Inorganic Qualitative Analysis:-

Preliminary Test :

Test Observation Inference

1.Colour Blue(Bluish green) Cu²+ may be present

Green Ni²+ may be present
Light green Fe²+ may be present
Dark brown Fe³+ may be present
Rose red Co²+ may be present
Light(baby) pink Mn²+ may be present
White Pb²+, Zn²+, Ca²+,
Ba²+, Sr²+, Mg²+
may be present

2. Smell Ammonical smell NH4+ may be present

Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be present
Rotten egg smell S² - may be present

Dry Heating Test :

Take small amount of salt in a dry test tube. Hold the test tube with the
help of test tube holder and heat it.
Page no. 1
1. Gas evolved Colourless and odourless CO3² - may be present
gas evolved

Pungent smelling gas Cl - may be present

Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be present

Brown gas Br-, NO3- may be present

Smell of NH3 NH4+ may be present

2.Sublimate White sublimate NH4+ may be present

formed Grey or black Hg²+ may be present

Purple or black solid I- may be present

3.Crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2 may be present

4. Residue White when hot and Cu²+ may be present

colour blue when cold

Blue when hot and Co²+ may be present

rosy red when cold

Dark brown when hot Pb²+ may be present

and yellow when cold

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Flame Test : Make paste of salt + concentrated (conc.) HCl ,
take paste on platinum wire heat strongly on flame .

Colour of flame Inference

1. Golden yellow Na²+ Indicated

2. Violet for a short time K+ Indicated
3. Brick red Ca²+ Indicated
4. Apple green Ba²+ Indicated
5. Crimson red Sr²+ Indicated
6. Bluish green Cu²+ Indicated
7. Bluish white Pb²+ Indicated

Analysis of Anion :
1. Test for (with) dilute (dil.) H2SO4 :
Salt + dil. H2SO4 1. Brisk effervescence CO3²- Indicated

2. Vinegar like smell. CH3COO- Indicated

2. Test for (with) concentrated (conc.) H2SO4 :

Salt + conc. H2S04 1. Colourless pungent Cl - may be present
smelling gas
2. Reddish brown fumes NO3 - Indicated
3. Violet colour fumes I- may be present

Note:- If there is no reaction with dil. H2SO4 and conc. H2SO4 , then
SO4²- may be present. Page no. 3
Confirmatory Test (C.T.) for Anion :-

Test Observation Inference

1. C.T. for CO3²- :

i. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Lime water CO3²-

pass the gas to lime water turns milky Confirmed

(Ca(OH)2) solution

2. C.T. for CH3COO- :

i. Salt + Water + 2-3 Deep red colouration CH3COO-

drops of FeCl3 + heat which changes to Confirmed

reddish brown ppt.

ii. Salt + Water +

Ethyl alcohol+ 2 drop Fruity smell CH3COO-
Of conc. H2SO4 Confirmed

3.C.T. for Cl- :

i. Chromyl chloride test
Salt + K2CR2O4 + Yellow vapour Cl-
Conc. H2SO4 + heat evolved Confirmed

Page no. 4
ii. Pass this vapour to empty Yellow
test tube and add NaOH to it solution

Add lead acetate to that Yellow ppt. Cl-

Yellow solution formed Confirmed

4. C.T. for NO3- :

i. Salt + conc. H2SO4 Intense Brown NO3- Indicated

+add piece of paper fumes
+ Heat
ii. Salt solution + freshly
prepared FeSO4 solution Brown ring
then add conc. H2SO4 produced at NO3- confirmed
along the side of the the junction
Test tube

5. C.T. for SO4²- :-

i. Salt solution + White ppt. SO4²- confirmed

BaCl2 solution
ii. Add conc. HCl or
conc. HNO3 ppt. dissolved SO4²- confirmed
to above ppt.
Page no. 5
iii. Salt solution + White ppt. SO4²- confirmed
Lead acetate
iv. Add ammonium ppt. dissolved SO4²- confirmed
acetate to above ppt.

Analysis of Cation :-
O.S.(Original Solution) = Salt + Distilled water

Test Observation Inference

1.O.S. + NaOH Reddish brown NH4+ confirmed

+ Nessler’s Reagent ppt. is formed

2.O.S. + dil. HCl White ppt. Pb²+ may be present

3.O.S. + dil. HCl Black ppt. Cu²+ may be present

+ H2S

4.Boil off H2S gas

from above solution White ppt. AL³+ may be present

add NH4Cl + NH4OH

5.O.S. + NH4Cl + Black ppt. Ni²+ or Co²+

NH4OH + H2S may be present

Buff ppt. Mn²+ may be present

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6.O.S. + NH4CL + White ppt. Ba²+, Sr²+, or Ca²+

+ NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 may be present

Separation test for Ba²+, Sr²+, and Ca²+ :-

Dissolve above ppt. in acetic acid and divide it into 3 parts.

1.To the 1st part add Yellow ppt. Ba²+ may be present
K2Cr2O4 solution
2.To the 2nd part add White ppt. Sr²+ may be present
(NH4)2SO4 solution
3.To the 3rd part add
Ammonium oxalate White ppt. Ca²+ may be present
((NH4)2C2O4)

Confirmatory Test (C.T.) of Cations :-

Test Observation Inference

1. C.T. for Pb²+ :

O.S. + HCl White ppt. Pb²+ may be present

Dissolve above ppt. with

conc. HNO3 and Boil off
H2S gas by heating . Cool
it & divide it into 2 parts
Page no. 7
i.In 1st part add KI solñ Yellow ppt. Pb²+ confirmed

ii. In 2nd part K2Cr2O4 Yellow ppt. Pb²+ confirmed

2.C.T. for Cu²+ :

O.S. + NH4OH Deep blue ppt. Cu²+ confirmed

O.S. + acetic acid + Chocolate red Cu²+

Potassium ferrocyanide ppt. Confirmed

3. C.T. for Ni²+ :

O.S. + NH4Cl + Black ppt. Ni²+ or Co²+

NH4OH + H2S may be present

To the Black ppt. add

Conc. HCl + conc. HNO3

Dry it in china dish, add

Water to the residue and

Divide into 2 parts

i.In 1st part add NH4OH Yellow Co²+

+ KNO2 + acetic acid ppt. Confirmed

Page no. 8
ii.In 2nd part add excess Scarlet

of NH4OH + DMG red Ni²+

(Dimethyl glyoxime) ppt. Confirmed

4.C.T. for Mn²+ :

i. Filter Buff ppt.

Add acetic acid to the ppt.

Dissolve ppt. in dil. HCl White Mn²+

And boil of H2S and ppt. Confirmed

Add NaOH solution

5.C.T. for Ba²+, Sr²+, and Ca²+ :

Flame Test : Colour of flame Inference

Apple green flame Ba²+ Confirmed

Crimson red Sr²+ Confirmed

Brick red Ca²+ Confirmed

Page no. 9