Paper

Introduction to English Literature

Explanation of Poetry, prose, drama and the literary works
from old period – present

Lecture : Dian Windriani, S. S., M. Hum

By:

Muhamad Jejen Nurani

Npm : 211220004

ENGLISH EDUCATION
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
(STKIP) PGRI BANDAR LAMPUNG
2022/2023
 POETRY

Poetry is a text or essay that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet by prioritizing the
beauty of words. In poetry, we can express various things, such as longing, anxiety, or exaltation
which can be expressed in beautiful language and words.

Poetry has some Types and they are:

There are several types of poetry based on the way the poet expresses his content or ideas, namely
narrative poetry, lyric poetry, and descriptive poetry.

• Narrative poetry is poetry that tells a story or explanation of the poet. Narrative poetry has two
forms, namely ballad and romance. Ballads are a type of poetry that tells about great people and
idols. Meanwhile, romance is a type of poetry that tells about love stories, and is colored by fights or
adventures.

• Lyric poetry is poetry that expresses the various feelings of the poet. There are three types of lyric
poetry, namely elegy, serenada, and ode. Elegy is poetry that expresses feelings of sorrow. Serenada
is a love poem that can be sung especially at dusk. Finally, an ode is a type of poetry that contains
praise that can be shown for someone, something, or a situation.

• Descriptive poetry is poetry that describes the poet as giving the impression of a situation, event,
object, or atmosphere that attracts his attention. Descriptive poetry is divided into two, namely
satire and social criticism poetry.
 PROSE

Prose is writing or literary work in the form of a story that is conveyed using narration. The form of
prose writing is free writing and is not bound by various rules in writing, such as rhyme, diction,
rhythm, and so on. In general, prose has various types and is divided into five, namely exposition,
description, argumentation, persuasion, and narrative.

The following is a brief description of the types of prose.

 Expository Prose is Prose that describes an idea of knowledge accompanied by evidence in

the form of diagrams or tables which the reader intends to follow.
 Description prose is prose that describes an object so that the reader seems to see the
object himself.
 Argumentation prose is an argument that contains ideas or ideas from the author and is
equipped with supporting data that aims to influence the reader.
 Persuasive prose is a type of prose in the form of an essay that is conveyed in certain ways.
Usually aims to invite and influence the reader to be willing to do things recommended by
the author.
 Narrative prose is fictional prose or commonly known as stories. Then. In the narrative there
are events and incidents in one sequence of time. Events, conflicts and characters are the
main characteristics of narrative prose. Furthermore, non-fictional narratives are called
expository narratives and fictional narratives are called suggestive narratives.
 DRAMA

Drama is a performing art that has actually existed for a long time. In fact, the word drama comes
from the Greek dromai which means 'to act'.

While in Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period, drama was better known as tonil. But now, the
Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) contains the word drama which is defined as a story or story
involving conflict or emotion, specially composed for theatrical performances.

In general, drama is part of literary works like poetry, prose, short stories, novels. However, drama is
packaged in the form of performing arts. As a literary work, of course drama must contain
entertainment value and provide learning the values of life for its audience.
The Elements of Poetry

The elements of poetry can be divided into two, namely intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements.
The following describes the elements of the poem:

Intrinsic element

• Diction, is the selection of words by considering the meaning, the composition of sounds in rhyme
and rhythm, the position of words in the context of other words, and the position of words in a
whole poem.

• The theme is the main idea or ideas that the author wants to convey.

• Imagination, is building poetry by using concrete and distinctive words to create visual, auditory, or
tactile images.

• Figure of speech or figurative language is the language used by poets to express an idea which is
usually figurative.

• Sounds, are certain words that give rise to certain shades of effect.

• Rima, is the sound equation or sound repetition in poetry which aims to create a beautiful effect.

• Rhythm is the dynamics of sound in poetry so that poetry connoisseurs don't feel monotonous.

Extrinsic Elements

The next elements of poetry are extrinsic elements. The extrinsic elements of poetry consist of
historical, psychological, and philosophical aspects.

The historical aspect is the historical element of poetry. The psychological aspect is the psychological
aspect of the author contained in the poem. The philosophical aspect is closely related to literary
works as a whole.
The Elements of Prose are :

• Have a storyline Prose has a storyline that explains the events in it.

• Have a theme Prose has a theme that forms the basis of the story and is the subject matter in it.

• There are characters and characterizations Like other literary works, prose also contains
characters, both humans, animals and plants.

• Have a point of view Prose has a point of view, namely the way an author tells the whereabouts of
a character in an event.

• Having a background in the storytelling In the prose there is also a background for each incident,
be it the place, time or atmosphere.

• There are developments Prose can also experience a development because it is influenced by
changes in society.

• Has a message Just like poetry, prose has a message that can be taken from the story.
The Elements of Drama are :

• Theme, the theme in the drama is the idea and basis for the story of a drama performance.

• Message, the message is the meaning or message to be conveyed to the audience through drama.
The message can be conveyed directly through dialogue or scenes between players, but it can also
be stated explicitly, so that the audience has to make their own conclusions.

• Plot, the plot is the storyline in the drama as a whole. The storyline in a drama must be arranged in
an orderly manner starting from the introduction, the beginning of the conflict, the conflict, the
climax, to the resolution of the conflict.

• Settings or Background, the setting or background is a description of the place, time, and
atmosphere in the events in the drama story. A strong setting will make the drama show look more
convincing.

• Figures In drama, characters are the elements that will bring the story to life. The characters carry
out the dialogues and the scenes. In drama performances, characters are divided into 3 types,
namely protagonist, antagonist, and tritagonist.

• Dialogue, dialogue is a conversation between characters in a play. The existence of dialogue will
make a drama easier to understand.

.
 THE WRITERS AND LITERARY WORKS FROM OLD PERIOD – PRESENT

Old Period Literature

•Homer (Greek, 8th century BC)

"Iliad" and "Odyssey", Genres: Epic

• Hesiod (Greek, 8th century BC)

"Theogony" and "Works and Days", Genre: Epic poetry and moral guide•

•Beowulf (Old English, 8th or 11th century)

"Beowulf", Genre: Epic poetry

•Anonymous (England, 14th century)

"Canterbury Tales", Genre: Narrative poetry

•Dante Alighieri (Italy, 14th century)

"Divine Comedy" (consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso), Genre: Allegorical epic poem

"Troilus and Criseyde", Genre: Narrative poetry

• William Langland (England, 14th century)

"Piers Plowman", Genre: Allegorical poetry

• The Pearl Poet (England, 14th century)

"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" and "Pearl", Genre: Epic poetry

• William Shakespeare (England, 16th century)

Masterpieces: "Romeo and Juliet," "Hamlet," "Macbeth," and more, Genres: Drama

• John Milton (England, 17th century)

"Paradise Lost", Genre: Epic poetry

The Renaissance period, which took place around the 14th to 17th centuries

• Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

Notable works: The Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), Genre: Epic poetry, Theology

• Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)

Don Quixote (Don Quijote), Genre: Novel, Satire

•Petrarch (1304-1374)

Canzoniere, Sonnet to Laura (Sonnets to Laura), Genre: Poetry, Sonnet

• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)

Notable works: The Prince (Il Principe), Discourses on Livy (Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio) ,
Genre: Political philosophy, Political wwork

• Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)

Canterbury Tales (Tales of Caunterbury), Genre: Narrative poetry

• John Milton (1608-1674)

Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Genre: Epic poetry, Theology

• François Rabelais (1494-1553)

Gargantua and Pantagruel (La vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel), Genre: Picaresque prose, Satire

• Torquato Tasso (1544-1595)

Famous work: Jerusalem Delivered (La Gerusalemme liberata)

Genre: Epic poetry, Romance

Pre-Romanticism Period :

• Alexander Pope (1688-1744) - Satirical Poetry

The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Criticism

• Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) - Satirical Poetry and Prose

Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal

• Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) - Essays and Criticism

A Dictionary of the English Language, The Lives of the Poets

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - Philosophy and Autobiography

Confessions, Emile, The Social Contract

• Voltaire (1694-1778) - Poetry, Drama and Satirical Prose

Candide, Letters Concerning the English Nation, Zadig

• Denis Diderot (1713-1784) - Philosophy and Prose

Encyclopédie, Jacques the Fatalist

• Thomas Gray (1716-1771) - Elegy and Ode

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College

• Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) - Drama, Poetry, and Prose

The Vicar of Wakefield, She Stoops to Conquer, The Deserted Village

• Edward Young (1683-1765) - Elegical and Satirical Poetry

Night Thoughts

• Christopher Smart (1722-1771) - Religious Poetry

Jubilate Agno

A Song to David

Romanticism Period:

(The authors draw upon themes such as love, natural beauty, individual freedom, and inner
restlessness)

William Wordsworth - "Lyrical Ballads" (Poems)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge - "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (Narrative poetry)

Lord Byron - "Child Harold's Pilgrimage" (Epic poem)

Percy Bysshe Shelley - "Ode to the West Wind" (Poetry)

John Keats - "Ode to a Nightingale" (Poetry)

Jane Austen - "Pride and Prejudice" (Novels)

Emily Brontë - "Wuthering Heights" (Novel)

Mary Shelley - "Frankenstein" (Novel)

Sir Walter Scott - "Ivanhoe" (Novel)

Victor Hugo - "Les Misérables" (Novel)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - "The Sorrows of Young Werther" (Novel)

Giacomo Leopardi - "Canti" (Poetry)

Heinrich Heine - "Buch der Lieder" (Poetry)

Alphonse de Lamartine - "Méditations poétiques" (Poetry)

José de Espronceda - "El estudiante de Salamanca" (Poetry)

The Early 19th Century Period:

• Jane Austen (1775-1817)

"Pride and Prejudice" (1813) - Romance novel, "Sense and Sensibility" (1811) - Romance novel,
"Emma" (1815) - Romance novel

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

"Faust" (1808) - Drama, romantic literature

• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

"Lyrical Ballads" (1798) - Poetry, Romantic literature

• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)

"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (1798) - Poetry, Romantic literature

• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)

"Ode to the West Wind" (1820) - Poetry, Romantic literature

• Lord Byron (1788-1824)

"Don Juan" (1819-1824) - Narrative poetry, Romantic literature

• Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

"Les Misérables" (1862) - Historical novel, Romantic literature

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

"The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) - Gothic short story, Romantic literature

• Herman Melville (1819-1891)

"Moby-Dick" (1851) - Adventure novel, Romantic literature

• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)

"The Scarlet Letter" (1850) - Historical novel, Romantic literature

• Mary Shelley (1797-1851)

"Frankenstein" (1818) - Gothic novel, Romantic literature

• Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)

"Jane Eyre" (1847) - Romance novel, Gothic literature

• Emily Brontë (1818-1848)

"Wuthering Heights" (1847) - Gothic novel, Romantic literature

• Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870)

"The Count of Monte Cristo" (1844) - Adventure novel, Romantic literature

• Honor de Balzac (1799-1850)

"Pere Goriot" (1835) - Realist novel, Romantic literature

19th century middle period

• Edgar Allan Poe:

"The Fall of the House of Usher" (Destruction of the Usher House), "The Tell-Tale Heart" (The Talking
Heart), "The Raven" (Heron)

Genre: Short Story, Gothic Poetry

• Charlotte Brontë:
"Jane Eyre" (Jane Eyre), "Villette" (Villette), Genre: Gothic Novel, Girl's Novel

• Emily Brontë:

"Wuthering Heights" (Wuthering Heights), Genre: Gothic Novel

• Charles Dickens:

"Great Expectations", "A Tale of Two Cities", "Oliver Twist", Genre: Social Romance, Educational
Romance

• Herman Melville:

"Moby-Dick" (Moby-Dick), Genre: Adventure Romance, Philosophical Romance

• Leo Tolstoy:

"War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", Genre: Historical Romance, Realist Novel

• Fyodor Dostoevsky:

"Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov", Genre: Philosophical Romance, Psychological
Novel

• Gustave Flaubert:

"Madame Bovary" (Madame Bovary), Genre: Realist Novel

• Oscar Wilde:

"The Picture of Dorian Gray" (Portrait of Dorian Gray), Genre: Gothic Novel, Satire Drama

• Mark Twain:

"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer), Genre: Adventure Romance, Educational Romance

19th Century late period

• Charles Dickens (1812-1870) - "Great Expectations", Genre: Historical fiction, social realism.

• Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) - "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" - Genre: Historical novel, realism.

• Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - "Les Misérables" (Misery People) - Genre: Historical novel, romance.

• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) - "Madame Bovary" - Genre: Realism, psychological novel.

• Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) - "Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov" (Karamazov
Brothers) - Genre: Psychological fiction, philosophical novel.

• Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) - "The Picture of Dorian Gray" (Portrait of Dorian Gray), "The Importance
of Being Earnest" (The Importance of Being Honest) - Genre: Satirical drama, comedy.

• Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) - "A Doll's House", "Hedda Gabler" - Genre: Realistic drama, modern
theatre.

• Walt Whitman (1819-1892) - "Leaves of Grass" - Genre: Epic poetry, free poetry.
20th century and the present ( most famous writers and literary works):

• William Faulkner (1897-1962) - Genre: Literary Fiction

Notable works: "The Sound and the Fury" (1929), "As I Lay Dying" (1930), "Light in August" (1932)

• Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) - Genre: Fiction and Prose

Notable works: "The Old Man and the Sea" (1952), "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), "For Whom the Bell
Tolls" (1940)

• James Joyce (1882-1941) - Genre: Experimental Fiction

Notable works: "Ulysses" (1922), "Dubliners" (1914), "Finnegans Wake" (1939)

• Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) - Genre: Modernist Fiction

Notable works: "Mrs. Dalloway" (1925), "To the Lighthouse" (1927), "Orlando" (1928)

• Franz Kafka (1883-1924) - Genre: Existentialist Fiction

Notable works: "The Metamorphosis" (1915), "The Trial" (1925), "The Castle" (1926)

• George Orwell (1903-1950) - Genre: Dystopian Fiction and Politics

Notable works: "1984" (1949), "Animal Farm" (1945), "Homage to Catalonia" (1938)

• Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1927-2014) - Genre: Magical Realism

Notable works: "One Hundred Years of Solitude" (1967), "Love in the Time of Cholera" (1985),
"Chronicle of a Death Foretold" (1981)

• Albert Camus (1913-1960) - Genre: Philosophical and Existentialist Fiction

Notable works: "The Stranger" (1942), "The Plague" (1947), "The Myth of Sisyphus" (1942)

• Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) - Genre: Drama

Notable works: "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1947), "The Glass Menagerie" (1944), "Cat on a Hot Tin
Roof" (1955)

• J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973) - Genre: Fantasy

Notable works: "The Lord of the Rings" (trilogy, 1954-1955), "The Hobbit" (1937), "The Silmarillion"
(1977)