foreign policy, investment, etc.
4. The countries of which continent are not a member of this bloc? (T)
A. North America, Australia and Antarctica are not a member of this bloc.
5. In which continents do the member countries lie? (T)
Sr. No. Member country Continent
1 Brazil South America
2 Russia Euro e
3 India Asia
4 China Asia
5 South Africa Africa

Q7. The below given line graph shows the trade between India and Brazil. Study the graphs and answer
the following questions.

1. In which year the value of exports to Brazil exceeded the imports from Brazil? (T)
A. In 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015 value of exports exceeded the imports from Brazil.
2. In which year the trade with Brazil was most favourable of all? (T)
A. In 2013, the trade with Brazil was most favourable of all.
3. Comment upon the Balance of Trade in the year 2013. (T)
A. In 2013, balance of trade was favourable as export to Brazil was more the import from Brazil.
4. From which year the value of exports to Brazil have exceeded the value of imports from Brazil? (T)
A. From 2008, year the value of exports to Brazil have exceeded the value of imports from Brazil.
5. Write a note on the trade between Brazil and India. (T)
A. 1. Through BRICS, Brazil has opened up a strategic partnership with India. There have been agreements
for bilateral investments between India and Brazil.

9
 2. Indian companies have set up industrial centers all over Brazil and invested a lot of capital. The
Indian companies have invested in such sectors as IT, pharmaceuticals, energy, agri-business,
mining, engineering and auto sectors.
3. On the other hand, Brazil's footprint in India is smaller but important. The Brazilian companies have
invested in automobiles, IT, mining, energy, biofuels, and footwear sectors in India.

Let's recall [Textbook page - 52]

A. Classify the following activities in by ticking () in the respective column.
Activities Primary Secondary Tertiary
Television Broadcasting √
Bee-keeping √
Coir and rope making √
Jaggery-making √
Producing blades of the √
plough
Construction √
Extracting iron ore √
Automobile Production √
Rice Production √
Teaching √
Driving buses √
Providing loading and √
boarding facilities
B. The given pie-charts show the contribution of each sector in the respective country's GDP and the
percentage of population engaged in various activities. Read both the pie-charts carefully and answer the
following questions.

10
1. Which country has a higher percentage of population engaged in primary activities? (T)
A. India has a higher percentage of population engaged in primary activities.
2. In which country is the contribution of tertiary sector greater in the GDP? (T)
A. In Brazil, the contribution of tertiary sector is greater in the GDP than India.
3. In which country is the share of secondary activities more in the GDP? (T)
A. in India, the share of secondary activities is more in the GDP than Brazil.
4. Can we say that Brazil is an agrarian economy Like India? Give reasons. (T)
A. No, Brazil is not an agrarian economy like India. The country has an agrarian economy if major portion of
population is involved in agriculture.
In India, 60% of population is engaged in agriculture, whereas, in Brazil the % of people engaged in
agriculture is very less as compared to India.
Let's recall [Textbook page -56]
With the help of the pie chart given in fig. 8.2, tell what is the contribution of secondary activities
in Brazil's GDP?
A. The contribution of secondary activities in Brazil's GDP is 27.5%.

Think about it [Textbook page — 53]

1. Though India has a higher national income as compared to Brazil, the per capita income of India
is lower than Brazil. Can you think why? (T)
1. Even though the India has larger economy than Brazil, the per capita income of India is lower than Brazil
because of the high density of population.
2. The high population of India has negative effect on per capita Income of the country.
3. Massive population of country causes high consumption of natural resources. It reduces revenue formation
as massive part of the capital gets involved in maintaining the living standard of the people, rather than
Increasing the revenue growth of people of that country.
Per capita income refers to average income of the population in an area. It is measured by dividing
the total income, (both earned and unearned) with total population of an area.
2. Which type of occupations gives a boost to the development of a country's economy? (T)
A. Development of service sector gives a boost to the development of a country's economy. Example increase
in private jobs, tourism industry, encouragement to local manufactures and craftsman, etc.
Q8. Answer the following questions on the basis of the given map:
A. Look at the given map. The major primary occupations in Brazil are shown here. Answer the below given
questions after studying the map:

11
1. In which part of Brazil is coffee mainly produced? (T)
A. In south and south-east part of Brazil coffee is mainly produced.
2. Which food crops are mainly grown in Brazil? (T)
A. Rice and corn (maize) are mainly grown in Brazil.
3. Can you relate the production of these crops with the climate there? (T)
A. The production of rice and maize is largely concentrated in the central part. This region has semi humid
climate.The region receives average temperature of 22-26 0 C and average rainfall of 1200-3000 mm which is
favorable for the production of both the crops.
Brazil is basically divided into five parts on the basis of agriculture:
South: This region has subtropical and temperate climate. The average temperature is 12 - 22 0 C, the
winters are dry and cold and summers are hot and humid. People experience both hot and cold
climate in this area, unlike other regions.
South-east: This region receives mildly cold winters and rainy summers. The average temperature is
18 - 24 0 C and average rainfall is 900-4000 mm per year.
North: This area consists of tropical rainforests. The climate is hot and humid throughout the year. The
average temperature is 26 0 C and average rainfall is 1500-3000 mm.
Northeast: This area consists of arid and semiarid lands. The average temperature is 22-27 0 C and the
average rainfall is 250-750 mm per year which is very less.
Central-west: This area consists of large savannah grasslands. The area receives average temperature
of 22-26 0 C and average rainfall 1200-3000 mm per year.
4. Where is the rubber plantations concentrated?
A. The rubber plantation is concentrated in the northern part of Brazil.
5. Complete the table.
Type of crops Crops Areas of production
Food crops Rice, Maize Central
Cash Crops Coffee, Cocoa, rubber, soybean, sugarcane. North, south, south east
Fruits and Vegetables Banana, orange North east
B. Answer the following questions.
1. Prepare a table of mining products and regions of production in Brazil. (T)
Minerals Mining regions in Brazil
Manganese north and north east
Bauxite south east and north
Iron ore central and south
Coal south east

2. In which part of Brazil has mining activity not developed? What could be the reasons? (T)
A. In central part of Brazil mining activity has not developed. Inaccessibility, lack of knowledge of potential
reserves of resources, dense forests, etc. are factors which have led to limitations in mining in the interior
parts of the country.
3. Considering the availability of resources, were has the development of industries occurred? (T)
A. Considering the availability of resources, the development of industries has mostly developed in south
and south-east of Brazil.
C. Answer the questions on the basis of map given in textbook page - 54.
12
1. Can you give the main reason of concentration of fishing near the south-eastern coast of Brazil? (T)
A. The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current off the coast of south-east Brazil
makes south-eastern coast a good fishing ground.
2. Inland fishing is not developed in Brazil though there is large number of rivers in Brazil. Can you think of
a reason? (T)
A. Due to lack of knowledge about the potential reserves of fishes and inaccessibility are the major reasons
that inland fishing is less developed in Brazil.

Q9. Observe the logos given industries and answer the given questions: (T)

1. Identify the industries with which they are associated. (T)

2. Which raw material is used for these industries? Classify them accordingly (T)
3. From which part of India do they get these raw materials? Discuss and write. (T)
A.
Sr. No. Industries Raw material Location
[Headquarters]
1 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation crude oil, natural gas, lpg, Dehradun,
Limited naptha, etc. Uttarakhand
2 RashtriyaIspat Nigam limited Steel Visakhapatnam,
Andhra Pradesh
3 Aarey Milk Colony dairy products Goregaon East,
Mumbai
4 Chittaranjan Locomotive Works iron, steel, aluminum, Chittaranjan, AsansoI
glass,
petroleum products, etc

13
 5 The Maharashtra Agro-Industries Agricultural product Maharashtra
Development Corporation
Limited
6 Khadi and village Industries Development of khadi Mumbai
Commission product and rural
industries.
7 Central Silk Board Development of Indian silk Bangalore
products globally
8 Rashtriya Chemical and fertilizers Chemicals [nitrogen, Mumbai
phosphorus, potassium,
etc.]

Q. 10 Study the following graph and analyze in short (T)

A. 1. The above given graph shows the contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary economic sector in
national income of India and Brazil and percentage of population involved in these three sectors.
2. In both the countries tertiary sector dominate the percentage of capital contribution in national
income. In India, tertiary sector contributes 58%, while Brazil contributes 68% in national income.
3. The contribution of secondary sector is almost equal in India and Brazil. Whereas, the percentage
contribution of primary sector is less in Brazil than in India. In Brazil, primary sector contributes only
5%, but in India primary sector contributes 18% in national income.
4. Even though tertiary sector has major contribution in national income, the percentage of population
engaged in tertiary sector is less in India. Around 49% of population is engaged in primary sector and
only 28% is involved in tertiary sector.
5. Whereas, in Brazil 72% of population is engaged in tertiary sector and only 10% is involved in primary
sector.

14
Q. 11 Fill the map with the below given information

A. Show the distribution of crops like wheat, jowar, rice, cotton, sugarcane, tea and apple in the outline map
of India using symbols. Name the map.

15