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UNIT - IV Fourier Transforms
UNIT - IV Fourier Transforms
UNIT - IV Fourier Transforms
VALUE PROBLEMS
Dr. E. Suresh,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics
SRMIST
Contents:
Statement of Fourier integral theorem
Fourier transform Pair
Fourier sine and cosine transforms
Properties
Transforms of simple functions
Convolution theorem (excluding proof)
Parseval’s identity
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s) e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Recall
1 ODD Function : A function f (x) is said to be an odd function if
f (−x) = −f (x)
2 EVEN Function : A function f (x) is said to be an even function if
f (−x) = f (x)
a
Ra 2 R f (x) dx , If f (x) is Even
3 f (x) dx =
−a 0
0, If f (x) is Odd
4 Bernoulli’s Integral Formula :
uv dx = (u) (v1 ) − (u0 ) (v2 ) + (u00 ) (v3 ) − · · ·
R
Z∞ Z∞ 2
sin t π sin t π
(i) dt = (ii) dt =
t 2 t 2
0 0
Solution
0 , −∞ < x < −a
Given that f (x) = 1 , −a ≤ x ≤ a
0, a<x<∞
To Find : F (s)
We know that the FT of f (x) is given by
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
Ra
Since sinsx is an ODD function, So sin sx dx = 0
−a
Za
1
F (s) = √ cos sx dx
2π
−a
R∞ sin t π
Deduction - I : dt =
0 t 2
The IFT of F (s) is given by
Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s) e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Put x = 0 , a = 1 and s = t
Z∞
1 sin t
f (0) = e−0 dt
π t
−∞
Z∞
1 sin t
1= ×2 dt
π t
0
Z∞
sin t π
dt = .
t 2
0
Solution
0 , −∞ < x < −2
Given that f (x) = 1 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
0, 2<x<∞
To Find : F (s)
We know that the FT of f (x) is given by
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
R2
Since sinsx is an odd function, So sin sx dx = 0
−2
Z2
1
F (s) = √ cos sx dx
2π
−2
Z∞
sin t dt π
t =
2 2
0
2
Z∞
sin t dt π
2× =
t 2 2
0
Z∞
sin t π
dt = .
t 2
0
By Parseval’s Identity on FT
Z∞ Z∞
2 2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)| ds
−∞ −∞
Z2 Z∞ 2
2 2 sin 2s
(1) dx = √ ds
2π s
−2 −∞
Z∞ 2 Z2
4 sin 2s
ds = (1) dx
2π s
−∞ −2
Z∞ 2 Z2
2 sin 2s
×2 ds = 2 (1) dx
π s
0 0
Solution
0 , −∞ < x < −a
Given that f (x) = a − |x| , −a ≤ x ≤ a
0, a<x<∞
To Find : F (s)
We know that the FT of f (x) is given by
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
Ra
Since (a − |x|)sinsx is an odd function, So (a − |x|) sin sx dx = 0
−a
as 2
4 sin
F (s) = √ 2
2π s
R∞ sin t 2
π
Deduction - I : dt =
0 t 2
Z∞ 2
2 sin (s)
2 − |0| = e−0 ds
π s
−∞
Z∞ 2
2 sin s
2= ×2 ds
π s
0
R∞ sin t 4
π
Deduction - II : dt =
0 t 3
By Parseval’s Identity on FT
Z∞ Z∞
2 2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)| ds
−∞ −∞
Put a = 2
Z∞ 4 Z2
sin (s) π 2
ds = (2 − x) dx
s 8
0 0
Replace s by t, We get
Z∞ 4
sin t π
dt = . //
t 3
0
Solution
0 , −∞ < x < −1
Given that f (x) = 1 − |x| , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
0, 1<x<∞
To Find : F (s)
We know that the FT of f (x) is given by
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
R1
Since (1 − |x|)sinsx is an ODD function, so (1 − |x|) sin sx dx = 0
−1
s 2
4 sin
F (s) = √ 2
2π s
R∞ sin t 2
π
Deduction - I : dt =
0 t 2
Put ⇒ s = 2t , ds = 2dt
2
2t
Z∞ sin
2dt = π
2
2t 4
0
Z∞ 2
sin (t) 1 π
× 2dt =
t 4 4
0
Z∞ 2
sin t π
dt = .
t 2
0
t 0 ∞
Z∞ Z∞
sin t − t cos t π sin x − x cos x x 3π
(i) 3
dt = (ii) 3
cos dx =
t 4 x 2 16
0 0
Z∞ 2
(t cos t − sin t) π
(iii) dt =
t6 15
0
Solution
0, −∞ < x < −a
Given that f (x) = a2 − x2 , −a ≤ x ≤ a
0, a<x<∞
Ra
Since (a2 − x2 ) sinsx is an ODD function, So (a2 − x2 ) sin sx dx = 0
−a
Za
1
a2 − x2 cos sx dx
F (s) = √
2π
−a
Za
1
a2 − x2 cos sx dx
= √ ×2
2π
0
a
2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
=√ a2 − x2 − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
2 cos as sin as
F (s) = √ 0 − 2a 2 + 2 3 − (0 − 0 − 0)
2π s s
R∞ (sin t − t cos t) π
Deduction - I : 3
dt =
0 t 4
Replace s by t , We get
Z∞
sin t − t cos t π
dt =
t3 4
0
Z∞ Z∞
2 2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)| ds
−∞ −∞
Za Z∞ 2
2 4 sin as − as cos as
a2 − x2 dx = √ ds
2π s3
−a −∞
Put a = 1
Z1 Z∞ 2
2 2
16 sin s − s cos s
1−x dx = ds
2π s3
−1 −∞
Z∞ 2 Z1
16 sin s − s cos s 2
×2 3
ds = 2 × 1 − x2 dx
2π s
0 0
Solution
0 , −∞ < x < −1
Given that f (x) = 1 − x2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
0 ,1 < x < ∞
R1
Since (1 − x2 ) sinsx is an ODD function, So (1 − x2 ) sin sx dx = 0
−1
Z1
1
1 − x2 cos sx dx
F (s) = √
2π
−1
Z1
1
1 − x2 cos sx dx
= √ ×2
2π
0
1
2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
=√ 1 − x2 − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
2 cos s sin s
F (s) = √ 0 −2 2 +2 3 − (0 − 0 − 0)
2π s s
R∞ (sin t − t cos t) π
Deduction - I : 3
dt =
0 t 4
Solution
Given that f (x) = e−a|x| , −∞ < x < ∞ , a > 0
R∞
Since e−a|x| sin sx is an ODD function, So e−a|x| sin sx dx = 0
−∞
Z∞
1
F (s) = √ e−a|x| cos sx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
F (s) = √ × 2 e−a|x| cos sx dx
2π
0
R∞ cos mx π
Deduction I : 2
dx = e−|m|
0 x +1 2
Z∞
cos mx π
2
dx = e−|m|
x +1 2
0
R∞ 1 π
Deduction II : 2 dx =
0 (x2 + a2 ) 4a3
By Paeseval’s Identity on FT
Z∞ Z∞
2 2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)| ds
−∞ −∞
Solution
2 2
Given that f (x) = e−a x
The Fourier Transform of f (x) is given by
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
h
−a2 x2
i 1 2 2
F e =√ e−a x eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
h
−a2 x2
i 1 2 2
F e =√ e−(a x −isx) dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
h
−a2 x2
i 1 2
x2 −isx)
N ow F e =√ e−(a dx
2π
−∞
s2
!2
is
Z∞ − ax− +
1
2a 4a2
h 2 2
i
F e−a x
=√ e dx
2π
−∞
!2
Z∞ is
h 2 2
i 1 − ax− s2
∴ F e−a x
=√ e 2a e− 4a2 dx
2π
−∞
is
Put t = ax − , dt = a dx (in previous equation).
2a
s2
i e− 4a Z∞
2 2 dt
h
−a2 x2
F e = √ e−t
2π a
−∞
s2 Z∞
h
−a2 x2
i e− 4a2 2
F e = √ e−t dt
a × 2π
−∞
R∞ 2 √
We know that e−t dt = π
−∞
x2
Hence e− 2 is Self - reciprocal under FT. //